dc.contributor.author

value: Kholodilin, K. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kholodilin K. A. ‘The Emergence of Housing Regulations on the Territory of the Former Russian Empire during the Russian Civil War’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 9, no. 4, 2019, pp. 858–879.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper analyzes governmental regulation of the rental housing market in countries that arose out
of the ruins of the Russian Empire during the Russian Civil war in 1918–1922. Geographically it covers territories
under control of the Province of the Armed Forces of South Russia, Crimean Regional Government, Don Cossack
Host, Far Eastern Republic, Provisional government of the Northern region, Provisional government of Siberia,
and Soviet Russia, as well as such national states as Azerbaijan, Armenia, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, Romania, and Ukraine. The study compares three major tools for the restrictive housing policy: rent
control, protection of tenants from eviction, and housing rationing. It shows the emergence, evolution, and continuity
of housing legislation by these governments with respect to that of the All-Russian Provisional government
and of the Bolsheviks. Despite sometimes radically opposite ideological attitudes, different governments reacted
in a similar way to the acute housing shortage by intervening in the housing market. Finally, government regulations
of the rental housing market on the territory of the former Russian Empire is put into the European context
using the author’s regulation intensity indices. In Russia, governmental regulation emerged somewhat later than in Europe in general. However, in Soviet Russia it turned into a permanent regulation and remained in force until
the early 1990s, while many European countries were deregulating already in the early 1920s.

dc.subject

value: Russian language

value: Russian Civil War

value: rental housing

value: rent control

value: tenure security

value: housing rationing

value: regulation indices


dc.contributor.author

value: Smeets, Maarten

value: Djumaliev, Muktar

dc.identifier.citation

value: Smeets M., Djumaliev M. (2019) Kyrgyz Republic and Structural Reforms: Twenty Years of WTO Membership. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 513–542.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Kyrgyz Republic joined the WTO twenty years ago with the expectation that structural
reforms required for obtaining membership and the application of trade rules would
facilitate its transformation from a centrally planned to a market economy and ease its
integration into the WTO multilateral trading system. It completed its accession process
in record time, liberalized its economy considerably, reduced tariffs significantly, and made
substantial commitments in a broad range of services sectors. It adopted legislation in all
areas required for WTO membership and created competitive market access conditions for
goods and services. Looking back at two decades of WTO membership, there is evidenced
that the reform process is paying off. Trade has expanded significantly and new markets have
been tapped for imports and exports, thus decreasing its dependency on traditional trading
partners. As a result, the economy has grown rapidly. At the same time, many challenges
remain to further diversify the economy, take better advantage of opportunities offered in
the services trade, attract foreign direct investment, and fully implement all WTO related
laws, rules, and regulations. The reform process continues to be essential to Kyrgyzstan’s
economic policies to deepen and solidify its integration into the world trading system.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 35; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: trade policy

value: negotiations

value: structural adjustment

value: post-accession

value: policy coherence

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Martynenko, V. L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Martynenko V. L. ‘Evacuation of the German Population from the Occupied Areas of the Leningrad Oblast in Winter — Spring 1942’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 9, no. 4, 2019, pp. 900–913.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article details the evacuation of the German population of occupied areas in the Leningrad Oblast
in the winter-spring of 1942, especially planning, organization, and implementation by German authorities. The
increase in the scale of the humanitarian catastrophe in many settlements of the region, as well as intensive fighting,
forced the command of the 18th Army of the Wehrmacht to begin stage-by-stage evacuation of civilians from
the front zone in late autumn of 1941. Those events also affected representatives of the German ethnic minority
who were under the auspices of the occupation authorities. From January to April 1942, ethnic Germans were
evacuated from the suburbs of Leningrad and a number of settlements in the region. That contingent of 3,749
people was temporarily placed in camps on the territory of Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia. Despite statements
about the care of ethnic brethren, the attitude of the German authorities towards ethnic Germans from
the USSR was largely utilitarian. Upon arrival in the Reich, the settlers were considered primarily as a resource
for the Germanization of the annexed Polish territories. At the same time, ethnic Germans, from the position of
national-socialist ideology, were not considered a homogeneous community. The value of each of them was
determined during verification procedures.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was supported financially by German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 9; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: ethnic Germans

value: Leningrad Oblast

value: evacuation

value: occupation

value: Wehrmacht

value: Germany

value: Ethnic German Liaison Office

value: Central Immigration Office

value: registration


dc.contributor.author

value: Rupasov, A. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rupasov A. I. ‘Oil Trade of the USSR with the Baltic States and Finland in the 1920s–1930s’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 9, no. 4, 2019, pp. 942–954.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the Soviet strategy of exporting petroleum products in the 1920s and1930s, the
purpose of which was initially to obtain a monopoly position in the markets of the Baltic States and Finland. Exports
of kerosene, gasoline, and fuel oil (crude oil accounted for an insignificant share of exports) was one of
the main sources of currency for the Soviet economy. In contrast to timber exports, the Soviet foreign policy
Department (People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs) was actually excluded from participating in the solution
of related issues. Oil exports were considered by the Soviet diplomacy as tool for achieving foreign policy goals.
Attempts to “conquer” the market of oil products in the Baltics and Finland faced objective obstacles in the early
1930s: the policy of industrialization led to sharp growth in domestic needs for oil, while changes in the foreign
policy orientation of the Baltic States and state regulation of import operations promoted pushing out Soviet oil
exports. As a result, in the second half of the 1930s the USSR abandoned its previous ambitious plans.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: export

value: oil

value: oil products

value: USSR

value: Baltic States

value: Finland

value: mixed joint-stock companies


dc.contributor.author

value: Cherkasova, Victoria A.

value: Piankova, Yana M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Cherkasova V. A., Piankova Y. M. (2019) Macro-drivers and Over-investment of Russian Companies. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 658–681.

dc.description.abstract

value:
A consideration of investment activity in relation to macroeconomic factors suggests that
companies have an optimal investment policy. In the majority of studies that analyze companies’
investment activities, attention has been focused mainly on the influence of internal
factors as they are manageable, and less has been paid to external factors. In the Russian reality,
since this may result in bankruptcy, over-investment occurs less frequently than underinvestment.
Therefore, the main question is: What has a bigger impact on over-investment,
macroeconomic factors or internal factors? The goal of our study is to establish macro-drivers
as having the strongest impact on the likelihood of over-investment in Russian companies. To
measure the influence of macro-drivers, a binary choice regression model is estimated on the
basis of panel data. The results reveal that the biggest impact on the probability of over-investment
was oil price volatility, decreasing it by 38 %. Exchange rate volatility was second place
(–29 %), and GDP growth rate and inflation have an inconsequential influence (7 % and less
than –1 % respectively). The analysis of the speed of adjustment to target levels of investment
shows that, in the macroeconomic environment Russia experienced in 2012–2017, companies
would have target levels of investment, adjustment to which would occur gradually, over a
period of around 2 to 5 years, depending on the industry.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 35; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: investment policy

value: agency conflict

value: over-investment

value: under-investment

value: speed of adjustment

value: target level of investment

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Aerts, Simon

dc.identifier.citation

value: Simon Aerts. Cotextual Cues for the Annotation of Perspective in Livy’s Ab Urbe condita. Philologia Classica 2019, 14 (2), 216–238.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The current paper examines the statistical correlation between a number of cotextual cues and
the latent variable of perspective in a corpus of episodes taken from Livy’s narrative. The possible
perspectives (external, internal, scenic camera-eye, immersive eyewitness and distanced
eyewitness; cf. “focalization” in narratological studies) featured in Latin historiographical narratives
are introduced and hypothesized to co-occur with a number of lexical (e.g. evaluative,
descriptive), deictic (e.g. proximal, distal) and grammatical (e.g. voice) elements in the cotext of
events and situations occurring in the main narrative tenses (especially the perfect, imperfect,
and present indicative). During the analysis, statistical tests are used to ascertain the combined
impact of these cues on (a) Livy’s choice of verb tense and (b) the linguist’s annotation of perspective.
While the former is objectively observable, the latter relies on the functional linguist’s
interpretation as a non-native speaker. Therefore, an additional test is used to show the correlations
between the different narrative tenses and the perspectives to corroborate the results. This
paper’s findings pave the way for a more systematic and objective annotation method for the
latent variable of perspective in Latin narratives. Its argumentation is built on the statistical tests
performed on the data gathered in close readings on a larger scale. From those close readings,
some examples are provided in the current paper to illustrate specific or challenging concepts.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philologia Classica;Volume 14; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Latin tense system

value: tense and aspect

value: Systemic Functional Linguistics

value: perspective

value: text linguistics

value: corpus linguistics

value: multivariate statistics

value: linguistic proxies

value: Conditional Inference Tree

value: Livius


dc.contributor.author

value: Sukharev, Oleg S.

value: Voronchikhina, Ekaterina N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sukharev O. S., Voronchikhina E. N. (2019) Structural Analysis of Economic Growth in China: International Comparison Context. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 543–568.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Chinese economy over the long term has shown relatively high average growth rates, even
considering a gradual slowdown over the last several years. In this regard, it is important to identify
features of this model and policies of economic growth in comparison with other countries.
Purpose of this research is to conduct a structural analysis of the Chinese economic growth in
comparison with the United States, Germany, Japan, and Russia, as well as to identify features
of its structural dynamics and macroeconomic policy. The subject of investigation is models of
economic growth in these countries, and approaches to macroeconomic growth policy in China
and Russia that determine the contribution of GDP components and economic sectors to the
rate of economic growth. The hypothesis is that the economy growth model is determined by
the dominance of the components and sector in GDP. Three basic growth models are defined.
The model based on the dominance of gross consumption in the USA and Russia, investment
in China, and a mixed growth model in Germany and Japan. The Chinese economy is close to
the “Schumpeterian” growth model. The Russian economy approximates the “Fisher” model,
especially in terms of macroeconomic policy requirements. Therefore, to ensure the investment
growth model, it is necessary, in addition to encouraging investments, to change the characteristics
of structural dynamics, including change in macroeconomic policy instruments.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 35; Issue 4

value: empirical analysis of growth

value: GDP structure by expenditure

value: sectoral structure of the economy

value: comparative analysis

value: model of economic growth


title: Orthios as a Rhythmical Term

dc.contributor.author

value: Almazova, Nina

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nina Almazova. Orthios as a Rhythmical Term. Philologia Classica 2019, 14 (2), 164–176.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Some ancient sources claim that the orthian nome was named so due to its rhythm. In order to
estimate the probability of this assertion the author first examines known cases of ὄρθιος as a
metrical or rhythmical term. After dismissing evidence which seems either mistaken or using
ὄρθιος in a non-technical sense, the author believes that the following meanings are reliably attested:
(1.1) an iambic trimeter with only pure iambic feet (possibly the term could be applied
to other uniform verses as well); (1.2) a cretic with a resolution of both longs; (1.4) a sequence
– ∪∪ – – ; (1.6) an elongated iambic foot, which consists of a tetraseme and an octaseme syllable.
Next, the author analyzes what is reported concerning the rhythm of the orthian nome.
As authors of the classical period, who were still able to hear the piece performed, attribute
two different rhythms to it (elongated iambs and τὸ κατὰ δάκτυλον εἶδος), and also claim that
Terpander used orthian rhythm to create a particular version of the orthian melody, it follows
that ὄρθιος νόμος was not named ἀπὸ τοῦ ῥυθμοῦ. In support of this conclusion, it seems clear
that the orthian nome was very well known to common people in the fifth century BC, so that
its name must have been understood even by those who were no experts in rhythmical theory.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philologia Classica;Volume 14; Issue 2

value: Ancient Greek music

value: nomes

value: orthios

value: rhytmical terms

dc.title

value: Orthios as a Rhythmical Term

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kalugina, Olga V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kalugina, Olga. “The Monument to Millennium of Russia: Bringing the Idea to Life. From History of Reigns to History of Culture”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 4 (2019): 655–670.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article sets out to examine the development of the initial idea and compositional concept
of a renowned mid-19th century monument “The Millennium of Russia.” As apparent from
careful examination of materials from various sources, the sketch of the monument does not
appear to have greatly influenced its final design as alleged by its author Mikhail Mikeshin.
Given the tight deadlines and strict control of the August Head of the Imperial House, the very
idea of the monument underwent significant change with a profound impact on its artistic and
plastic design. The adjustments to the monument’s plan implied the personal participation
of the emperor Alexander II, the Head of the Imperial Academy of Arts, representatives of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Railways as well as other experienced
architects, engineers, and specialists. The monument was initially meant to commemorate the
ruler Rurik, however, its meaning eventually transformed into the idea of Russian statehood
history. Particular emphasis was placed on presenting the country’s history in terms of its
cultural development. The shift in focus from the history of reigns to the history of cultural
development ensured the enrichment of the monument to the Millennium of Russia with new
characters and story lines. Democratic conditions for participation in the contest resulted in
a prevailing number of unknown artists or people having no relevant training. One of these
artists happened to be M. Mikeshin whose forte was the genre battle painting. Therefore, it
seems that the actual authors of the project were young sculptors and experienced professionals
who were inevitably involved at different stages of designing and building the monument.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The publication is sponsored by Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (Russian Foundation
for Research in Humanities), fellowship No. а16-04-00322.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 9; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: monument

value: historicism

value: sculpture

value: government order

value: art competition

value: Russian statehood


dc.contributor.author

value: Shiriaev, Anton S.

value: Khusainov, Ramil R.

value: Mamedov, Shamil N.

value: Gusev, Sergey V.

value: Kuznetsov, Nikolay V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shiriaev A. S., Khusainov R.R., Mamedov Sh.N., Gusev S.V., Kuznetsov N.V. On Leonov’s method for computing the linearization of the transverse dynamics and analysis of Zhukovsky stability. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy, 2019, vol. 6 (64), issue 4, pp. 544–554.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper is focused on a comprehensive discussion of one of results of Prof. G. A. Leonov
aimed at analysis of Zhukovsky stability of a solution of a nonlinear autonomous system
by linearization. The main contribution is in deriving a linear system that approximates
dynamics of the original nonlinear systems transverse to the vector-flow on a nominal
behavior. As illustrated, such a linear comparison system becomes instrumental in analysis
and re-design of classical feedback controllers developed earlier for stabilization of motions
of nonlinear mechanical systems.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The work is supported by RFBR (grant N 18-38-20186\18) and the Leading Scientific Schools of
Russia (grant NSh-2858.2018.1).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy;Volume 6 (64); Issue 4

dc.subject

value: moving Poincar´e section

value: Zhukovsky stability

value: transverse linearization


dc.contributor.author

value: Vasil’eva, Ekaterina V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vasil’eva E.V. Multidimensional diffemorphisms with stable periodic points. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy, 2019, vol. 6 (64), issue 4, pp. 608–618.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Diffeomorphisms of a multidimensional space into itself with a hyperbolic fixed point are
considered, it is assumed that at the intersection of the stable and unstable manifolds there
are points that are different from the hyperbolic, such points are called homoclinic. The
homoclinic points are divided into transversal and non-transversal, depending on the behavior
of stable and unstable manifolds. From the articles of S. Newhouse, L. P. Shil’nikov,
B. F. Ivanov and other authors, it follows that with a certain method of tangency of the stable
manifold with unstable one at the homoclinic point, a neighborhood of a non-transversal
homoclinic point contains an infinite number of stable periodic points, but at least one of
the characteristic exponents at these points tends to zero with increasing period. The proposed
work is a continuation of the work of the author. In previously published papers,
restrictions were imposed on the eigenvalues of the Jacobi matrix of the original diffeomorphism
at a hyperbolic point. More precisely, in these papers it was assumed that either
all eigenvalues are real and the matrix is diagonal, or the Jacobi matrix has only one real
eigenvalue modulo less than one, and all other eigenvalues are different complex integers
modulo greater than unity. Under these conditions, conditions are obtained for the presence
in an arbitrary neighborhood of a non-transversal homoclinic point of an infinite set
of stable periodic points with characteristic exponents separated from zero. In this paper,
it is assumed that the Jacobi matrix of a diffeomorphism has an arbitrary set of eigenvalues
at a hyperbolic point. In this case, the conditions of existence in the neighborhood of the
non-transversal homoclinic point of an infinite set of stable periodic points, whose characteristic
exponents are separated from zero, are obtained. The conditions are imposed, first
of all, on the method of tangency of the stable manifold with unstable one; however, in the
proof of the theorem, the properties of the eigenvalues of the Jacobi matrix at a hyperbolic
point are essentially used.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project No. 19-01-00388).

dc.subject

value: multidimensional diffeomorphism

value: non-transversal homoclinic point

value: stability

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Lebedeva, Anastasia V.

value: Ryabov, Victor M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lebedeva A.V., Ryabov V.M. On the numerical solution of system of linear algebraic equations with ill-conditioned matrices. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy, 2019, vol. 6 (64), issue 4, pp. 619–626.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The system of linear algebraic equations (SLAE) is considered. If the matrix of the system
is non-degenerate, then there is a unique solution to the system. In a degenerate case, the
system may not have a solution or have infinitely many solutions. In this case, the concept
of a normal solution is introduced. The case of a non-degenerate square matrix can theoretically
be considered good in terms of existence and uniqueness of the solution, but in
the theory of computational methods, nondegenerate matrices are divided into two categories:
“ill-conditioned” and “well-conditioned”. Badly called matrices for which the solution of the system of equations is practically unstable. One of the important characteristics of
practical solution stability A system of linear equations is a condition number. Usually,
regularization methods are used to obtain a reliable solution. A common strategy is to use
Tikhonov’s stabilizer or his modifications, or the representation of the desired solution in
the form of orthogonal sums of two vectors, one of which is determined stably, and for
searching the second requires some stabilization procedure. In this article the methods of
numerical solution of SLAE are considered with a positive defined symmetric matrix or oscillating
matrix type using regularization, leading to SLAEs with a reduced conditionality
number.

dc.subject

value: a system of linear algebraic equations

value: ill-posed problems

value: ill-conditioned problems

value: condition number

value: regularization method


dc.contributor.author

value: Silvanovich, Olga V.

value: Shirokov, Nikolai A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Silvanovich O.V., Shirokov N.A. Entire functions of order 1/2 in the approximation of functions on the semiaxis. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy, 2019, vol. 6 (64), issue 4, pp. 627–635.

dc.description.abstract

value: Let In be disjoint segments of half-axis [1;1), I1 = [1; b1]. We assume that In and their supplementary intervals are commensurable. The union of mentioned segments we denote thought E. Let 0 < α< 1. The class of complex-valued functions defined on E with r-th derivative belonging to a Holder class α and bounded by 1 is denoted by H_1^(r+α)(E). We consider the set Cσ of entire functions of the order 1/2 and of the type ≤σ which are bounded on [0;1). The main result of this paper is the following: Let f∈ 2 H_1^(r+α)(E). Then there exist constants c0 and c1, depending of f,E, r and α such that for any σ≥ 1 one can find a function Fσ ∈ Cσ such that the following inequality holds |f(x) − Fσ(x)|≤ min(c0∙1/σr+α(√((x-a_n)(b_n )-x)+n/σ)r+α,c1), x ∈ In, n ≥ 1.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project No. 17-01-00607-а

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy;Volume 6 (64); Issue 4

value: smooth functions

value: entire functions

value: approximation


dc.identifier.citation

value: Sessions of Section of the House of scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the theoretical mechanics of prof. N. N. Poljakhov April 17, 2019. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy, 2019, vol. 6 (64), issue 4, p. 671.

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Verniaev, Igor I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Verniaev I. I. Adaptation of Imperial Jurisdiction of Magistrates’ courts in Transcaucasia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, pp. 1240–1256.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The formation of general, unified state institutions in multiethnic countries has always posed
a challenge. Gradual introduction of new jurisdiction on the basis of the Judicial Statutes of
1864 into the entire Russian Empire became a large-scale practice of creating such institutions.
The article discusses the process of the establishing and functioning of magistrates ‘courts
(mirovoy sud) in the South Caucasus. The research has shown the necessity to reconsider the
existing opinion in historiography on the radical contrast between the new judicial system and
judicial and legal practices of the people of Transcaucasia. Models of insurmountable dualism
of opposing cultural-legal systems are, on closer examination, one-sided and inadequate. The
article demonstrates that there were common features between the new jurisdiction, its procedural
and legal base, and local judicial and legal views and practices. The imperial legislation
partially incorporated the provisions of the regional legal code and canonical law. Imperial
courts partly used customary law. Communication channels were formed between the new
courts and local communities. There was a kind of personnel “indigenization” of the imperial
court. The paper proves that magistrates’ courts occupied an important and irreplaceable
niche in the region. The guarantees of justice and gradual adaptation to local realities made
it demanded by the local population. Models of hybridity, symbiotic institutional and cultural-
legal spaces, which are being developed in post-colonial studies, seem to be more suitable
for describing the interaction between judicial and legal institutions of the empire and its
borderlands.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This article was prepared with the support of grant No. 15-18-00119 of the Russian Science Foundation.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Russian Empire

value: Transcaucasia

value: magistrates’ courts

value: adaptation of common institutions to ethno-confessional diversity


title: Visual Anthropology of Dziga Vertov

dc.contributor.author

value: Golovnev, Ivan A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Golovnev I. A. Visual Anthropology of Dziga Vertov. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, pp. 1386–1403.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article, on the example of the classic documentary “The Sixth Part of the World” (1926) by
the pioneer of Soviet anthropological cinema Dzigi Vertov examines the film-construction of
the multinational Soviet Union. Analyzing archival data, director’s interviews and contemporary
testimonies, the author of the article traces the evolution of a film project in connection
with the processes taking place at that time in society and cinema. In the mid 1920s and early
1930s filmmakers of the USSR united the peoples of the new country of the Soviets on the
screen — created the Soviet myth, which the party leadership needed so much. Based on an
illustrative example of the work of director Dziga Vertov, the titular person in the Russian
documentary, the article explores the use of the possibilities of cinema: a close-up image of
the Soviet man as the “builder of communism”, “the master of the sixth part of the world”; in
general terms — a multinational “friendly country” progressively evolving under socialism.
Due to the specifics of silent cinema, the film “The Sixth Part of the World” is a kind of cinema
text, consisting of an approximately equal number of film frames and text captions alternating
in the narrative. And therefore, the method of analyzing the film as a visual-text work was its
research decoding — “translation” into text format. The article explores the potential of the
film as a form of visual anthropology and a multi-component historical source that displays
the silhouettes of culture and ideology of its time on the screen. The article concludes that
Dziga Vertov and his film group managed to reflect the spirit of the times, and his creative
method elevated documentary materials to the level of an artistic image. Cinematic poetry
and Marxist’s philosophy were merged in this anthropological film.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) as part of project
No. 18-09-00076 “The traditional Northern communities in ethnographic film”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: visual anthropology

value: anthropological film

value: Dziga Vertov

value: national policy

value: USSR

dc.title

value: Visual Anthropology of Dziga Vertov


dc.contributor.author

value: Kovalenko, Vera V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kovalenko V. V. Cross-genre situation in Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz’s Die Soldaten. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2019, 16 (4): 673–688.

dc.description.abstract

value:
J. M. R. Lenz’s drama “The Soldiers” (“Die Soldaten,” 1776) was based on the autobiographical
material from the prose text called “The Diary” (“Das Tagebuch,” 1774). The cross-genre situation is however not limited to the selection of the events described in these two works. The
nearly simultaneous work on both “The Soldiers” and “The Diary” allowed Lenz to enrich his
drama with some epic structures and elements, and use several dramatic techniques in prose.
The latter was a common tendency in the prose of Goethe’s time, and we can also find some
epic structures in dramas of that time (such as the structure of history chronicles in Goethe’s
drama “Götz von Berlichingen” or the bourgeois tragedy “Miss Sara Sampson” by Lessing who
wrote it under the influence of the English sentimental novel), but the scenario in which the
same story is presented both in drama and prose by the same author is unique. The article
shows how Lenz incorporated in his drama the elements of some narrative genres such as the
epistolary novel, didactic prose, and parable, mixing them with the dramatic forms of comedy,
farce, classical tragedy, and bourgeois tragedy. The article offers a new interpretation of the
widely acknowledged technique of fragmentary composition by Lenz: not only does it create
the effect of “natural” perception of reality and keeps the spectator in suspense, but it also allows
the writer to switch from one genre to another.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 64; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: drama

value: cross-genre

value: Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz

value: Sturm und Drang

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Timofeev, Dmitrii V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Timofeev D. V. The Practice of Turning Serfs into Free Ploughmen During the Reign of Alexander I. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, pp. 1177–1194.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents the results of the complex analysis of implementation of the decree of
February 20, 1803. The first part of the paper demonstrates the dynamics of transition of peasants
to free ploughmen on the basis of comparison of quantitative data, as well as the possible
motives of the landowners who released them during the period between 1804 and 1825. In
the second part of article, the analysis of trials on cases of the conflicts between landowners
and emancipated peasants is carried out. Based on archival materials, main scenarios of the
conflicts are presented: refusal of the landowner to execute terms of the contract and actions
of the state aimed at coercion into emancipating serfs; disagreement of successors with the
decisions of the former owner and recognition of the need of updating the legislation. The
article reveals divergence of actions, arguments and motives of landowners concerning the released
peasants, the evaluation of the reasons hindering the process of implementation of the
decree of February 20, 1803, by contemporaries. As a result, the research shows the correlation
between the decisions on individual cases and the development of projects on abolishing
serfdom at a national scale. The recognition of importance of legal confirmation of “consent”
of the landowner and peasants; the need for preserving state control over observance of the
rights and obligations of contracting parties, and strategy for legal confirmation of diverse
ways of releasing peasants became important features of this process.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: serf issue in Russia

value: free ploughmen

value: emancipation of peasants

value: social conflict

value: projects of abolishing serfdom

value: interclass interactions


title: Orientalisms May Differ

dc.contributor.author

value: Alimdjanov, Bakhtiyor A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Alimdjanov B. A. Orientalisms May Differ. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, рр. 1488–1497.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines a new book by R. Yu. Pochekaev “State and Law in Central Asia through
the Eyes of Russian and Western Travelers of the 18th — early 20th centuries”. As a theoretical
basis for his research, the author uses the concept of “Orientalism” in a truncated version. That
is, “Orientalism” in the Western sense is used in the analysis of works of only Western travelers.
The author also contrasts “local” sources with the works of travelers. The main idea of the
author is that travelers’ notes are the key to understanding the legal and state structure of the
countries of Central Asia. The author insists that records by “the other” will become the channel
for promoting the idea that Islam was not a comprehensive tool for explaining statehood
and law in Central Asia. The author claims that “local” sources ignore the pre-Islamic and
nomadic “remnants” of the law (adat). It should be noted that the historians of Central Asia,
especially the Orientalists from Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, have discovered a considerable
layer of archival documents that change our understanding of the late Middle Ages of Central
Asia. It is worth pointing out that local religious practices actively used and assimilated both
“customary” law and Sharia. The coexistence of different religious, nomadic and pre-Islamic
practices is a specific feature of history of the population of Central Asia. The author tries to
reconsider the Eurocentric approach to statehood and law in Central Asia. Unfortunately, the
superficiality of the reconsideration gives rise to justification of imperialism and revival of the
“positive” Soviet positivism in understanding the history of Central Asia.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Central Asia

value: travelers

value: Great Game

value: Russian Empire

value: British Empire

value: historiography

value: local sources

value: statehood

value: law

dc.title

value: Orientalisms May Differ


dc.contributor.author

value: Halperin, Charles J.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Halperin Ch. J. The Tatars and the Term Zakhvatchiki in Soviet Historiography. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, рр. 1429–1439.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Soviet historiography categorized the Mongols in general and the Tatars of the Golden Horde
in particular as zakhvatchiki. Reading Soviet historiography on Rus’-Tatar relations induces
the thought that the use of the word zakhvatchiki had an anti-nomadic coloration, that it was
a negative denomination just for nomadic tribes who were a frequent occurrence in Russian
history. Post-Soviet Russian historiography has not completely overcome the heritage of using
this demeaning term to dismiss the Tatars as barbarian parasites. However, examination of
an artifact of Soviet historiography, a multi-volume collective work on historiography in the
territory that came to comprise the Soviet Union, disproves any suspicion that application
of this word to the Tatars derives from anti-nomad prejudice. To appreciate this evidence
properly it must be cited in extenso. To illustrate the dispersion of such references, the author
cites them individually by first surveying appearances of the term volume by volume. In each
case, he enumerates the name(s) of the historian(s), their subject, where appropriate — the
chronology, who the zakhvatchiki were, and who their victims were. He interprets references
to zakhvatnicheskie policies as markers of who was a zakhvatchik. After that he provides aggregate
analysis of this evidence. Soviet historians applied the word to all periods of world,
not just Russian, history, to anyone who qualified as a villain in Soviet Marxist historiography,
most often, unsurprisingly, to imperialists. The author examines the meaning of the word
separately. It is difficult to convey the richness of its connotations by a single word in English.
Consequently, the word itself has no anti-nomad connotations; in effect, it can be reduced to a
cliche moniker for all “bad guys.” It is still anachronistic because no medieval Rus’ source ever
called the Tatars “zakhvatchiki.” It should be avoided in scholarship.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Soviet historiography

value: zakhvatchik

value: Tatars

value: Golden Horde

dc.type

value: Article


title: Типы контрольных заданий для включения в контрольно-измерительные материалы. Методические рекомендации для преподавателей

dc.contributor.author

value: Давыденко, А.А.

value: Распопова, Н.В.

value: Свиркина, Л.А.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Методические рекомендации содержат описание всевозможных контрольных заданий,
как открытого так и закрытого типов. Приведены примеры из разных дисциплин.
Представленные типы заданий могу быть реализованы - полностью в письменной форме,
в виде  письменного теста; полностью в устной форме, в виде билета на экзамене,
с последующим собеседованием;
в комбинированной форме, совмещающей в себе и письменный тест,
и устные ответ по предложенным заданиям.
Методические рекомендации предназначены для преподавателей
учебно-научных подразделений Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета,
ведущих образовательную деятельность,
 в том числе и для преподавателей Академической гимназии им.Д.К.Фаддеева.
Будут полезны преподавателям
других образовательных организаций любого уровня образования.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: ВВМ

dc.title

value: Other


dc.contributor.author

value: Litvinovich, Andrey

value: Pavlova, Olga

value: Lavrishchev, Anton

value: Bure, Vladimir

value: Saljnikov, Elmira

dc.identifier.citation

value: Litvinovich, A., Pavlova, O., Lavrishchev, A., Bure, V., and Saljnikov, E. 2019. Migration behaviour of fluoride in contaminated soils near ammophos production plant: laboratory studies. Bio. Comm. 64(4): 270–278.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Fluoride contamination of irrigated alkaline soils (Irragric Anthrosols) is a common
problem in the areas of vast cotton production in Uzbekistan. Large number
of laboratory measurements using corresponding models allows deeper
studying the fluoride mobility in contaminated soil in the vicinity of Ammophos
production factory. In a series of column experiments the migration ability of
fluoride was studied in Irragric Anthrosols of different particle size distribution
and four different experiments using near neutral and acidic washing water
in the low, moderate and highly contaminated soils. It has been established
that studied soils, located in the zone of airborne emissions from the Ammophos
production plants, have a weak fluoride-holding capacity. The intensity
of fluoride migration was conditioned by the initial level of soil contamination.
Repeated simulated irrigation of the soil didn’t result in complete removal of
fluoride. At low contamination level (3.5 mg F/kg soil) on sandy-loam soil, concentration
of fluoride increased with increasing of the volume of leaching moisture.
With medium contamination level (6.1 mg F/kg soil) on a loamy soil, the
average leaching rate was near zero throughout the measurement interval. At
high contamination level (17.5 mg/kg) on heavy textured soil, the increase in
the concentration of fluoride in the eluates was observed throughout the entire
study interval and posed a threat of ground water contamination.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
Part of the research was
supported by the Ministry of Education,
Science and Technological Development of
the Republic of Serbia (Grant no. TR 37006).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Biological Communications;Volume 64; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: soil contamination

value: fluoride

value: migration

value: irrigation

value: modelling


dc.contributor.author

value: Kulak, Maria

value: Galkina, Svetlana

value: Saifitdinova, Alsu

value: Gaginskaya, Elena

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kulak, M., Galkina, S., Saifitdinova, A., and Gaginskaya, E. 2019. Establishment of primary cell lines from tissues of the red-eared slider Bio. Comm. 64(4): 229–234.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Primary cell lines of the red-eared slider were established from somatic slider
tissues cultivated in appropriate medium for a certain period. Exponential cell
growth started after 2 weeks of continuous cultivating. The cells were of various
morphology resembling keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanocytes, some
of them gathered to form dense conglomerates similar to so-called “embryoid
bodies”. The cell lines were maintained for 3–7 passages before being taken for
cytogenetic manipulations. Red-eared slider cell lines derived in this way can be
cryopreserved and successfully recovered to provide a source of fixed cells for
3D imaging as well as a source of chromosomes and chromatin fiber preparations
for cytological and cytogenetic studies. The protocol for red-eared slider
cells was developed on the basis of the experiments described.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was sponsored
by the Russian Foundation for Basic
Research (project #18-04-01276A) and
Saint Petersburg State University’s
Programme 4 (project #1.40.1625.2017).

dc.language.iso

value: en

value: Trachemys scripta elegans

value: turtles

value: primary culture

value: explant

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Galstyan, Khachik S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Galstyan Kh. S. А dialogical paradigm of power: From marginal theory to political reality. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 4, pp. 626– 633.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is dedicated to an analysis of various concepts of the origin, interpretation and
strategies for power implementation. The main goal of the research is to identify the paradigm
shifts in political theory and justify the relevance of the dialogical paradigm of power. In particular,
the author discusses the sectional and non-sectional concepts of power, considers the
main power implementation strategies under the prism of a dialogical paradigm. The study
shows that there are a number of theories in the systemic, behavioral and relational concepts
of power, which can serve as the theoretical basis for the dialogical paradigm of power. The author
points to the limitedness of conflict theories of power and substantiates that under modern
conditions, as a paradigm shifts, the whole philosophy of power is changing. In particular,
the author considers the concept of “soft power” in the context of the dialogical paradigm of
power implementation because, as a rule, a “soft power” strategy involves only peaceful means
to achieve its goals. In addition, the concept of “soft power” implies a consensus between the
subject and the object of power, which can be achieved through dialogical technologies of
political communication. The author concludes that in connection with the formation and
development of the information and communication society, the use of “hard” power strategies
is significantly reduced. Additionally, the new trends of decentralization of power and
a wide use of network management technologies, in turn, open up new perspectives for the
implementation and application of dialogical strategies of power realization.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 35; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: dialogical paradigm of power

value: soft power strategy

value: hard power

value: dialogic communication technologies

value: paradigm shifts


dc.contributor.author

value: Lola, Inna S.

value: Bakeev, Murat B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lola I. S., Bakeev M. B. (2019) Digital Transformation in the Manufacturing Industries of Russia: an Analysis of the Business Tendencies Observations Results. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 628–657.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The spread of digital technologies in the economy changes production processes and
business models. The technologies associated with the fourth industrial revolution, such
as the industrial Internet of Things and additive manufacturing, have a significant impact
on the production cycle in manufacturing. Based on short-term and medium-term
entrepreneurial opinions and intentions, this paper examines key aspects of the digitalization
process in Russian enterprises, using the method of conjuncture observations and surveys,
which supplements quantitative statistics. Taking into account the differentiation of the
manufacturing industries into low-, medium- and high-tech, a set of trends in the digital
technologies development, the industrial participation in digital transformation in the forms
of the business processes digitalization and the digitalization of labor, as well as many other
important indicators not measured or only partially measured by quantitative statistics is
presented. For all industries, factors hindering digital transformation were identified and
ranked. A survey of managers showed significant variation in entrepreneurial judgment
regarding most aspects of production digitalization. Despite the fact that the transition to
Industry 4.0 is taking place in Russia against the background of unfavorable trends in the
business climate, the resulting opinions allow us to state that progress is obvious, although
the level of immersion into digitalization processes is not yet deep. Consideration of
digital activity from the point of industrial separation view, as well as taking into account
the classification of industries as low-, medium- and high-tech, allowed us to identify the
industrial features of this digital transformation. In particular, some technologies, such as
the industrial Internet of Things, were predominantly distributed in the medium and hightech
segment, while others, such as 3D printing and radio frequency identification tags, were
represented in most manufacturing industries. Promising areas for continuing research on
digital transformation in the Russian manufacturing include expanding the conjuncture
observation program by including other industries, the development of appropriate
composite indicators, an analysis of the relationship between economic indicators and
digitalization, and a foresight study of the qualitative aspects of digital transformation.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was prepared within the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National
Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE) and supported within the framework of a subsidy
by the Russian Academic Excellence Project “5–100”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 35; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: digitalization

value: digital activity

value: digital technologies

value: manufacturing industry

value: conjuncture observations

value: digital investment

value: digital strategy


dc.contributor.author

value: Vishnevsky, Valentine P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vishnevsky V. P. The Digital Economy in the Context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Opportunities and Limitations. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 606–627.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article focuses on the analysis the relationship between the digital economy and industry
in the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Analysis of the problem’s conceptual aspects
has shown that the digital economy is one of the elements of the emerging smart cyberphysical
society, in which the integration of material production and digital technologies is
implemented. In this regard, the well-known dichotomy “industrial society — post-industrial
society” loses its meaning, since “hardware” and “digit” supplement each other organically and
co-evolve, although the possibilities and limitations of this process are determined to a greater
extent by the production development rather than digital technologies. The empirical part of
the study includes statistical analysis of the problem and mathematical modelling based on
economic data on 74 countries for the period 2014–2016. This analysis showed that the size of
the digital economy is well correlated with gross fixed capital formation, and that industrialized
countries differ from less developed countries not so much in the level of development of
the digital economy as in the amount of the fixed assets investments. In the modern world divided
into new zones of technological influence the strategic prospects of countries’ economic
development are defined by Industry 4.0 — smart robotic cyber-physical industry, located
next to the consumer. Therefore, in order to achieve a higher level of income in the national
economy, it is necessary not only to develop the digital economy, but also to increase investment
in modern manufacturing technologies in or around the country. The analysis of the
opportunities and limitations of the digital economy development on the example of the Russian
Federation tax system digitalization has shown that it is generally successful. However,
it creates some problems for the economy, as modern digital technologies are used to divert
resources necessary for the industrial development. Therefore, the digital economy needs to
be integrated into existing macroeconomic regulation mechanisms, including through new
opportunities provided by the digital revolution.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: digital economy

value: industrial revolution

value: Industry 4.0

value: production technologies

value: manufacturing

value: cyber-physical system

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Aleinikov, Andrei V.

value: Maltseva, Daria A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Aleinikov A. V., Maltseva D. A. Strategic culture in a risk society: The conceptual bases of analysis. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 4, pp. 634–649.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the patterns for effective strategic management in the era of global competition.
As the article shows, strategic culture is a factor for ensuring conflict tolerance and conflict
ability of a political system. In the paper, the research strategies for studying strategic culture are
analyzed; the author’s definition is given as a set of fundamental and stable assumptions shared
by social and political actors regarding the ability to work constructively with tension in society
and the external environment, to relevant and an articulated perception of conflict. The article
raises the question of such an important indicator of strategic culture in the decision-making
process such as the correlation of the perception of risks by elites and people affected by these
decisions. It is argued that the narrowing of possible alternatives in the coordination of risks and
hazards is especially common as well as the practice of strategic planning in the subjects of the
Russian Federation, where the bias towards technocratic strategies is clearly expressed, without
taking into account sociocultural issues. Based on the findings, it is argued that the re-conceptualization
of the content of strategic culture is important for modern practices of maintaining
social order, its conflict tolerance and conflict capacity in the area of global competition.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, research project No. 19-18-00115 (A. V. Aleinikov), and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, research project No 19-011-00792А (D. A. Maltseva).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 35; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: strategic management

value: risk-reflection

value: strategic culture

value: conflict tolerance

value: conflict capacity

value: risk society

value: political identity

value: strategic planning


dc.contributor.author

value: Shcheglov, Andrey P.

value: Shok, Nataliya P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shcheglov A. P., Shok N. P. Philosophy of ancient medicine: Galen on homoiomeres. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 4, pp. 593–606.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the teachings of the ancient philosopher
and doctor Galen about “homoiomeres.” This term was established by Aristotle to denote
the concept of elementary beginning, the smallest element of every quality. The relevance of
this topic is primarily due to the fact that by turning to the analysis of Galen’s ideas about
homoiomeres and their modern interpretation will help to reveal the unique philosophical context of the formation of medical science in antiquity. The authors turn to the study of the
term “homoiomeres” in order to discern how Galen explained the disease processes occurring
in the human body, based on the philosophical doctrine of “homoiomeres.” Homoiomeres,
from the point of view of Galen, are insubstantial entities that are in the very basis of being.
They realize the idea of anything in matter, including in the human body, both in general and
in its particulars. On numerous examples from anatomy, Galen shows that homoiomeres is
the equality of absolute, identical and abstract ideas in being, realized in the same volatile
reality. In other words, homoiomeres and inherent identity are relative not with respect to a
changeable reality, but to an ideal being. The substance, divided to infinity, is limited to a certain
homogeneous quality as a result; the whole multiplicity of things appears, united by a certain
existential accord. Homogeneity characterizes the forces inherent in it, acting in separate parts
of the organism, endowing them with strength, movement, and function, which, in turn, are
inherent in each particular part, and in the whole organism. At the same time homoiomeres
are an internal harmony of the body, which contain homogeneous forces inherent in a certain
qualitative state, despite the constant change of particles forming the organism.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: homoiomeres

value: state of the body

value: identity

value: forces

value: movement

value: immaterial entities

value: homogeneity

value: quality

value: the organization of a living organism

value: multiplicity

value: matter

value: property

value: idea

value: natural abilities


dc.contributor.author

value: Urushadze, A. T.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Urushadze A. T. ‘“Imaginary Justice”: Mountain Verbal Courts and the Problem of Judicial and Administrative Reform of the Caucasus Region in the Materials of the Audit N. M. Reinke’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 9, no. 4, 2019, pp. 914–927.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Russian Empire sought to finally solve the problem of integrating the Caucasus into the national
political and legal space. The socio–political crisis of the Caucasian region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
was provoked by declining efficiency of regional management. The centralization of administrative practices
slowed integration of the Caucasus into the Empire, replacing living activity with a dead form. The restoration of
the Caucasian vicegerency in 1905 was an extreme step. The institution of the governorship, with its autonomy
and independence, was nothing short of fleeing the Empire for the sake of empire. The transformations carried
out in extreme conditions returned the trust of the population and the status of mentor to the Russian authorities.
However, many problems of modernizing the region were not fully resolved, which contributed to an increase of
the potential for conflict and centrifugal tendencies. One of the most acute problems of judicial and administrative
organization was the activity of mountain courts. The Senate revision of the Tiflis Court of Justice of 1910 revealed
a gap between the highland courts and the all-Russian institutes of legal proceedings, working on the basis of
judicial charters on November 20, 1864. Opinions on the harmfulness of the mountain courts and their delineation
of highlanders from other imperial subjects was divided among members of the audit, and the ranks of the local
administration. Using archival documents, the article illustrates the problem of reorganizing legal proceedings in
the southern outskirts of the Russian state.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 17-78-20117 “National periphery
in the politics of the Russian Empire and Russian social thought”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 9; Issue 4

value: Caucasian viceregency

value: Caucasus

value: mountain verbal courts

value: N. M. Reinke

value: audit

value: Tiflis court chamber

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Larin, Alexander V.

value: Novak, Anna E.

value: Khvostova, Irina E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Larin A. V., Novak A. E., Khvostova I. E. (2019). How Corporate Governance Influence Dividends on Different Corporation Lifecycle Stages. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 569–587.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The modern model of the corporation involves the separation of property and control, which
often leads to the emergence of corporate conflicts, which are a serious obstacle to the effective
distribution of capital. The study of the relationship of dividend policy and the quality of
corporate governance is an important task. On the one hand, decisions on payout policy and
capital structure can be viewed as mechanisms for resolving agency conflicts or substitutes for
best corporate governance practices. On the other hand, the quality of corporate governance
itself is a determining factor in financial decisions. This paper attempts to explain previously
obtained contradictory empirical results using the theory of the corporate life cycle. The direction
of the relationship between dividend payments and quality of corporate governance at
different stages in the life cycle may vary. For the ISS index, the outcome theory better explains
the payout policy in later stages of the life cycle for mature, stable companies that have significant
resources to resolve agency conflicts. The model of substitutes, in turn, explains the use
of the payout policy at the early stages of the life cycle, when the cost of building high-quality
corporate governance far exceeds potential losses from dividend payments.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was prepared within the framework of the Academic Fund Program at the National
Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University) in 2019 — 2020 (grant N 19–04–039)
and by the Russian Academic Excellence Project “5–100”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 35; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: agency conflict

value: corporate governance

value: payout policy

value: life-cycle theory

value: panel data

value: Tobit-model


dc.contributor.author

value: Poluboyarinova, Larisa N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Poluboyarinova L. N. World literature in the interim of cultures: about the Russian edition of Letters from Turkey by Kelemen Mikes. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2019, 16 (4): 702–712.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article provides a detailed critical review of the Russian-language commented scientific
publication of Letters from Turkey by Keleman Mikes, an outstanding monument of Hungarian
narrative prose of the 18th century. The text is analyzed in terms of the currently relevant
category ‘world literature.’ In the course of the analysis, three important points of association
of Letters from Turkey with world literature are revealed. These are namely firstly, a high degree
of internationality of ideas, plots and motifs presented in this work in the form of obvious and
hidden quotations; secondly, the way in which the author designs his own writer’s identity;
thirdly, the specific sharpness and depth of cross-cultural and cross-confessional analysis of
the Islamic context and the particular multicultural “interim” (in contact with the Turkish,
Armenian, Jewish, and Greek cultures), in which the author as a European-educated Hungarian
Christian intellectual lived for several decades. Highlighting some of the shortcomings
of the scientific apparatus of the publication, the author notes the high level of philological
culture inherent in the book as a whole. In the course of comparing the Khotyn episode of
Letters by Mikes with Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks by Mikhail Lomonosov, it was concluded that the literary tasks of the two authors, who were contemporaries, are opposites.
Lomonosov creates an outstanding monument of national literature from the elements
of world literature; on the contrary, Mikes elevates the Hungarian national prose to the level
of world literature.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 64; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Letters from Turkey by Kelemen Mikes

value: Khotyn оde by Mikhail Lomonosov

value: world literature

value: national literature

value: epistolary prose


dc.contributor.author

value: Yangutov, Leonid E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Yangutov L. E. The soul polemic in the Chinese religious tradition. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 4, pp. 674–685.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the evolution of the polemic of the soul between Buddhist supporters
and its opponents, which were reflected in Chinese writing compositions written in the
period of its distribution and expansion in China. The aim of this article is the opening of the
essence of this polemic and its meaningfulness in the history of Buddhist expansion in China.
In this connection, there are several tasks put forward : firstly, to analyze the religious situation
that unfolded in China before Buddhist expansion; secondly, to consider the ideas about
the soul, ascending to its ancient history; thirdly, to show the reasons for the evolution of the
polemic concerning the soul; then, to show the polemic reflection in the compositions from
the first collection of written monuments of “Hunminji,” which was composed prior to the
formation of Buddhist schools in China. Scientific methods such as textual critical analysis
and comparative, culture logical and historical approaches are used. As a result of this article,
we have obtained the the reflection of Buddhist adaptation to the Chinese religious base and
its transformation in this country, rich with its own spiritual and cultural traditions. The fundamental
meaningfulness and content aspects are exposed between the Buddhist opponents
and its supporters, mainly, between the Confucians coming from the bureaucratic circles and
well-educated Buddhists. The gradual transition of the Buddhist soteriology to the canonical
course is shown in the article. In conclusion, the results of the scientific research are summarized.
The polemic of the soul concluded with the appearance of the works presented by
Buddhist schools formed in China. Meanwhile, the idea of the soul as the ontological basis for
rebirth continues to be popular in the doctrine of Buddhism.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation in the framework
of the research project “Buddhism in the socio-political and cultural processes of Russia, Inner and
East Asia: transformations and prospects”, no. 14-18-00444.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 35; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Buddhism

value: Confucianism

value: rebirth

value: soul

value: body

value: salvation

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Stetckevich, Mikhail S.

value: Chumakova, Tatiana V.

value: Frolov, Sergei

dc.identifier.citation

value: Stetckevich M. S., Chumakova T. V., Frolov S. The Oxford movement studies: Main historiographical problems and trends. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 4, pp. 662–673.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the main trends in the historiography of the Oxford (Traсtarian) movement
in the Church of England, which had a significant impact not only on its subsequent
development, but also on the evolution of Anglicanism as a whole. The purpose of the article
is to identify the key trends in the development of the historiography of the Oxford movement
and to distinguish the range of problems studied by researchers, focusing on the most controversial
issues. The article aims to analyze the works of the authors who reviewed the history
of the Oxford movement in the context of the evolution of the Church of England (N. Gash,
O. Chadwick, P. Avis, S. Brown), and researchers who focused on the phenomenon of Tractarianism
itself (M. O’Connell, J. Griffin, J. Rowlands, P. Nockles, J. Pereiro, G. Herring). The
authors of the article used problem-chronological and comparative methods, which allow for
the presentation of the main historiographical achievements in their dynamic development.
It can be concluded that the confessionalism expressed in the representation of the Tractarian
leaders either as “saviors” of the Church of England, or as “traitors” who sought to bring
it into the bosom of the Roman Catholic Church, has been completely overcome. A significant
research consensus was reached on issues such as the date of the movement’s origin, its
revolutionary nature and connection with the High Church tradition, and the importance of
the influence of Tractarianism on the subsequent evolution of Anglicanism. Issues such as
the relationship of Tractarianism with the Ritualists movement remains debatable. Further prospects for the study of the Oxford movement primarily concern the study of its perception
by British society, and investigation of its international dimension (in particular, Russian).

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article was completed for the project 18-011-00241 of the Russian Foundation of Basic Research
(RFBR) “From erastianism to tractarianism: the Church of England in the late XVIII — first half of the XIX
century”.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.subject

value: The Oxford movement

value: Tractarianism

value: The Church of England

value: historiography

value: Anglicanism

value: religious studies


dc.contributor.author

value: Mitrofanov, Viktor V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mitrofanov V. V. Features of the Relationship between Historians Platonov and Klyuchevsky. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, рр. 1404–1418.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The development of the historiography at the end of the last third of the nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries had risen to a new level. An important feature of this process was the completion
of the formation of the two historical schools. A bright representative of the Moscow
school was V. O. Klyuchevsky, whereas in St. Petersburg — S. F. Platonov. The epistolary sources
from a personal archive of S. Platonov for the first time introduced into scholarship enable to
determine the time of his correspondence acquaintance with V. O. Klyuchevsky. V. N. Berkut, a
student of Moscow University, whom S. F. Platonov met in the summer of 1878 in the family of
Selivanovsky, informed him about Klyuchevsky’s lectures, seminars held under his leadership,
and personal qualities. Soon they established friendly relationships, about which S. F. Platonov
mentions in his autobiographical works. It is his letters that are an important historical source
about the teaching system at Moscow University and professors. P. N. Milyukov had a certain
influence on the development of mutual contacts between V. O. Kliuchevskii and S. F. Platonov
at a later time. The behavior of his teacher during the defense of his thesis, not a very favorable
response to the first monograph by S. F. Platonov played a major role in choosing the place of
presentation of the doctoral dissertation. Drawing on numerous published and archival materials,
the article traces personal contacts between scholars. A critical analysis of the sources
makes it possible to introduce some corrections into the established opinions and stereotypes
about connections between Klyuchevsky and S. F. Platonov, who remained always cold.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 4

value: V. O. Klyuchevsky

value: S. F. Platonov

value: P. N. Milyukov

value: A. Ya. Barsukov

value: V. N. Berkut

value: archival materials

value: communication


dc.contributor.author

value: Alekseyenko, Aleksandr N.

value: Aubakirova, Zhanna S.

value: Zhanbosinova, Albina S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Alekseyenko A. N., Aubakirova Z. S., Zhanbossinova A. S. Ethno-Demographic Evolution and Formation of the Sovereign Demographic System in Kazakhstan. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, pp. 1368–1385.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the formation of demographic system on an autochthonous basis in the
Republic of Kazakhstan. It shows that the algorithm of the functioning of sovereign demographic
system stems from the peculiarities of the Kazakh lifestyle in the Soviet era when
before the collapse of the Soviet Union more than 60 % of ethnic representatives had lived
in rural areas, preserving their traditional variants of demographic behavior. The core of the
urban population was made up of European peoples who moved to Kazakhstan mainly as a
result of external migrations. In the 1990s, a considerable part of the European component
emigrated. In the second decade of the 21st century, the role of external migration (both emigration
and immigration) has been reduced to a minimum; the population dynamics are
determined by the reproduction of the Kazakh ethnos — the majority of the population in the
republic (both rural and urban). Nevertheless, the heritage of the Soviet era still influences the
functioning of the sovereign demographic system. First of all, it is displayed in the evolution
of the Kazakh age structure affected by the demographic explosion in the middle of the 20th
century. A feature of the current demographic situation in the republic is the rapid urbanization
of autochthons, mostly young people. There is a stage of “quantitative” development of
urban space, when a significant part of the urban population is represented by former rural
residents who transfer corresponding reproductive attitudes to their new residence. Thus, for
the first time in the modern history of Kazakhstan there is a demographic system functioning
on an autochthonous basis.

value: Kazakhstan

value: demographic system

value: reproduction

value: birth rate

value: autochthons

value: age structure

value: ethnic composition

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Belousov, Mikhail S.

value: Belousov, Alexander S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belousov M. S., Belousov A. S. The Beginning of Congress Poland in the Discourse of the French Press. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, pp. 1195–1212.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article focuses on the formation of the Polish-Lithuanian discourse by the French press
and its interpretation by Russian intellectuals in 1815–1825. The image of Alexander I and his
policy towards Congress Poland obviously underwent a complex transformation. French publicists
rejoiced at the decisions of the Congress of Vienna and the declaration of constitution
on the affiliated territories. The press articulated a liberator-tsar discourse: Alexander did not
defeat Napoleon to become a new Napoleon himself. He only cared about the well-being of his
new subjects: due to the Russian Emperor the Poles received long-awaited freedom embodied
in the constitution. The French press featured Alexander I not only as a liberator-tsar, but as a
ruler guided by a national idea about national interests. Praising its new idol the French press
managed to convince Russian and Polish public of their protagonist’s polonophilia. This gave
rise to debates among the intellectuals, who mostly thought negatively of Alexander’s intentions.
Concerns intensified after his famous Warsaw Speech. However, in 1820, the Emperor’s
interest in the Polish-Lithuanian affairs subsided, with the policy towards them becoming
more conservative. Eventually, French newspapers reverted to the discourse of an uncivilized
eastern neighbor. Thus, the image of a liberator-tsar gave way to that of a cruel despot and
usurper eager to subdue European territories. The rhetoric of liberal publicists found some
support in the Russian society, but mostly it contributed to the growth of Anti-Polish sentiments.
The same dialectic unity and clash of opinions, articulated both due to the French
Journalism and contrary to it, is found in the Decembrist milieu.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by the grant No. 19-18-00073 “National Identity in the Imperial Politics of
Memory: History of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian State in Historiography and
Social Thought of the 19th–20th Centuries” of the Russian Science Foundation.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Alexander I

value: Congress Poland

value: constitution

value: French press

value: Decembrists


dc.contributor.author

value: Tumans, Harijs

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tumans H. Alexander the Great and Three Examples of Upholding Mythological Tradition. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, рр. 1301–1316.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article discusses three episodes from the history of Alexander the Great that illustrate
his attitude towards ancient myths and religiosity. It is known that the great conqueror used
myths for his own political goals, however, there are at least three episodes in which cultural
context comes to the fore and plays a particular role in the king’s ideology. First, the profanation
of Betis’ body after the seizure of Gaza. Despite many authors’ rebukes of his action, it can
be seen that Alexander was imitating Achilles thus trying to strengthen his authority among
the troops. The second example is demolition of a Branchidae village in Bactria. Surely, it is an
inexcusable act according to secular understanding, but it is righteous from the point of view
of traditional religiosity of ancient Greeks and Macedonians. There is strong reason to believe
that Alexander thus rather increased than lost his authority since he acted as a defender of
the traditional religion. The third episode is a story of Alexander’s meeting with the queen of
the Amazons. It is impossible to determine whether the story is based on some historical fact,
although it is often mentioned in sources. It is possible to suggest that Alexander had it staged
in order to revive an ancient myth and emulate his legendary ancestor Heracles. These three
episodes had no clear political meaning but carried a deeply symbolic character and placed
the king into the world of ancient myths and figures. These, together with similar mythological
symbols, indorsed the heroic ideology that served as the foundation for the great campaign.

dc.subject

value: Alexander the Great

value: mythos

value: religion

value: legitimization

value: tradition

value: Batis

value: Branchidae

value: Thallestris

value: heroic ethos


dc.contributor.author

value: Freeze, Gregory L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Freeze G. L. Prelude to Revolution in the Church: Diocesan Congresses of Parish Clergy. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, рр. 1272–1286.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Recent scholarship has significantly enhanced our knowledge of the Russian Orthodox
Church in 1917, including the role of diocesan congresses of clergy and laity (eparkhial’nye
s”ezdy dukhovenstva i mirian) in the first months after the February Revolution. As yet,
however, it has been given relatively little attention to the prehistory of the congresses that
were established by the seminary reform of 1867. This study seeks to fill that gap and suggests
the following theses. First, in the period from their establishment in 1867 to the revolution
of 1905–1907, the congresses had a very uneven history, but essentially failed to expand their
competence and composition, especially under the chief procurator K. P. Pobedonostsev.
Second, in the 1905–1907 revolution, many congresses proved highly progressive, endorsing
the “liberation movement” and demanding far-reaching reform in the Church. Some
supported empowerment of the parish (control over parish finances, even the right to choose
local clergy). Third, support for empowerment of the laity declined after 1905, largely in
response to the growing assertiveness of the laity. In the spring of 1916, most had become
openly skeptical of parish reform and empowerment of the laity.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by grant Nо. 15-18-00119 from the Russian Science Foundation.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Russian Orthodox Church

value: clergy

value: parish

value: diocesan congress

value: 1905 revolution

value: parish reform

value: Holy Synod

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Musaev, Vadim I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Musaev V. I. Script Reforms in Early Soviet Ethnic Policy. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, рр. 1287–1300.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the activities if the Soviet leadership in the field of reforming the alphabets
of the “national” languages as an integral part of ethnic policy in the USSR in the nineteen
twenties and thirties. The conclusion made is that the alphabetic Latinization, which reached
its peak in the early thirties, was connected with the social aspect of the ethnic policy. Creation
of the new alphabets was to serve the objectives of socialist construction, international
education and overcoming “remnants of the past”. The latter was concerned in particular with
the use of Arabic script for the alphabets of the peoples of the Caucasus, the Volga region and
Central Asia, who traditionally practiced Islam. In the twenties and early thirties, activities on
transfering national alphabets, previously based on either the Arabic or Cyrillic scripts or even
hieroglyphic writing, were in progress. New alphabets were also modelled on the Latin script.
In total in the early thirties, 66 alphabets were Latinized, and Latinization of several more was
continuing. There were projects to Latinize even the very Russian alphabet but they were not
implemented. Curtailing the process of Latinization and the opposite trend of substituting the
Latin script with the Cyrillic one started in the mid-thirties was concerned with the revision
of the general points of the Soviet ethnic policy, first of all, with the abandonment of the main
principles of indigenization. One can see here also a reflection of a partial rehabilitation of the
historic role of the Russian culture and promotion of the Russian nation to the position of “the
first among the equal ones” among the peoples of the USSR.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This article was prepared with the support of grant No. 15-18-00119 of the Russian Science Foundation.

dc.subject

value: Ethnic policy

value: script issues

value: neo-Arabism

value: Latinization

value: Cyrillic alphabet


dc.contributor.author

value: Cherkasov, Aleksandr A.

value: Koroleva, Larisa A.

value: Bratanovskii, Sergei N.

value: Šmigel’, Michal

dc.identifier.citation

value: Cherkasov A., Koroleva L., Bratanovskii S., Šmigel’ M. The Escape from Circassia on the Eve of the Caucasian War. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, рр. 1355– 1367.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the issue of various national groups’ fleeing from the territory of Circassia
in the period of 1792–1799. The reasons behind the motives for escaping among some representatives
of the local population are identified as well as the circumstances of the captivity
of non-locals and periods of their staying in captivity or slavery. The attention is paid to the
study of the gender composition of the refugees, as well as their social backgrounds. Primary
sources include the materials of surveying fugitives from the territory of Circassia collected by
the office of the Cossack army of the Black Sea during the period of 1792–1799. The methodological
basis for the historical and demographic study was the principles of objectivity and
historicism, suggesting an unbiased approach to the analysis of the studied issues; critical evaluation
of the sources; analysis of various factors leading to judgements; presenting the most
complete picture of the escape of different categories of people from the territory of Circassia.
The authors conclude that the first documented cases of the Circassians’ capturing of people
on the Russian territory date back to 1780. During the 1780s, this process increased. Since
1792, the office of the Cossack army of the Black Sea had begun to register refugees from the
territory of Zakuban. In the period between 1792 and 1799, according to the available data,
258 people ran away from the territory of Circassia. In terms of ethnic background, 99 people
were Russians, 97 — the Nogais, 22 — Greeks, 20 — Armenians. Other nationalities were even
less represented. Thus, the practice of the capturing people on the Russian territory by the
Circassians had existed long before the beginning of the Caucasian war.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 4

value: refugees

value: prisoners

value: Circassia

value: Caucasian war

value: slaves

value: demographic study


dc.contributor.author

value: Sokolov, Roman A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sokolov R. А. Eurasian Interpretation of Alexander Nevsky in the Works of Vernadsky and Klepinin. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 4, рр. 1419–1428.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Within twenty years after the 1917 revolution, the historical memory of Alexander Nevsky
had died away in the Soviet Russia due to a strong association between his veneration and the
Romanov dynasty. By contrast, scholars of the émigré milieu regularly referred to the prince’s
historical and spiritual experience. However, even abroad, although the name of the prince
occurred in fundamental works and scholarly articles, only one book on his biography was
published throughout this period (1927). It is the work by N. Klepinin, whose life happened
to be closely connected with the Eurasianist movement. This circumstance determined
the rapprochement with the Soviet special services, participation in special operations,
homecoming and, eventually, death. The dramatic fate of Klepinin should not diminish the
merits of his main and, unfortunately, the only major historical work. The comparison of this
work with those of G. Vernadsky and the archives of the scholar, published and introduced
by A. Dvornichenko, enable us to trace the ideological connections of two émigré historians.
Their contemporaries, in particular, G. Fedotov and I. Il’in, referred to the similarity of the
approaches of both historians. Indeed, they had similar views on many developments and
historical processes (the interpretation of Mongolian suzerainty, the role of the Orthodox
Church in the national history etc). Living in the United States G. Vernadsky suggested inviting
Klepinin to contribute to a large collective work on Church history. The fact that Vernadsky
also sympathized with the Eurasians, although he objected to their involvement in political
processes, can account for the affinity in the interpretation of historical events.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was supported by the grant of Russian Science Foundation No. 17-18-01168 “Historical
modifications of the biblical socio-political doctrine and religious fundamentals of the political and legal
thinking in Russian Empire”.

dc.language.iso

value: en

value: historiography

value: G. V. Vernadsky

value: Eurasianism

value: Alexander Nevsky

value: N. A. Klepinin

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Lazareva, Viktoria A.

value: Ivanova, Elena Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lazareva V. A., Ivanova E. Yu. Tautologies X copula X in Bulgarian: Vocabulary, grammar, variation (a corpus-based investigation). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2019, 16 (4): 576–598.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The present article investigates the Bulgarian tautologies X si e X and X e X on the basis of
the Bulgarian National Corpus. The main purpose of this paper is: 1) to examine the lexical
features of the binominative tautologies (noun type); 2) to determine the correlation between
the noun type and semantic interpretation of tautologies; 3) to determine the role of the modal
participle si in the tautological pattern. In the course of the analysis we compared the Bulgarian
nominal tautological patterns X si e X and X e X in terms of their lexical, semantic, grammatical,
syntactic and discursive peculiarity. The paper argues that these tautological patterns
are to be distinguished. We affirm that in the patterns such as X si e X the particle si assumes
the role of epistemic modality marker, emphasizing the certitude or incontestability of the
judgement, which is an essential feature of the tautology Х copula Х in different languages.
Moreover, this pattern is characterised by considerably larger replicability based on a certain
degree of idiomaticity. Conversely, the pattern X e X is rather a freely formed construction
serving as a model for utterances of the taxonomic characterization type with identical lexical
components.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 64; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: tautologies

value: lexical semantics

value: modal particle

value: corpus investigation

value: Bulgarian


dc.contributor.author

value: Plashienkova, Zlatica

value: Kovaleva, Tatiana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Plashienkova Z., Kovaleva T. V. ‘Drama of life’ in the oeuvre of Russian and Slovak doctor-writers. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 4, pp. 650–661.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article shows the unique historical and cultural phenomenon known as the ‘writing doctor’
based on evidence from several works of two authors M. A. Bulgakov and P. Strauss. The
aim of this article is to investigate the writing doctors’ “drama of life.” The research objective
is to discuss their inner world through the discourse of pathography, to demonstrate their
philosophy of life as a view of the medical profession, conceptions of ‘pain, suffering, and
loneliness’ by means of literary techniques. The flagship approach is the typological comparison
of philosophical views and means of expression of ideas. The authors’ article shows that
their oeuvre is an interdisciplinary phenomenon for medicine and literature. Medicine served
as a launch pad for authors and then, because in their works they wrote about their medical
practice, continuous communication with patients and colleagues and their inner emotion.
Bulgakov and Strauss lived, worked and wrote at the same time. However their destiny was different. Bulgakov left Medicine and devoted his entire life to literature, but Strauss continued
to be a ‘writing doctor’ for the rest of his life. Strauss was able to formulate in his monographs
his conception of philosophy about “the good doctor.” Their careers as writers and doctors
were marked by political and social changes in both countries, which had a serious effect on
their worldview. Both of them asserted freedom of speech and their choice of career as writers
and concerned citizens.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was realized within  the framework of the Research project VEGA 1/0231/18 — Dráma ľudskej slobody v ruskom filozofickom myslení 20. storočia.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 35; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Russian literature and medicine

value: Slovak literature and medicine

value: patography discourse

value: philosophy of life

value: Bulgakov M. A.

value: Strauss P.

value: writer-doctors


dc.contributor.author

value: Brodsky, Alexander I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Brodsky A. I. An unknown soldier: Philosophical apology of war and its origins. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 3, pp. 551–562.

dc.description.abstract

value:
More often than in the case of any other sphere of culture, we face an apology of war while
dealing with the history of philosophy. A lot of ancient and modern thinkers praised the phenomenon
of war: among them are Heraclitus, Aristotle, Fichte, Hegel, Nietzsche, Vladimir Soloviev,
Berdyaev, Sergey Bulgakov, etc. The author of the article attempts to reveal the causes of
this phenomenon. In his opinion, some features similar to the mental prerequisites of wars are
intrinsic to the very nature of philosophical discourse. Firstly, both philosophy and war share
the cult of universal phenomena and the repulsion for everything private and individual. Secondly,
both philosophical discourse and military practice employ a kind of “apophatic logic,”
when unity is defined through the negation of independence and particularity. Thirdly, both
philosophy and war are characterized by anti-utilitarianism, which clashes pragmatic interest
against allegiance to the highest non-utilitarian values. These similarities between philosophy
and war can be explained by their common function: both should defend the basic concepts of
a particular community. Concepts lay the foundations for any religion and tradition, and are
usually accepted without further consideration (while always being questioned by other communities).
Therefore, war is an inevitable cultural phenomenon. Philosophy arises as a kind of
compensation when a tradition is for some reason compromised by the members of the corresponding
community. Philosophy exists either as a means of substantiation for a tradition or
as a means for replacement. It strives for the revision of the basic set of concepts, but it is impossible
to substantiate concepts by means of formal logic. And if a community stops accepting
the basic meanings “automatically,” the only means of substantiation is violence (and war
is its most radical form). Thus, for philosophy, war is a kind of substitute for argumentation. It
is only natural that the majority of adherents to the idea of “eternal peace” ― from Henri de
Saint-Simon to Vladimir I. Vernadsky — believed that such a peace is possible only if philosophical
thinking will be substituted by scientific thinking (and this is, of course, a utopia).

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article was prepared for the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project No. 18-
011-00673 “Theory of Cultural Trauma: individual traumatic experience end experience of historical
catastrophes”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: war

value: philosophy

value: ideology

value: concepts

value: values

value: cultural trauma

dc.title

value: Article