dc.contributor.author

value: Sablin, Ivan D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sablin, Ivan. “Kurt Badt. Verlust der Mitte. (On the Question of Modernism and the Anti-modernism in mid-20th Century German Art History)”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 3 (2021): 532–554.

dc.description.abstract

value:
On the example of the activities of the German art historian Kurt Badt, the article reveals
the complex relationship between modern art and contemporary art history. The outstanding
and, obviously, underestimated figure of the scholar, who throughout his long life was ready
to confront the rest of the discipline unwilling to become a part of the university system, with
all his creativity embodied the very idea of freedom that modern artists and sympathizing
art critics strove for. Due to the availability of English-language versions of the art historian’s
texts mainly on the masters close to modern art — Delacroix, Constable, and Cézanne — his
position in the dispute about modernism seems more or less unambiguous. The aim of this
article is to show that this is far from the case, discovering the points of contact of Badt with
many of his colleagues who have earned a reputation as unconditional conservatives. First of
all, it concerns the Austrian art theorist Hans Sedlmayr, an interest for whom, especially in
recent times, is predetermined by widespread ideas about the fundamental incompatibility of
academic art history with attempts of unbiased consideration of the history of modern art.
Moreover, a deep kinship of such research activity with the most reactionary political ideas
is also widely discussed, which, as it should be noted, this outstanding critic of the modern
culture was not absolutely innocent of. Nevertheless, his clash with Badt, a polemic that took
place in the 1950s and 60s, centered on the work of not Cézanne, but Vermeer van Delft, can
be considered from the point of view of the attitude of the two scholars to phenomena less
distant in time. This makes it possible to raise the question of the paradoxical similarity of the
views of these two authors — with such a different creative and human destiny.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 11; Issue 3

value: modernism

value: historiography

value: K. Badt

value: H. Sedlmayr

value: conservatism


dc.contributor.author

value: Bocharov, Yury S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bocharov, Yury. “Sinfonia and Ouverture in the Baroque Era: Terminological Aspect”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 3 (2021): 354–380.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article focuses on the use of sinfonia and ouverture as terms in the Baroque era. Its relevance
is due to the fact that an objective picture of the Baroque musical culture is impossible without
studying authentic terminology, including terms used as names of musical works or their sections.
Since there have been no special musicological publications on this topic, information obtained
as a result of the study can expand the traditional ideas about what the terms sinfonia and
ouverture meant in the 17th and the first half of the 18th century. Sheet music and manuscripts
as well as articles from the largest European dictionaries of that time indicate that the terms had
different meanings. They were used not only in orchestral, but also in solo and ensemble music
and even vocal compositions could be regarded as symphonies. Moreover, musical compositions
or their sections, called sinfonias and overtures were intended not only for theatrical and concert
practice, but also for performance at court and in even at church. According to the author, the
terms sinfonia and ouverture in the Baroque era, in contrast to modern practice, were used as
genre names only in regard to so-called Neapolitan opera symphonies and French overtures.
Thus, these terms were generally used much more diversely than it follows from those traditional
perceptions on which the modern theory of musical genres is largely based.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 20-012-
00152 (“Genres and forms of early instrumental music from the perspective of an authentic approach to
historical musicology”).

dc.subject

value: baroque era

value: symphony

value: overture

value: suite

value: instrumental music

value: opera

value: musical genre

value: musical source

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Begishev, Ildar R.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Begishev, Ildar R. 2021. “Limits of criminal law regulation of robotics”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 3: 522–543.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the current state of intersectoral relations in the legal regulation of robotics.
The author points out the complementarity and consistent integration of legal processes
occurring in civil, administrative and criminal law into a single system. The connection between
civil law institutions, in particular the institution of reparation and liability insurance
with the provisions of criminal law is essential for the establishment of an effective criminal
justice system of regulation using robotics and the construction of relevant norms. The study
concluded that the main criterion distinguishing civil law torts with the use of robotics from
criminal offences is the degree of public danger of these acts and the extent of damage caused
from the consequences that have occurred. Civil liability for damage caused by robotics does
not preclude administrative or criminal liability. The author presumes that there are no mechanisms
in civil law to hold software developers for robots accountable, which is a serious
omission in the context of the growing autonomy of robotics. Russian criminal legislation also
does not address the problem of compensation for the use of military-type service robots in
combat operations. This is a significant legal gap and prevents victims from seeking redress.
The author considers it essential to recognize controlled and semi-controlled robots as sources
of increased danger. The author also argues that the responsibility for the damage caused by
controlled and semi-controlled robots should be assigned to the owners. Conceptually, it is
considered important to take into account the degree of autonomy of robots and their relationship
to the actions of operators. Both robots themselves (fully autonomous) and robotic
(controlled and semi-autonomous) activities are a source of increased danger.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 12; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: autonomy

value: harm

value: artificial intelligence

value: source of increased danger

value: public danger

value: responsibility

value: robot

value: robotics

value: criminal law

value: digital technologies


dc.contributor.author

value: Filipova, Irina A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Filipova, Irina A. 2021. “Neurotechnologies: Development, practical application and regulation”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 3: 502–521.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Neurotechnology is one of the groups of technologies called disruptive or cross-cutting
digital technologies. The spread of these technologies in many sectors of the economy can
radically change human society. The state contributes to the development of technology
when it implements strategic development programs and creates special legislation. The
lack of regulation is an obstacle to the development and dissemination of this technology
in practice. Therefore, the regulation of artificial intelligence technologies is actively created
in the modern world. The law practically does not regulate other cross-cutting technologies,
including neurotechnologies. The uncertainty of the further development of technologies and
the impossibility of accurate forecasting of development explain the lack of regulation. At
the same time, neurotechnologies are increasingly used in practice (neural implants, neural
interfaces). According to experts, the pace of development of neurotechnologies in the next
decade will lead to an explosive increase in their distribution in society. The subject of research
in this article is the study of the need for the creation of special regulation. The objectives of
the study include the analysis of risks associated with the development of neurotechnologies
and the substantiation of opportunities to eliminate risks through legal regulation. Methods of
system analysis, abstraction, legal modelling, the formal-logical method and the comparativelegal
method are used in this study. The result of the work includes a greater likelihood of the
future integration of the human body and artificial intelligence into a single system due to
the development of neurotechnologies, which will require a rethinking of some personal and
socio-economic human rights.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research according to the research
project No. 19-011-00320.

dc.subject

value: neuroprosthetics

value: neural interface

value: neurochip

value: cyborgization

value: legal status

value: human rights

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Galyashina, Elena I.

value: Nikishin, Vladimir D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Galyashina, Elena I., Vladimir D. Nikishin. 2021. “The concept of hate speech as a threat to the information security of Internet communication”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 3: 555–573.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to a comprehensive examination of the hate speech phenomenon in the
aspect of legal and linguistic support for countering the information threats of Internet communication.
The legal and linguistic analysis of the concept of “hate speech” is carried out by
the authors according to the approaches of the European Court of Human Rights in the context
of human rights and freedoms, as well as the protection of national security, constitutional
order, public order, health and morality of the population. Verbal extremism as a criminalized
part of hate speech is considered in the article from the standpoint of Russian, international
and foreign legislation. The authors also analyzed the correlation of the following legal phenomena
in international law: verbal religious extremism, insulting the feelings of believers,
blasphemy and defamation of religions. The analysis of the scientists’ positions regarding the
concept of “hate speech” and its criminalized part — verbal extremism: the analysis of the
legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights, the Council of Europe, the United
Nations, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe regarding what kind of speech
acts should be criminally punishable; as well as the analysis of the elements of crimes covered
by the concept of “hate speech” in the criminal law of foreign states allowed the authors to
formulate a list of features corresponding to extremist speech acts.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 20-011-00190.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 12; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: hate speech

value: information threat

value: verbal extremism

value: Internet communication

value: information security

value: speech act


dc.contributor.author

value: Balakhonskaya, Liudmila V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Balakhonskaya, L. V. (2021). Pitch as a business PR-text: Communicative and pragmatic aspect. Media Linguistics, 8 (3), 273–286.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses pitching as a communication technology and a pitch as a business PRtext.
For a more complete and correct definition of the concepts of a pitch and pitching, the semantics
of the multi-valued pitch lexeme underlying them are analyzed. The types of pitching
are described by the field of activity, by the intended purpose and by the time of the presentation.
The subject of the study was the textual features of the investment pitch as a PR communication
tool. The main purpose of the work is to analyze the structural and content components
of the investment pitch in the communicative and pragmatic aspect, including the
characteristics of the addresser, addressee, object, goal, functions, etc. The material for the
study was selected using the method of random sampling of 28 video recordings of pitch
presentations presented on the foreign TV shows Shark Tank and Dragons’ Den, posted on the
social network YouTube. The analysis of the material showed that the text of the pitch is based
on the principle of combining standard and expression, noted by V. G. Kostomarov, in relation
to the language of the newspaper. The tendency towards standardization is manifested in the
typical structure of the pitch, the tendency towards expressiveness — in the use of certain verbal
and paraverbal means, with the help of which the addresser seeks to express a subjective
attitude not only to the content of speech, but also to the addressee, influencing his consciousness
and stimulating him to make the necessary decisions. Based on the identified differential
features, the definition of an investment pitch is proposed. It is concluded that the investment
pitch can be included in a number of other proposals coming from the PR subject — proposals
for cooperation, commercial proposals and proposals for sponsorship, calling it an offer
for investors.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Media Linguistics;Volume 8; Issue 3

value: pitch

value: pitching

value: pitch presentation

value: PR-text

value: business PR


dc.contributor.author

value: Tochitskaya, Nadezhda A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tochitskaya, N. A. (2021). Communicative strategies and tactics of speech influence in art journalism genres (review, reportage). Media Linguistics, 8 (3), 287–298.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the communicative strategies and tactics of speech influence used in
the presentation of an artwork and a cultural event in art journalism. The accelerating process
of the commercialisation of art with a greater degree of intensity actualises the work as
a commodity. In the representation of artistic culture in media discourse, this is manifested
in a weakening of the analytical component and aesthetic appreciation. Media texts increasingly
use entertainment approaches, and there is a tendency towards performativity and shock
value, an ironic style. This is reflected in the stylistics of the media text, which has contributed
to the active use of attractive speech means. Transformation processes have also affected such
genres as review and reportage. Today it is almost impossible to find a classic review, which would present an analysis of the merits and demerits of the work and a competent assessment.
The aim of review in art journalism is to announce, to attract the audience’s attention both to
the work and to the author’s search, to promote the values of a consumer society. In reportage,
the classic characteristics have also undergone changes. Today, this genre is characterised by
authorial subjectivism, which is expressed in vivid self-presentation. As a result of the analysis
of the Belarusian online publications, the main communicative strategies of speech impact
have been identified: the advertising strategy, which is exemplified in the review, and the
image building strategy characteristic to the reportage. In art journalism, the use of these communicative
and speech practices led to a downgrading of art and the perception of a cultural
event as an entertainment show. The problem addressed is important due to the relevance of
the topic of interaction between media language and modern culture.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: communicative strategy

value: review

value: reportage

value: artwork

value: cultural event

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Bass, Vadim G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bass, Vadim. “A Modernist Memorial for a Classical City: Designs for the Memorial to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad as Seen by Architects and Audience”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 3 (2021): 555–567.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses practices of architectural commemoration of the most tragic event in the
history of St. Petersburg — Leningrad, the siege. Architects started producing projects for the future
memorials in the first months of the unprecedented blockade of the city. During the postwar
period some impressive monuments were erected, including one at the Piskarevskoe Memorial
Cemetery. There were also dozens of designs submitted to several architectural competitions
during the 1950–60s. In the 1960s, Leningrad went through two open architectural competitions
for the memorial dedicated to the defenders of the city in the Second World War. The designs
were widely publicized, provoking public response going far beyond Soviet standards of freedom
of expression in discussing the tragic past. Building on a considerable body of archival materials,
the article examines the history of the Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad
and the shaping of its architectural language. Simultaneously, it analyzes some commonalities
of “memorial discourse” reflected in feedback texts. The critical responses demonstrate various
attitudes towards the contemporary (late modern) architectural characteristic of the majority
of competition entries and various visions of its appropriateness for the commemoration of the
Siege. Eventually erected in 1975, the monument turned out to be a compromise between the
architects’ and laymen’s visions, between the highly modernist style fashioned by the architects
and the expectations of the audience that was skeptical about “Western modernism” and “abstraction”
and demanded a narrative memorial with figurative sculpture.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 11; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Soviet memorials

value: commemoration of the siege of Leningrad

value: monument

value: war memorial

value: memorial architecture


dc.contributor.author

value: Monastyrsky, Yuri E.

value: Koval’, Vladimir N.

value: Vlasov, Anatoliy A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Monastyrsky, Yuri E., Vladimir N. Koval’, Anatoliy A. Vlasov. 2021. “Civil law obligation reform in Russian Federation and its effect on the institute of damages (losses)”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 3: 574–583.

dc.description.abstract

value:
When an economic actor resorts to recovery of damages as a legal remedy, the main question
that arises is what legal provisions govern the claim raised by such an actor. At a first glance,
the answer is simple: both Chapter 25 (“Liability for violation of obligations”) and Article
15 (“Reimbursement of damages”) of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation contain
provisions governing the terms of satisfaction of financial claims. However, such claims
do not always arise from a failure to perform obligations and sometimes are even raised in
the absence of an offence per se as stated by law. Therefore, quite often we need to consider
the extent to which it would be lawful or, perhaps, even appropriate to invoke some of the
provisions contained in Subsection 1 “General provisions on obligations” of Section III of
the Civil Code. More detailed provisions on obligations introduced in March 2015 to Civil
Code of RF may not be compatible with circumstances of losses. Articles 310, 311, 313, 314,
328, 407, 416 if applicable to damages recovery claims would undermine the said remedy as
such. They grand a debtor the legal basis assumed and adopted as his limited protection in
obligatory relationship as a whole to avoid the burden of full reimbursement by suspension of
performance, counter demands, etc.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 12; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: civil law

value: liability

value: damages

value: loss

value: fault

value: harm

value: obligation


title: Рекомендации по нормативному регулированию цифровизации в области образования

dc.contributor.author

value: Sheveleva, Natalia

value: Diveeva, Nelly

value: Dmitrikova, Ekaterina

value: Vasilyev, Ilia

dc.description.abstract

value: Подготовлено в рамках Договора № 22-д от 05.02.2021 на выполнение работ по разработке Рекомендаций по нормативному регулированию цифровизации образования, заключенного между Секретариатом Совета Межпарламентской Ассамблеи государств-участников Содружества Независимых Государств и ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.title

value: Working Paper

filename: Проект Рекомендаций для МПА_ред. 19.09.docx

format: Microsoft Word XML


dc.contributor.author

value: Ivanov, Vitaly L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ivanov V. L. Metaphysics of a forgotten Tradition II. Metaphysical explication of the transcendental concept of “intrinsic modus” by Peter Thomae: The problem of contraction of being and distinction of modus. Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 351–383.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article is the second part of author’s study of Early Scotist metaphysics and
is devoted to a description and analysis of the doctrine of modus intrinsecus in
the metaphysics of an early follower of Scotus, the Barcelona Minorite Peter
Thomae (circa 1280–1340). The analysis is based on two texts: Question 14 of
the recently critically published treatise Questions on Being (circa 1325), in which
Peter Thomae discusses the problem of the contraction of the concept of being
by intrinsic modes and mentions a number of new characteristics of this concept
compared to the doctrine of Scotus, and also — mainly — on the 11th question of the treatise On the Types of Distinctions (circa 1325), translated by the author
for the first time from Latin, where Peter Thomae undertakes a special study of
the concept of “intrinsic mode”, provides a kind of deduction of the content of the
transcendental concept of “intrinsic mode” and analyses in detail the relation of
modus and thing or reality to which it belongs, in terms of identity and distinction
of quiddity and modus. In addition, Peter Thomae specifically distinguishes
the notion of transcendental intrinsic mode from the often almost synonymous
notions used by Scotus, i. e., of the “degree of intensity” of some quality and the
so-called “magnitude of perfection” or “virtual quantity”, and puts forward the
thesis of cognizability of intrinsic mode in its own concept without a thing, which
makes his version of the doctrine of intrinsic mode unique among the early Scotists.
In conclusion, the author highlights the affinity between the understanding
of the intrinsic mode in Scotus and Peter Thomae, as well as the specifics of the
development of this theory in the tradition after Scotus using the example of the
doctrine of Peter Thomae, which is partly a systematization of and supplement to
the Scotus’ beginning, and to a certain extent introduces completely new elements
and other accents into the consideration of intrinsic modes.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was written with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research,
project number 20-011-00439 “Concept and reality. Theological foundations of medieval
ontology”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 3; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: High scholasticism

value: Scotistic metaphysics

value: modus intrinsecus rei

value: Peter Thomae

value: the contraction of conceptus entis

value: theory of distinctions

dc.type

value: Article


title: Specificity of Palamite theology, its origins and later reception. Conversation was held by A. I. Kyrlezhev.

dc.contributor.author

value: Biryukov, Dmitry S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Biryukov D. S. Specificity of Palamite theology, its origins and later reception. Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 417–441.

dc.description.abstract

value:
A conversation with Dmitry Biryukov, Doctor of Philosophy, a researcher of the
work of the late Byzantine theologian Gregory Palamas (1296–1359), is devoted to
a discussion of the peculiarities of the doctrine of this authoritative church teacher,
as well as the reception of his legacy in the 19th–20th centuries after centuries of
oblivion. In the course of the conversation, the basic metaphysical scheme of Palamite
theology is indicated — the distinction between essence and energies in God;
on the one hand, the continuity of this scheme in relation to the theology of the
Cappadocian Fathers is traced, and, on the other hand, its novelty is revealed; the
origins and parallels of this distinction are discussed, in particular its connection
with Christology, as well as the influence of Evagrianism on Palamas; the types of
divine energies in the Palamite doctrine are indicated and the question of the difference in theological languages in which the idea of deification (theosis) as a union of
man with God is expressed. Particular attention is paid to the concept of “energy”
and its various connotations, including those associated with its modern natural
science understanding. The philosophical dimension of the theology of Palamas,
including in connection with the intellectual culture of his time, is discussed, as well
as the relationship of hesychasm as a monastic practice and Palamism as a theological
and philosophical doctrine. The concluding part of the conversation, dedicated
to the reception of Palamism after centuries of oblivion, traces the history of the
study, interpretation and actualization of the teachings of Gregory Palamas over
the past two centuries — from Slavophiles to Soviet and contemporary researchers.
Particular attention is paid to the so-called neo-Palamism in its various versions —
both religious-philosophical and theological.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Gregory Palamas

value: Palamism

value: late Byzantine theology

value: Russian religious philosophy

value: neo-Palamism

value: essence and energies in God

value: deification (theosis)


dc.contributor.author

value: Kamenchuk, Anthony (hegumen)

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kamenchuk А. А. The specificity of early Christian ideas about divine providence in the context of ancient philosophy (from the 1st to the 3rd centuries). Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 302–321.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article outlines the key features of the Christian understanding of divine
providence in comparison with the philosophical trends of Antiquity from the 1st
to the 3rd centuries (before Neoplatonism). The author identifies three paradigms
of understanding divine providence in the ancient pagan philosophy of this period
(atheistic, pantheistic and deistic) and in this context defines the Christian
paradigm as “dialogical panentheism”. According to the author, Christianity at
its core offers a worldview, which is uncharacteristic for paganism: the cosmos
is focused on the implementation of a dialogue between man and God and the
achievement of existential intimacy between the Creator and creation. It is also
noted that Christianity, in contrast to ancient thought, placed an emphasis on the
fact that the fundamental property of the higher Deity is His openness in relation
to the Other, and not just self-contemplating or self-contained calmness. This, in
turn, determines two other aspects in the Christian doctrine of providence: the
all-pervading participation of God in the life of the world and His concern for
the individual and those who are flawed. The author also says that the Orthodox
understanding of providence is a harmonious middle between the extremes of
pantheism and deism.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 3; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: providence

value: middle Platonism

value: Epicureanism

value: Aristotelianism

value: Stoicism

value: fate

value: personality


dc.contributor.author

value: Kudlasevich, Ioann N. (priest)

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kudlasevich I. N. Archimandrite Leonid’s (Kavelin) contribution to biblical archaeology. Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 333–350.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Among Russian researchers of Palestine, there is the name of Archimandrite Leonid
(Kavelin) (1822–1891) who was a prominent church figure of the second half
of the 20th century and was mainly known for his guide to the Holy Land. However, other aspects of his scientific research in Palestine have not been revealed
or examined yet. Moreover, his major archaeological discovery has gone completely
unnoticed both in foreign and national science. The article deals with the
main areas of Father Leonid’s research, which is thematically related to the Holy
Land. One of these areas for him was always the study of Christian shrines and
antiquities of Old Jerusalem. The author of the article highlights the scholar’s special
interest in the history of Eastern monasticism. For the first time, the author
summarizes the experience of Father Leonid’s archaeological expeditions to the
northern, eastern and southern regions of Palestine, which became the second
most important center of Eastern monasticism in ancient times. Special attention
is also paid to the scholar’s important discovery — the location of the Pharan
Lavra founded by Saint Chariton the Confessor in En Prat in the 4th century. The
history of the pilgrimage to the Holy Land was of paramount importance for Father
Leonid. As an archaeographer, he focused on studying the monuments of
pilgrimage literature, a major part of which was dedicated to the descriptions of
shrines and antiquities of Old Jerusalem. The author notes the scholar’s significant
contribution to the creation of a source-study base of research, the development
of textual study and paleography, and the development of methods for studying
pilgrimage writings. An analysis of the scholar’s most significant studies related
to the Palestinian theme makes it possible for the reader to better understand the
contribution of Father Leonid to biblical archeology at the early stage of its formation
as an independent branch of theology.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number
20-09-41016.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: biblical archaeology

value: Christian shrines

value: Christian antiquities

value: archaeological expeditions

value: field-based techniques

value: the classification of archaeological sites

value: monuments of pilgrimage literature

value: the discovery of the corpus of sources

value: dating and attributions of sites

value: publishing guidelines

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Chernyavsky, Alexander L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chernyavsky A. L. The unity of the divine and the human in Christ: The Chalcedonian definition and Paul Tillich’s Spirit Christology. Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 400–416.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Christological disputes of the 6th–7th centuries (the polemics of Leontius of
Byzantium with the Nestorians and Eutychians, and Maximus the Confessor with
the monoenergistes/monothelites) showed that the Chalcedonian definition gives
rise to a number of problems that cannot be solved within the framework of traditional
theology: the unclear ontological status of human nature without a human
hypostasis; the inconsistency of the ontological models underlying trinitology
and Christology; the need to resort to an artificial interpretation of the gospel testimonies
about Christ. However, the Chalcedonian definition is only one possible
way to describe the unity of the divine and the human in Christ. The Christology
of Paul Tillich is considered as an example of an alternative description in which
the above problems do not arise. Tillich’s idea is to replace the traditional concept
of the Logos incarnated in man with the concept of the Spirit of God transforming
man. According to this view, God does not act on human nature without hypostasis,
but on the hypostasis of man through its unifying center. During the
earthly life of Christ, this effect occurred only in the hypostasis of Christ as man.
And after (and thanks to) the death on the cross and the resurrection of Christ, it
extends to all people.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 3; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Christology

value: Chalcedonian definition

value: human nature

value: ontological interpretation

value: unifying center of hypostasis

value: Gospel testimony

value: Spirit Christology


dc.contributor.author

value: Ivanenko, Anton A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ivanenko A. A. The “absolute I” and the “absolute” in the philosophy of Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 384–399.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the relationship between the concepts of the “absolute I” and
“absolute” in the philosophy of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and the relationship of the latter with faith and religion. These concepts play the role of the principle of his
philosophy in the early and late period of his work, respectively. The topic of the
article is relevant to the issues of religion and theology, first of all, in the sense that in
the tradition of interpretation of Fichte’s doctrine, the following two ideas are fixed.
First, the principle of the “absolute I” is interpreted as subjective-idealistic, which is
why Fichte in the early period of his work had to place the object of faith outside and
above knowledge. Second, many researchers are of the view that in his later years,
Fichte proceeds to a religious motivated philosophizing that finds expression in his
doctrine to change the principle of the “absolute I” with the principle of “absolute”,
which is the philosophical equivalent to the concept of God. In the first part of the
article, based on the texts of Fichte himself, the unsatisfactoriness of these ideas and
the identity of the content of the concepts of the “absolute I” and “absolute” in Fichte
are shown. Further, it is demonstrated that the identical content of these concepts
is the unconditional first cause of both being and cognition. From the beginning of
his work, Fichte sought to understand the true nature of the original and thereby
reveal his own definiteness of the subject of religious faith. According to Fichte,
his philosophy should overcome the limitations of the theological teachings that
preceded it in questions about the essence of the first cause, divine creation and
the possibility of its knowledge, and therefore, in fact, represents the experience of
creating a new theology.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number
20-011-00746 “A Philosophy and theology in German classical idealism: a history of interaction
and interpenetration”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Johann Gottlieb Fichte

value: the absolute I

value: absolute

value: religion

value: faith

value: theology

value: doctrine of scientific knowledge


dc.contributor.author

value: Kyrlezhev, Alexander I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kyrlezhev A. I. Book Review: Louth E., prot. Contemporary Orthodox thinkers: From “Philanthropy” to our time. Moscow, Palomnik Publ., 2020. 640 p. Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 442–454.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 3; Issue 3

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Boyko, Alexander V. (priest)

dc.identifier.citation

value: Boyko A. V. Ecclesiastes as a representative of Jewish theological education. Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 288–301.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article deals with the study of the author’s personality of the Book of Ecclesiastes
as a representative of theological education. Many Western scholars of the Book
of Ecclesiastes assume that its author was a Jewish teacher. Since the author calls
himself Ecclesiastes (ἐκκλησία, gathering of people) or Qoheleth (qahal, gathering),
it seems that he gathered people for teaching. A reference to this is in the book
itself: “In addition to being a wise man, the Preacher also taught the people knowledge”
(Eccl 12:9). Thus, he appears to have served as a teacher of young people
(Eccl 11:9) and had a group of disciples to whom he gave practical advice about
life. It was a time of great changes in Israel, new circumstances of life demanded
new answers, and Ecclesiastes, through studying the Holy Scriptures and through
personal experience and reflection, made a critical analysis of the reality around
him and those teachings that were spread among the Israelites. On the basis of this
analysis, he provided answers to young people, trying to form a holistic worldview
and save them from temptations: “The conclusion, when all has been heard, is: fear
God and keep His commandments, because this applies to every person. For God
will bring every act to judgment, everything which is hidden, whether it is good or
evil” (Eccl 12:13–14). These words have not lost their relevance today. As a result,
this work can be useful for analyzing the modern education system, through the
prism of Jewish religious education, which is closely related to Christian education.

dc.subject

value: Bible

value: Book of Ecclesiastes

value: Qoheleth

value: education

value: meaning of life

value: wisdom

value: vanity

value: benefit

value: good


dc.contributor.author

value: Antishkin, Andrei V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Antishkin A. V. The problem of understanding liturgical texts and its solution on the example of Gregory of Corinth’s exegesis. Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 322–332.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The orthodox liturgy was finally established during the 8th and 9th centuries. The
two stepbrothers and eminent Byzantine poets St. Cosmas of Maiuma and St. John
of Damascus greatly contributed to its development. They composed the majority of
the irmi and troparia that are still performed during the liturgy today. During their
lives, however, worshippers were facing certain difficulties in understanding the
meaning of church odes. This is also true today when orthodox liturgy occasionally
becomes an obstacle on the path to God for the worshippers. Greater efforts are also
required in order to understand the liturgy and this is not always easy. One of the
reasons for this is an incorrect translation of many odes into Russian and Slavonic.
Comments from 12th century Byzantine writers and poets can help us clarify their
meaning. Gregory of Corinth and his 23 commentaries on the liturgical canons are
particularly noteworthy. In the current article, a philological analysis is conducted
of two complex, “obscure” and unclear passages from the Canon of Pentecost. At
the same time, Metropolitan Gregory’s exegeses of these extracts, which can help
us better understand the meaning not only of these passages but also of the whole
celebration, are cited.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: translation

value: church odes

value: poetic texts

value: Church Slavonic

value: Greek language

value: syntactic calques

value: exegesis of liturgical texts


title: Editorial

dc.identifier.citation

value: Editorial. Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 286–287.

dc.description.abstract

value: Editorial

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Lvov, Alexander A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lvov A. A. The specificity of historical-philosophical research in the Humanities. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 449–463.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In interdisciplinary contemporary science, knowledge is obtained from a close collaboration
of specialists with various competences. Philosophy appears to be effective in clarifying the
meaning of concepts, discerning the normative and the empirical, determining whether the
differences in the positions of the participants depend on how they use words or the essence
of the argument. Philosophers actively help to develop various fields of the humanities and
social sciences and they are in demand in the sciences. They admit themselves that the history
of philosophy is the unifying factor for all the areas, although the areas of their research
are diverse. The article considers the question of whether it is possible to talk about a specific
influence exerted by professional historians of philosophy on other disciplines. Restricted to
the humanities, it traces the streams that exist in the dialogue between the humanities and
historical-philosophical studies, and also considers what contribution the historians of philosophy
make in the field of historical sciences, in various areas of political research, in gender
studies, anthropology, theology and religious philosophy, as well as the articulation of practical
philosophy as a way of life. Despite the fact that the history of philosophy is thought of as
an auxiliary discipline, the contribution of the historians of philosophy to the development of
related and indirectly related fields of scholarship is significant: they reconstruct the genealogy
of meaning and as a result, the concepts or ideas are clarified within their native cultural
environment.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 17‒18‒01440
“Anthropological dimension of the history of philosophy”).

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: historians of philosophy

value: genealogy of meaning

value: the Humanities

value: interdisciplinarity

value: academic philosophy

value: practical philosophy


title: Basic norms of the scientific ethos

dc.contributor.author

value: Gubanov, Nikolai I.

value: Gubanov, Nikolai N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gubanov N. I., Gubanov N. N. Basic norms of the scientific ethos. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 416–427.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article aims to formulate and differentiate the norms of classical science, modern fundamental
science, and applied science as wel as determine the areas where they intersect. The
four standards of scientific ethos (CUDOS) proposed by R. Merton are considered: 1) Communalism:
belief in the common achievements of scientific knowledge; 2) Universalism: the
truth of statements should be evaluated regardless of the age, gender, race, authority and titles
of scientists; 3) Disinterestedness: the primary stimulus of a scientist’s activity is a disinterested
search for truth; 4) Organized Skepticism: the scientist is responsible for evaluating the
soundness what other colleagues have done as well as the reliability of their results. Using
the golden rule of morality, 12 more norms are formulated (5–16 in the text). A tendency of
abandoning of Merton’s norms has arisen with the development of applied science and its
commercialization. As an example, standards of the PLACE system by J. Ziman are described
(ownership, patent; solution of local problems determined by authoritarian management;
work orders; implementation of work by a limited circle of experts). When rejecting Merton’s
norms, the features of fundamental and applied science are not taken into account. The article
shows that Merton norms and the norms provided in paragraphs 5–16 relate to classical science
and modern fundamental science. Ziman’s norms as well as the norms in the paragraphs
noutid are applicable to applied science. The norms (5–16) are common to fundamental and
applied science. Violations of the norms of scientific ethics, such as falsification of empirical material, plagiarism, incorrect quotation, undeserved authorship, and sale of dissertations,
are highlighted the article. Their objective and subjective reasons are revealed. Although the
behavior of scientists does not fully coincide with the norms of scientific ethos, it produces an
important regulatory influence on the scientific community as an ideal, orienting scientists to
achieve maximum objectivity of knowledge and its use for the benefit of society.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: R. Merton

value: J. Ziman

value: ethos of science

value: the golden rule of morality

value: fundamental science

value: applied science

value: academic fraud

dc.title

value: Basic norms of the scientific ethos


dc.contributor.author

value: Shchedrina, Irina O.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shchedrina I. O. The role of the narrative approach in forming ecological culture, or on the question of human-sizedness. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 544–553.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Narrative both as a phenomenon and practice is constituted in philosophical methodology
and the humanities due to non-classical philosophical projects in the 20th century. Ultimately,
it is the fundamental theoretical and methodological problematics, in which the word is considered
as the source of cognition (E. Husserl, M. Heidegger, P. Ricoeur, G. Shpet), that become
essential for the following comprehension of history, culture and science through the prism of
narrative. Today, the problematics of the narrative is gaining more and more attention from
representatives of different scientific disciplines (methodologists of science, psychologists,
philologists, sociologists, jurists, historians, culturologists) who comprehend the influence
of cultural factors on a scientist’s motivation, on the ways of functioning and translation of
knowledge in society and also on forming and saving the ecology of culture as an exceptional
phenomenon, which emphasizes significance and diversity of the narrative approach in modern
conditions. In this context, V. S. Stepin’s philosophical and methodological developments,
in particular, the ideas of “human-sizedness” and “human-sized system” (“human sized complexes”)
formulated by him take on a specific dimension. The article suggests that an appeal
to narrative themes in a socio-cultural and ecological context makes it possible to fix the role
and place of a person in human-sized systems, as well as to clarify the boundaries of these
systems. It is precisely about the ecological culture of a technogenic civilization: civilization
is impossible without culture, without value-based, aesthetic and humanitarian components.
The narrative is included in the study of the human-sized system, since the person himself is
immersed in the cultural situation of the narrative.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was carried out with support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project
no. 20-511-04006 “Philosophical and methodological heritage of V. S. Stepin in the context of modern
studies of sociocultural risks of technogenic civilization”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: human-sizedness

value: ecology

value: culture

value: narrative

value: human-sized systems

value: risks

value: technogenic civilization

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Soboleva, Maja E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Soboleva M. E. Rаtionality, conceptual imagination and myth. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 479–492.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article addresses the problem of how myth relates to rationality. In the classical formulation,
this question appears in the following manner: are mythos and logos opposites? It can
be stated that myth has become one of the key themes of philosophy in the 20th century. It has
been studied in ethnography and anthropology, cultural studies, art theory, political science
and even in the theory of knowledge. Myth is understood not only as a special artistic form,
but also a special form of intuition, form of thinking, and form of life. Despite the sometimes
cardinal difference in approaches to the analysis of myth, one common feature in its understanding
can be identified. Mythical thinking is considered either as irrational or as protorational.
For example, in Cassirer and Blumenberg, myth appears as an affective rationality,
in Vico and Schelling — as a poetic rationality. The reason for this can be seen in the fact that
myth is considered as a product of imagination. The latter is indisputable, but does this mean
that myth and rationality are incompatible? In order to answer this question, the concept of
imagination should be analyzed. Drawing on the theories of Hume, Aristotle, and Kant, the
author contends that there is a special type of imagination referred to as “conceptual”, which is
a human capacity of spontaneous production of concepts. The conceptual imagination seems
to be a distinctive feature of human rationality. However, if this is so, then rationality is a
condition of myth and not its counterpart. Myth and discursive thinking thus turn out to be
merely different forms of realization of our human rationality, of which discursive imagination
is the common basis.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The author is grateful for the support provided by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant
number M 2590-G32.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: myth

value: conceptual imagination

value: imagination

value: rationality

value: Aristotle

value: Hume

value: Kant


title: The invention of reality

dc.contributor.author

value: Levytskyy, Viktor S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Levytskyy V. S. The invention of reality. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 428–440.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The subject of the article is the process of forming ideas about the world as reality, which
is most accurately described by the word “invention”. The author, relying on classical texts
in this respect (E. Husserl, M. Heidegger) and modern studies (A. Makushinsky, J.-F. Kurtin)
substantiates the position according to which the idea of reality is not a cultural invariant. The
notion that reality has always existed, and thanks to scientific reason has been most adequately
reflected, understood and described, is a significant modernization. This has been evidenced
by both the etymology of the concepts of “reality” and “reality”, which first appeared only in
scholasticism (D. Scotus, M. Eckhart), and the process of their content filling, which is inextricably
linked with the formation of scientific rationality. The article shows that both the scientific
mind and the integral image of the world created by it, which we call reality, genetically
date back to the Christian value-semantic universe. Initially, it was within the framework of
the discourse of natural theology that the image of the autonomous world has been conceptualized,
developing according to the universal principles established by God. In the first scientific
programs (R. Descartes, G. Galilei, I. Newton), these ideas were continued, as a result of
which the world began to be understood as an immanent reality that is subject to the laws of
nature. The new ontological beliefs received the ultimate philosophical foundation in the philosophy
of Immanuel Kant, to whom the phenomenal world exhausts the reality available to
man. Accordingly, the world turns into a one-dimensional detranscendentalized reality. This
methodological approach allows the author to make the following conclusions: 1) the image of
world “reality” is a rather modern “invention”, which was unknown in previous eras; 2) at the
same time, it is genetically connected with the Christian semantic universe, outside of which
it could not appear; 3) the world in it is understood as a one-dimensional immanent reality.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: reality

value: existence

value: world

value: scientific reasoning

value: Christianity

value: natural theology

value: modernity

dc.title

value: The invention of reality


dc.contributor.author

value: Skorokhodova, Tatiana G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Skorokhodova T. G. The problem of the nation and nationalism in the social-philosophical thought of Rabindranath Tagore. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 464–478.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Rabindranath Tagore’s lectures Nationalism (1916) were an early attempt to interpret and
analyze the phenomenon from the social-philosophical point of view. In non-Western social
thought it was one of first approaches to comprehend nationalism in its fullness and complexity
of content with the complex of its objective consequences. Based on hermeneutical methods
and phenomenological approach, the author offers a reconstruction of Tagore’s theoretical
interpretation of nationalism in a broad social context from India to the East and the
West. The interpretation is based on Tagore’s understanding of the nation as a mechanical organization
for economic and political purposes, born in the “political civilization” of Europe.
According to him, the nation is the problem for all societies both Western and non-Western,
because it destructs its freedom, morality and humanity, and generates conflicts, aggression,
violence and war. Nationalism is presented as “perfect organization of power” for domination
over other peoples, as well as over their own society. Both constructs are exported to
non-Western peoples who are not nations, and consequently create difficult problems in their
societies. For Eastern peoples both ways of responding to Western nationalism’s challenge
are dangerous in Tagore’s opinion. The first is nation-building by the state according to the
Western model which turns into statism and militarism (the example of Japan). The second response is an attempt to solve social problems through belief in the achievement of political
independence (the example of India). Essentially, Tagore had anticipated the modernist (constructivist)
approach to the analysis of nationalism as an artificial and purposeful mechanism
for achieving political goals, primarily in regard to the state, and pointed to the borrowed
nature of nationalism in non-Western societies.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Rabindranath Tagore’s social philosophy

value: nation

value: nationalism

value: the West

value: Non-Western societies

value: critics of nationalist policy

value: statism

value: India

value: Japan

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Chumakova, Tatiana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chumakova T. V. Ethical concepts in Russian religious-didactic literature of the 17th century. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 568–578.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article offers an analysis of ethical concepts in Russian religious-didactic literature of the
17th century. The main sources are alphabets published in Moscow. There were two alphabets
printed by Vasily Burtsov, and an alphabet by Karion Istomin, as well as “Azbuka s oratsiey”
(Alphabet with Didactics), and the manuscript “Alfavititsy didaskala” (Small Alphabet of a
Teacher). These alphabets can be considered as religious-didactic literature because in addition
to grammar, these manuals included the narration “On the Letters” by Chernorizets Hrabar
(Hrabar, the Black Robe Wearer), extensive religious-anthropological reasoning, prayers,
the Credo, Decalogue (in the Alphabet by Karion Istomin only), the Beatitudes, and other
texts which were presented in Catholic catechisms of that time, as well as in the “Profession of
Faith” by Peter Mogila (he used the Catholic catechism in his “Profession”). The influence of
Reformation ideas is obvious, too. Several works by Karion Istomin, the alphabet primarily,
were written and illustrated under the influence of “Orbis sensualium pictus” by John Amos
Comenius, the last bishop of the Unity of Brethen (Bohemian or Moravian Church). The content
of these manuals (including visual content) allows us to conclude that their mass publication
was induced by the disciplinary revolution that began after the end of the Smuta (the
Time of Troubles) in Russia, which is associated with the House of the Romanovs coming to
power. The creation of a new tsardom was impossible without new people whose education
was based on religious ideas and regulations. Ethical concepts in these books were almost
inseparable from religious regulations, which is explained by the doctrinal aims of primary
education in Russia of the 17th century.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article was completed with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project
no. 19-011-00766 “Categorical system of Russian ethical thought”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: moral concepts

value: orthodoxy

value: religion in Russia

value: religious and didactic works

value: Russian culture of the 17th century


dc.contributor.author

value: Girenok, Feodor I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Girenok F. I. The decline of the Greek myth of man and being. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 554–567.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Modern philosophy is forced to return to the question of “what is philosophy?” Does it need to
be understood as the science of being or a science about man? M. Heidegger believes that philosophy
is the science of being and refers to Parmenides. R. M. Rilke, as a poet, is closest to the
point of view of I. Kant, according to which philosophy is anthropology. The article analyzes
the attitude of Heidegger to Parmenides’ poem “Оn Nature” and concludes that Heidegger did
not express his attitude to the fork of two ways of man in Parmenides’ philosophy: the way of
understanding being and the way of understanding the ghostly, that is, the existence of man.
Parmenides chose the path of being, and Heidegger supported him. However, on this path it
is impossible to talk about the fundamental difference between man and animal. It is also impossible
to raise the question of what is a man. The path of ontology leads to the coincidence
of the human and non-human. In this regard, the article analyzes the attitude of Heidegger
to the poetry of Rilke. Heidegger understands man as being. Rilke sees the essence of a man
not in the fact that he owns a word, but in the fact that he is addressed to his inner self. The
article shows that Heidegger distorted the position of Rilke, identifying his poetry with the
philosophy of the subject in modern times. The author comes to the conclusion that Rilke is
outside the limits of western thinking, according to which man is included in the structure of
existence, and the human and non-human do not differ. Rilke’s poetry, in the author’s opinion,
is the source of new thinking that proceeds from the fact that the human and non-human do
not fundamentally coincide. Man dreams, the animal evolves.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: being

value: man

value: philosophy

value: anthropology

value: imaginary

value: ghost

value: animal

value: truth

value: Parmenides

value: R. M. Rilke


dc.contributor.author

value: Pruzhinin, Boris I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Pruzhinin B. I. Expert examination as an epistemological phenomenon. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 393–402.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the epistemological parameters of the phenomenon of expert examination
as well as the social and cognitive features of using scientific knowledge to substantiate
the objectivity of expert evaluations. Today, the scope of expert activities has significantly
expanded. Accordingly, the number of studies, including philosophical ones, considering this phenomenon, in particular, has increased primarily in connection with the growth of its role
in assessing the social-humanitarian risks associated with the introduction of scientific-technical
advances. At the same time, attention is directed to the fact that it is precisely due to the
significant expansion of the scope of expert activity that the nature of the expert examination
itself is distorted — its dependence on social contexts is increasing, but its objectivity is lost.
The article aims to clarify the reasons for the growth of this dependence in connection with
the specificity of the epistemological parameters of knowledge, which is used as a scientific
basis for expert evaluations. This aspect of expert examination, as a rule, falls out of sight of
both its researchers and the experts themselves. Modern philosophers and methodologists of
science state the direct dependence of expert examination on applied (i. e., limited to practical
requests) developments, while, in the author’s opinion, the condition for the objectivity of
expert opinions is the obligatory appeal of experts to fundamental science, motivated by the
commitment to expand the sphere of holistic knowledge concerning the world. This condition
is highlighted due to the epistemological perspective of comprehending expert evaluations,
which makes it possible to include additional criteria for their objectivity in the sphere of the
expert’s self-awareness. The actualization of such criteria, according to the author, is now becoming
a prerequisite for an effective expert examination that maintains a high social status.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: expert examination

value: expert evaluation

value: epistemology

value: fundamental science

value: applied developments

value: objectivity

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Gasparyan, Diana E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gasparyan D. E. The first-person perspective description error in naturalism. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 403–415.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In this article, it is shown that in some theories defending the non-reductive nature of the firstperson
perspective it is possible to find a very inconsistent attitude. Such theories are associated
by the author to a so-called moderate naturalism. The article demonstrates the difference
between moderate and radical naturalism. Radical naturalism completely abandons the idea
of subjectivity as unobservable from a third-person perspective. On the contrary, moderate
naturalism defends the irreducibility of subjectivity, but believes subjectivity to be a part of the
nature. As a case of moderate naturalism, the article considers the approaches of Lynne Baker
and Thomas Metzinger. Exemplifying these approaches to the first-person perspective, it is
shown that in the case of certain work strategies focused on the first-person perspective, it is
possible that a so-called description error may appear, by which a description error of subjectivity
— when it is placed in the world as a part of nature, existing according to its laws — is
understood. The logic of this error points to one of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s statements about
the incorrect placement of the eye in the perspective of the eye view itself. If the first-person
perspective is introduced as a point of view (or a point of observation), then its subsequent
shift to the observation result area leads to description error. If there is no observation, as well
as no viewpoint, we lose the very idea of first-person perspective and actually take the position
of radical naturalism.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The results of the project “Artificial Intelligence and ‘Homo Sapiens’ as an Object of Philosophico-
Ethical Analysis”, carried out within the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National Research
University Higher School of Economics (HSE University) in 2021, are presented in this work.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: first-person perspective

value: subjectivity

value: Lynne Baker

value: Thomas Metzinger

value: Ludwig Wittgenstein

value: naturalism

value: moderate naturalism

value: radical naturalism


dc.contributor.author

value: Matveevskaya, Anna S.

value: Pogodin, Sergei N.

value: Wang, Juntao

dc.identifier.citation

value: Matveevskaya A. S., Pogodin S. N., Wang Juntao. Problem of human rights violations during the migrant crisis in Europe. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 508–515.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The aim of this study was to identify how Europe’s migrant crisis affected human rights in the
European Union. It focuses on the observance of fundamental human rights in the context of
migration. Violations directly related to migrants and refugees are considered. Human rights
law is the most universal and general branch of law on which all other laws rely. The issue of
observance of these rights becomes even more critical in regard to forced migration. While
these rights are guaranteed to ‘all members of the human family’, there are conditions under
which universally recognized human rights should be protected and justified with particular
care. Obviously, inalienable human rights may easily be compromised when it comes to
prisoners or refugees. Ensuring human rights in the European Union is based on a variety of
international treaties, EU regulations and internal legislation of the member countries which
have adopted high standards in the field of human rights protection. With regard to the right
to asylum as an essential component of the human rights law, it can be stated that an unprecedented
level of integration has enabled the EU to establish a pan-European asylum system
based on the standards enshrined in the 1951 Geneva Convention and the 1967 Additional
Protocol, as well as to gain considerable experience in dealing with migrants and refugees and
ensuring their inalienable rights. In general, legislation in this area is constantly being improved
and it reflects modern challenges and threats. The member countries of the European
Union are on the way to developing a unified approach to migration policy and international
protection issues. However, the asylum system is imperfect and has numerous gaps, which
have been repeatedly mentioned by experts and members of the academic community even
before the migrant crisis began.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

value: human rights

value: migrant crisis

value: EU regulations

value: migrants

value: refugees


dc.contributor.author

value: Kleszcz, Leszek

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kleszcz L. Hermeneutic reason as the “Art of understanding”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 441–448.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Originally, hermeneutics was the interpretation of important texts. In the 19th century, hermeneutics
transformed into a science about the meaning and interpretation of all expressions. In
the 20th century, Martin Heidegger radicalized hermeneutics, indicating that understanding
(the essence of hermeneutics) is not a technical or intellectual operation, but a way of being.
The central point of reference in the article is the hermeneutic philosophy of Hans-Georg
Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur. The central idea of Gadamer’s philosophy is understanding, which
is connected with the so-called “rehabilitation of practical philosophy”. In such philosophy,
the question concerning wisdom and thinking about the best possible way of life occupies an
important place. Gadamer in his philosophy indicated the conditions of understanding. One
of the main elements of his concept is hermeneutic experience, a negative experience, meaning
awareness of the finite nature of all understanding. Complementation of Gadamer’s concept
could be the hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur. He believed that there is not a correct method
of interpretation and the best way to understand is the “conflict of hermeneutics”. Ricoeure
discerned two forms of hermeneutics: “hermeneutics of trust” and “hermeneutics of suspicion”.
The idea of hermeneutics is developed as an art of understanding, indicating the conditions
and possibilities of interpreting texts, symbols and metaphors. An interesting addition
to the philosophy of Gadamer and Ricoeur is Hans Blumenberg’s concept of metaphorology.
He identified three basic positions of metaphors and the functions they perform: traditional,
understanding a metaphor as inaccurate; pre-conceptual speech; and the unavoidable and irreplaceable
nature of a metaphor. Under this concept lies the science of images through which
man grasps himself and the world. Blumenberg explored the functions of various metaphors
depicting truth (light, nudity), human life (sea travel, hiking, climbing) or the world (clock,
machine, organism). Absolute metaphors, in addition to presenting the picture of the whole
of reality, also play the role of orienting patterns, directing action. They contain certain value
systems that determine attitudes, expectations, longings, interests, and indicate important or
indifferent things or spheres, incline to certain actions or omissions.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: hermeneutics

value: understanding

value: interpretation

value: prejudgments

value: hermeneutic experience

value: metaphor

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Desnitskaya, Evgeniya A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Desnitskaya E. A. Educational practices in urban spaces of Ancient India. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 516–531.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The urbanization of Ancient India dates back to the middle of the first millennium BCE. In the
early days, urban culture was influenced by unorthodox religious movements from the East
of India, and by social practices adopted from western Hellenistic states. Urban culture contributed
to the genesis and spread of scripts and literacy in India. It was in urban spaces and at
royal courts that Sanskrit evolved from the oral language of Brahmanic ritualism to the written
language of the cosmopolis, the language of literature and philosophy. By the beginning of CE,
urban spaces in India became the place of modernization of Brahmanism. Arts and theoretical
disciplines blossomed in towns and at royal courts. Urban educational practices were focused
on practical disciplines and on skills connected with aesthetic pleasure. The basis of education
was reading and writing. Urban culture in the 1st millennium CE was multireligious. Buddhist
universities at the monasteries were leading educational centers supported by kings, including
the non-Buddhist ones. Buddhist philosophy was taught there along with traditional Brahmanic
and lay disciplines (grammar, normative poetics, etc.). Therefore, the urban space in ancient India
was the place of mutual interaction between Brahmanical, Buddhist, and secular scholarship
as well as educational traditions. It was in towns, at Buddhist monasteries and royal courts that
written culture and the corresponding educational practices were established.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant 18-78-10001.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: ancient India

value: Sanskrit

value: education in India

value: Buddhism

value: Brahmanism

value: urban spaces


dc.contributor.author

value: Bolshakov, Andrei G.

value: Mansurov, Timur Z.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bolshakov A. G., Mansurov T. Z. The political crisis of power in modern Venezuela: Reasons, dynamics, prospects of resolution. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 493–507.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the features and contradictions of resolving the political crisis in Venezuela.
The authors analyze the activities of the direct parties to the conflict (the ruling regime
led by current President Nicolas Maduro and the political opposition supported by the
country’s Parliament) to resolve it and get the country out of the impasse. The work emphasizes
the importance of socio-economic reasons that led to the emergence of the political
crisis and the emergence of political forces, on the one hand, defending the ideas of socialist
development, and, on the other, the values of the liberal — democratic structure of the state.
The authors focus on the mechanisms and ways of resolving the political crisis implemented
by Latin American countries, non-regional states and international organizations. However,
their activities, as the study shows, are not effective enough since the national interests
of states have a superior influence over the needs of stabilizing the political situation in
the country and resolving the crisis. The authors examine the contradictions that prevent
the beginning of a constructive dialogue between the parties of the conflict, supported by
various segments of the population. The effectiveness of various international platforms and
negotiation formats aimed at finding and developing solutions to the current crisis, compromises,
and areas of joint activity is analyzed. As a result of the research, the authors come to
the conclusion that at present it is necessary to cooperate more closely with both the ruling
political elite and the opposition, despite the polar views of their representatives, as well as
to expand the number of states in order to form a more objective negotiation process and
achieve mutually acceptable solutions.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Venezuela

value: the political crisis of power

value: government

value: political opposition

value: the negotiation process

value: international dialogue formats

value: compromises

value: prospects for resolving the crisis

dc.title

value: Book


title: Global values of the global world

dc.contributor.author

value: Sergeichik, Elena M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sergeichik E. M. Global values of the global world. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 532–543.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the problem of global values, whose existence is problematized in the
face of increased regionalization as a vector of world development. Regionalization is not “the
end of globalization”, but its stage, which is “the revolution of plurality” (M. Naim) — distribution
regularities of the network society on the whole world. The global world is not a homogeneous world of mankind based on the same values, rather the global world is a combination
of diverse social communities striving for autonomy and self-determination. Building on the
concepts of M. McLuhan, A. Toffler, D. Bell and N. Luhman, the article analyzes the information
society in which the main element is communication as a source of social innovations.
Digital technologies contribute to the development of human abilities and personal qualities
without which social progress is impossible. If the vision of humanity in the development
of the network society, where relations between the countries, regions, social communities
and people are built on the basis of the values of life, liberty, creativity, justice, law, etc., then
these values should be recognized as global. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the
reaction of various social communities on regionalization, which finds its expression in the
deepening of social inequality, increasing conflict of generations and other phenomena that
contribute to disseminating conservative ideas and moods. Based on the works of J. Derrida,
N. Luhman and D. Kean, it is shown that global values are not the achievements of exclusively
European culture but are to varying degrees implemented and developed in all cultures.
Against the background of the crisis of multiculturalism, the integration of cultures should
be based on intercultural communication, for which the process of coordinating positions is
important. The purpose of intercultural communication is not only the exchange of cultural
values, but the demonstration of the benefits of life in those communities that are guided by
global values.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: global values

value: globalization

value: regionalization

value: communication

value: information society

value: local culture

value: Global values of the global world

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Dorofeev, Daniil Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dorofeev D. Yu. From heart to image: In honor of the 75th anniversary of professor B. V. Markov. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 3, pp. 382–392.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is dedicated to the anniversary of Boris Vasilyevich Markov, the famous philosopher
of Saint Petersburg, Russia. The author of the article, basing on many years of personal
experience and professional communication with the hero of the day, presents an expressive
and holistic image of Markov as a person and as a philosopher according to his biography and
creativity. An attempt is made to consider the complex philosophical evolution of Markov,
which took place in key periods for Russian philosophy when Russian thought actively absorbed
the key philosophical texts of the 20th century that had become available. Markov is
distinguished by a unique ability to creatively rethink a variety of philosophical trends — classical
philosophical schools, phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, analytical philosophy,
structuralism — actualizing their significance for modern philosophy and synthesizing
their experience in their original understanding. The specificity of Markov’s oral and written
language is distinguished by its expressiveness, brightness and aphorism. It is no coincidence
that the philosophy of language had a great influence on his philosophical development, remaining
as one of the main research topics throughout all his works. Touching upon some
of the key books of Professor Markov, written by him at different times, the author strives to
briefly mention and analyze the main features of his philosophical style, thinking, and worldview.
Special attention is paid to philosophical anthropology, which is directly related to the
philosophical activity of the hero of the day over the past few decades. In this regard, emphasis
is given to Markov’s book “Mind and Heart”, which marked the beginning of the most productive
period of his philosophical work, which is currently associated with the problems of visual
anthropology of communication.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: B. V. Markov

value: 75th anniversary

value: modern philosophy and philosophical anthropology

value: philosophy of language

value: communication and visual image

value: development of Russian and St. Petersburg philosophy


dc.contributor.author

value: Polyakova, Ekaterina V.

value: Vymyatnina, Yulia V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Polyakova E. V., Vymyatnina Yu. V. (2021) Formation of economic agents’ inflationary expectations and central bank policy effectiveness: Еxperimental approach. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 37, iss. 3, pp. 442–473.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Expectations of heterogeneous economic agents play a pivotal role in modern macroeconomic
theory. Since the standard assumption about a representative fully rational agent and his/her
ability to form model-consistent expectations of the underlying process governing real economic
outcomes is subject to well-grounded criticism, laboratory experiments are an important
tool for gaining new knowledge about the formation of individual expectations. This paper
provides an overview of the results of learning-to-forecast experiments based on the New Keynesian model that allow to identify specificities of agents’ expectations formation. These
results suggest specific recommendations on ways to increase efficiency of the Central Bank
monetary policy. Special attention is paid to agents’ inflation expectations and specificities
of applying various types of inflation targeting. The article presents an analysis of the impact
of announcing the inflation target on agents’ inflation expectations and the main macroeconomic
variables dynamics for two different inflation targeting regimes — strict and flexible.
A comparison of point and band versions of inflation targeting is provided for shocks affecting
the economy with different intensities. The results of learning-to-forecast experiments presented
in the review provide evidence of training and switching between different forecasting
heuristics and also indicate the presence of specific cognitive restrictions of agents that extend
a certain heuristic rule to all macroeconomic variables for which the forecast is performed.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: behavioral macroeconomics

value: experimental macroeconomics

value: learning-to-forecast experiments

value: New Keynesian model

value: heterogeneous expectations

value: inflation targeting


dc.contributor.author

value: Nefedov, Sergey A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nefedov S. A. (2021) On the formation of the phenomenon of the economic lag of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 37, iss. 3, pp. 489–509.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for Russia’s economic lagging behind during
the Great Divergence. The author tests the well-known hypotheses that industrial development
was hampered by the opposition of the nobility and the cheap labor of serfs. Upon closer
examination, these assumptions are not confirmed. The economic lag was primarily due to the
lag in railway construction, which in the 19th century was the main driver of the development
of heavy industry. The article analyzes the policy in the field of railway construction during
the reign of Emperor Nicholas I (1825–1855). It is shown that the formation of this policy took
place in a conflict between the emperor and the ministerial bureaucracy, headed by the Minister
of Finance, Count Kankrin. While Nicholas I was guided by military-strategic considerations,
the ministers proceeded from economic interests. Economic calculations pointed to the
unprofitability of railways compared to transportation by waterways. The technical conservatism
of the bureaucracy did not allow adequately assessing the prospects for new technology
and the possibility of reducing the cost of transportation in the future. The article analyzes the
difference between economic policy in Russia and in England, the United States, France and
Germany, which led to the lag of Russia. In the West (with the exception of France), economic
policy developed spontaneously on the basis of private initiative. The Russian bureaucracy
blocked private initiative, it sought to preserve the capital stored in state banks to finance the
great power politic. On the other hand, the railroad “mania” in England was accompanied by
a speculative boom and the ruin of many railroad companies. For the Russian bureaucracy,
this was another argument in favor of refusing to attract private capital. Meanwhile, “mania”
promoted the mobilization of capital from small shareholders for railway construction and
spurred the development of industry. Another way of using controlled private initiative was
possible, which was implemented in France in the “Legrand project”. But the Russian bureaucracy
refused to use private initiative, which doomed the country to an economic lag.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: economic policy

value: causes of economic lag

value: railway construction

value: bureaucracy

value: blocking of private initiative

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Nesterov, Igor O.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nesterov I. O. (2021) Accommodative monetary policy, fiscal stimulus and foreign exchange reserves within the framework of Russian national economic interests: Long-standing problems and new challenges. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 37, iss. 3, pp. 371– 394.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Ultra-accommodative monetary policy, fiscal stimulus, and, as a result, growing debt were
the main features of advanced economies development in the 2010s. The pandemic crises
of 2020 intensified those trends. Russian authorities had to respond to the new challenges
inspired by the global economic slowdown and massive lockdowns thru adopting relaxing
monetary conditions and employing fiscal impetus. However, “the new financial reality” of
zero-negative interest rates and fast-growing public debt in major advanced economies highlighted
the long-standing problems of international financial architecture as well as created
new challenges for the Russian national economy. In the article, the author analyzes monetary,
fiscal and debt risks challenging the world economy during the last decade and concludes that
under current circumstances continuing accumulation of foreign exchange reserves is resulting
in growing dependence of Russia economy on the monetary policy of the world’s leading
central banks, creating devaluation pressures on the ruble and, consequently, increasing outside
inflationary impact on the domestic economy. Ultimately financing the already inflated
budget deficits of the United States, the Eurozone and Japan and thereby feeding the wave of
“debt tsunami” that is looming from these economies, the Russian Federation is losing investment
resources that are so vital for sustainable economic growth recovery. The main goal of
the article is to prove that within the framework of the new global financial reality, the further
accumulation of foreign exchange reserves preserves ruble undervaluation and ultimately undermines
the sustainable development and economic growth of the Russian economy. The
author suggests the key elements for national economic policy aimed to support the domestic
economy may and should be ruble appreciation. The adjusted paradigm of Russian economic
development based on the import substitution model is a strong argument in favor of this
proposal.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 37; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: monetary policy

value: fiscal stimulus

value: foreign exchange reserves

value: national economic interests

value: international financial architecture


dc.contributor.author

value: Petrov, Sergey P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Petrov S. P. (2021) The relationship between the market structure, the firms size and their innovative activity in the sectors of the Russian economy: Experience in industry-specific competitive analysis. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 37, iss. 3, pp. 413–441.

dc.description.abstract

value:
A number of theoretical and applied studies have shown that there is no unambiguous relationship
between the market structure, expressed in particular by the firms size, and firms innovation
activity. Understanding the nature of the relationship between the market structure,
the firms size and their behavior allows us to raise the level of justification for both business
strategies and innovation policy, which is also relevant in the context of the digital transformation
of the Russian economy. The paper is aimed at considering the problem of an influence of
a market structure with due regard for the peculiarities of their industries on firms innovation
activity in Russia for the period 2006–2016. This period was chosen due to the transition to
a new Russian National Classifier of Economic Activities edition and the beginning of active
Russian economy digitalization in 2017. The hypothesis of the study is that in Russia, under
the impact of a number of events, the influence of the firms size on their innovative activity
in various sectors of the economy is becoming more acute. By building pooled and panel data
models it was shown, that at the studied stage of country development a positive relationship
between the average firms size in the industry and their innovation activity can be observed.
But some conditions for a stronger growth of innovation activity in industries with firms of
smaller sizes are emerging and it indicates a change in the Russian economy structure. As
a result of assessing the linkage of the innovation activity intensity and firm size, it can be
concluded that there is no connection with belonging to the type of economic activity, i. e. the
relationship between the share of costs for technological innovations and the size of firms in
the Russian economy has no industry specifics. The further development of this study consist
in a more study of the factors that determine the results obtained, the development of recommendations
for the formation of a working innovation system in Russia, as well as in the field
of antimonopoly regulation on the issue of entry barriers.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was carried out with the plan of research work of Institute of Economics and Industrial
Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, project “Integration and interaction of
mesoeconomic systems and markets in Russia and its Eastern parts: methodology, analysis, forecasting”,
no. 121040100284-9.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: market structure

value: innovations

value: firm innovation activity

value: technological innovations costs

value: firm size

value: Russian industries


dc.contributor.author

value: Medvedev, T. D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Medvedev T. D. ‘Fighter Battalions of the Leningrad Region Defending the City During the Summer of 1941 — Spring of 1942’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 3, 2021, pp. 589–605.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Great Patriotic War became not only the most tragic event in modern Russian history, but also a
test for the state system of the USSR, which underwent a number of changes after the outbreak of war. Among
other things, the war also affected structures subordinate to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD).
New irregular units were created in the NKVD structure, the so-called fighter battalions designed to protect the
Red Army’s near rear and to maintain order in the frontline zone. The article explores issues related to the formation
and application of these units in one of the most difficult sections of the Soviet-German front, the Leningrad
front. In particular, the process of creating fighter battalions in this region is studied, the level of their material
support, and how these units were used in conditions of the German army’s rapid attack on Leningrad and how
they were used somewhat later during the siege. The source base includes previously unpublished documents
from the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of the city of St. Petersburg and the State
Archive of the Russian Federation. An analysis allows not only a comprehensive study of the above problems, but
also possible answers to one of the little-studied questions of the history of the Great Patriotic War: how the Soviet
command used irregular military formations at the first stage of the war and what role they played in achieving
victory.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was prepared within the framework of the HSE University Basic Research Program.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 11; Issue 3

value: World War II

value: fighter battalions

value: NKVD

value: Leningrad

value: irregular formations

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Fitzhugh, William W.

value: Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fitzhugh W. W., Bayarsaikhan J. Khyadag and Zunii Gol: Animal Art and the Bronze to Iron Age Transition in Northern Mongolia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 3, рp. 909–933.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Late Bronze Age Mongolian culture known for its memorial deer stones and khirigsuur
burials, the Deer Stone-Khirigsuur complex (hereafter DSK) dating to 1300–700 BCE, displays
persistence over several hundred years. Radiocarbon dates from hearths and horse remains
associated with these sites show little change in architecture, ritual practice, and iconography,
giving the impression of an unchanging mortuary cultural regime. New research demonstrates
that deer stones are memorials to recently deceased leaders that display distinctive features
of personal identification within the unifying framework of an over-arching religious theme
represented by deer-bird iconography. Despite continuity, the DSK complex is not monolithic.
This paper presents evidence for regional cultural and chronological variation in deer stone art and ceremonial activity based on research at the Khyadag and Zunii Gol sites in northcentral
Mongolia. Areal excavation, detailed survey, and recording of deer stone art revealed
the presence at Khyadag of a new class of miniature deer stones and evidence of copper
smelting, and at Zunii Gol — an unusual khirigsuur associated with a deer stone carrying
elements of Scytho-Saka animal style art. These data indicate geographic and chronological
overlap in V. V. Volkov’s deer stone types and changes in deer stone art and khirigsuur ritual
in the later period of the DSK complex. In the future, emphasis needs to be given to broad
excavation strategies that explore the contextual history of individual DSK sites, dating of
Volkov’s Type II and III deer stones, and regional comparisons with Xinjiang, Baikal, and the
Mongolian and Gornyi Altai.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Mongolia

value: Bronze Age

value: deer stone

value: archaeology

value: animal style art

value: Scythian

value: monument

value: mortuary ritual


dc.contributor.author

value: Tikhonov, Igor L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tikhonov I. L. The Textbook on the History of Science outside Science. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 3, рp. 1027–1036.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is a review of the textbook on the history of Russian archaeology prepared by
A. S. Skripkin, professor of Volgograd State University, a well-known archaeologist specializing
in the study of the Sarmatian tribes. The textbook was issued by the “Urait” publishing
company in 2017. The first part, dominating in amount, is devoted to the history of the development
of the Russian archaeology from the 18th century until the last quarter of the 20th
century. The second part briefly outlines the topic well-known to the author — the history of
archaeological research in the Lower Volga region in the same chronological period. However,
the main problem of the reviewed publication is the author’s failure to use a considerable
number of works published on this subject over the last 25 years. Almost all the information
contained in the first section of the textbook was borrowed from the books by A. A. Formozov,
G. S. Lebedev, V. F. Gening, A. D. Pryakhin published in the 1980s and early 1990s. However,
in the years passed since then, a whole direction connected with the study of various aspects
of its history has been formed in the Russian archaeology. A significant range of monographic
publications, collections of articles and conference materials have been published; more
than fifty candidate and doctoral dissertations have been defended. Unfortunately, all this
remained beyond the scope of A. S. Skripkin. Therefore, there are numerous out-of-date ideas
concerning various subjects connected with the formation and development of the Russian
archaeology. Furthermore, the text contains a considerable number of factual errors, inaccuracies,
misprints.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: history of archaeology

value: Russia

value: textbook

value: historiography

value: university course