title: Ensuring the right to education by state university’s funding programs

dc.contributor.author

value: Belov, Sergei A.

value: Soloviev, Alexander A.

value: Suyazov, Vyacheslav V.

dc.description.abstract

value: In the article "Unity of the system of state universities in today’s Russia", published in August 2020, it was proved that the constitutional right to education implies the need to support not only the leading universities of the country with the help of "academic leadership" programs, but all universities established by the state. Firstly, the creation of a university by the state presupposes responsibility on the part of the state as the founder for ensuring the conditions of its activity; secondly, students of all state universities equally have the right to demand from the state the creation of conditions for obtaining high-quality and modern education. In the development of the concept of unity of the higher education system, this article discusses specific practical steps to implement the approaches indicated in the article in terms of the use of public resources. The authors formulated a number of proposals regarding the state policy in the field of science and higher education in relation to the distribution of financial resources and other resources between institutions of higher education, and also proposed specific measures for their implementation, described by examples from practice.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Management;Volume 20; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: the right to education

value: the system of higher education in Russia

value: state universities of the Russian Federation

value: the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation

value: scientific organizations

value: state funding of education and science

value: programs of state support for education and science

dc.title

format: Microsoft Word


dc.contributor.author

value: Douhan, Alena F.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Douhan, Alena F. 2019. Implementation of acts of the Eurasian Economic Union in Belarusian legislation. Pravovedenie 63 (3): 381–392.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Currently, international organizations are increasingly making binding decisions on member
states. At the same time, unlike the implementation of international treaties, the mechanism for
implementing acts of international organizations is poorly regulated in national law, including
the Republic of Belarus. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), established in January 2015, is
empowered to adopt obligatory acts, some of which should be directly applied on the territory
of EAEU member states. As a result, the traditional mechanisms for the implementation of acts
of international organizations at the national level are no longer sufficient and require detailed
legal regulation. The article reveals the legal basis for the implementation of acts of the Eurasian
Economic Union in Belarus’ legal system. The work examines the status, types and specifics of
acts adopted by the EAEU bodies, identifies the characteristic features of the implementation
of these acts at the national level and specifies applicable terminology. In particular, special
attention is paid to the legality of the use of terms “implementation” and “actualization” concerning
the transfer of norms of the EAEU acts to the national legislation of its member states. The
article considers the possibility of implementing obligatory acts of international organizations,
especially those, which are supposed to be directly applied at the national level. Emphasis is
placed on identifying the existence of an obligation to implement obligatory decisions of the EAEU Commission as well as their implementation in the Republic of Belarus. Based on the
study, it was demonstrated that the majority of obligatory acts of the EAEU are implemented
in Belarus by means of different types of references. The article also identifies the place of the
EAEU acts in the hierarchy of legal acts of the Republic of Belarus.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
Article is prepared within the research project “Acts of International organizations and their implementation
in the national legislation” with financial support of the BRFFS no. G18Р-057 of 30.05.2018,
registration number 20181391 of 02.08.2018.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Pravovedenie;Volume 63; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: international law

value: acts of international organization

value: law of Eurasian Economic Union

value: implementation

value: direct application

value: status of acts of international organizations

value: legislation of Belarus

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: BREUER, IRENE

dc.identifier.citation

value: BREUER I. CONRAD-MARTIUS: SEIN, WESEN, EXISTENZ. IN AUSEINANDERSETZUNG MIT DER ONTOLOGIE UND METAPHYSIK ARISTOTELES‘, THOMAS VON AQUINS UND HUSSERLS. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 360–397.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with Conrad-Martius’ conception of being and existence and explores it by contrasting
it with the conceptions of Aristotle, Aquinas and Husserl within the framework of their respective
ontologies and metaphysics. The article delves into the problems of both the hypostatization and the
origin of being in particular. I claim that the hypostatization of being does not concern the Sachverhalt,
as Jean Wahl claims, but the noema itself insofar as intentionality transcends what is constituted
by consciousness and grasps the essence of the substance itself, whose existence is not absolutely
but hypothetically posited. I will further show that even though Conrad-Martius rejects the transcendental
reduction, she accepts the eidetic reduction and the positing of a sphere of original and given
facts, which are not only absolutely given to consciousness, but also self-grounded and self-sustained.
Conrad-Martius’ research traces the origin of these back to a transphysical realm, thus revealing the
grounds for the Husserlian sphere of primal facts, which itself remains beyond the reach of phenomenological
reflection. Hence Conrad-Martius’ and Husserl’s investigations encounter and complement
each other at the point where the real bursts into reality and becomes available to consciousness. These
reflections are organized as follows: The first part presents Conrad-Martius’ conception of a real-ontological
phenomenology in order to examine her criticism of Husserl’s transcendental reduction. The second part deals with her real-ontological conception of the essence of reality or the “real-reality”
and its hypothetically posed existence. The third part concerns the conceptions of being, analogia essendi
and categorial being with recourse to Aristotle, Aquinas and Husserl and sets these in relation to
Conrad-Martius’ own conception. The fourth part deals with her own understanding of the analogia
essendi and of real being in order to shed light on the claim concerning the hypostatization of being.
The fifth part explores Husserl’s positing of a sphere of primal facticity, Conrad-Martius’ conception
of a real entity and its origin in a transphysical realm. The article finally summarizes the main results
of these reflections.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: being

value: essence

value: existence

value: reality

value: ontology

value: metaphysics

value: Conrad-Martius

value: Aristotle

value: Aquinas, Husserl


dc.contributor.author

value: FELDES, JOACHIM

dc.identifier.citation

value: FELDES J. A SAMOVAR FOR PHENOMENOLOGY LETTERS FROM ALEXANDRE KOYRÉ TO HEDWIG CONRAD-MARTIUS IN THE PERIOD TILL 1933. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 553–576.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Alexandre Koyré from Taganrog in Southern Russia, later teaching in France and the US, and Hedwig
Conrad-Martius from Rostock in Northern Germany, eventually teaching in Munich, got to know
each other as students of Edmund Husserl’s at Göttingen. Members of the Philosophische Gesellschaft
Göttingen, they then also belonged to the Bergzabern Circle which came into existence during World
War I and has been named this way as the group usually met in Conrad-Martius’ and her husband
Theodor Conrad’s house in Bergzabern, a small town in Southern Palatinate, close to Germany’s border
with France. Common to the circle was their critical reception of Husserl’s “transcendental turn”
and their adhesion to Adolf Reinach whom they understood as the “real phenomenologist” because of
upholding a rather realist view on things and consciousness. Also typical for the Bergzabern phenomenologists,
both Koyré and Conrad-Martius spent much effort on religious and theological questions.
So beginning from the second half of the war, inspired by Reinach’s writing on religious philosophy,
and intensifying during the early 20s, Koyré and Conrad-Martius shared the interest e.g. in the idea of
God, considerations on God’s existence which then led to common endeavors on René Descartes and
similar investigations of theosophical thinkers like Jakob Boehme. Together with Jean Hering, Edith
Stein and Alfred von Sybel they struggled and intensely questioned Martin Heidegger’s philosophical
and academic activity and sharply argued—especially after the publication of Sein und Zeit in 1927 and
Husserl’s 70th birthday in 1929—against Heidegger’s “Atheist philosophy,” as they would call it. Though being one the most compelling relationships inside the early phenomenological movement, the interconnection
of Koyré and Conrad-Martius by now has unfortunately merely been scratched on its
surface, let alone has been analyzed in depth. Following some minor recent contributions of the author
on the topic, the article highlights Koyré’s and Conrad-Martius’ correspondence from the time before
World War I until Summer 1933, in particular the nine letters and postcards preserved in Munich’s Bavarian
State Library. It may show not only the personal and philosophical relationship between Koyré
and Conrad-Martius, but hopefully raise the interest in further research on this topic, i.e. to what degree
Koyré’s claim that phenomenology can’t do without a samovar should be followed and lived up to.

dc.subject

value: Alexandre Koyré

value: Hedwig Conrad-Martius

value: Early Phenomenology

value: Descartes

value: Boehme

value: Theosophy

value: Martin Heidegger

value: Atheism


dc.contributor.author

value: PŁOTKA, WITOLD

dc.identifier.citation

value: PŁOTKA W. ON FILOZOFÓWNA’S CRITICISM OF BLAUSTEIN’S PHENOMENOLOGY OF AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 534–552.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Phenomenology originates in a critical assessment of descriptive psychology. In this regard, scholars emphasize
mainly the problem of psychologism. Yet, the question of a methodological divide between both
approaches is rather at the margins of contemporary scholarship. In the present paper, I analyze and discuss
the 1931–32 debate held by Irena Filozofówna and Leopold Blaustein as a case study of the phenomenology-
psychology divide. The debate addresses the structure of aesthetic experience, as well as a methodological
background for describing psychic life. My main task is to present arguments, concepts, and methodologies
of the opposing positions. To do so, in Sect. (1) I outline biographical sketches of Filozofówna
and Blaustein. They were members of the Lvov-Warsaw School, but they presented different approaches:
whereas Filozofówna advocated descriptive and experimental psychology, Blaustein—educated not only by
Twardowski, but also by Ingarden, and Husserl—referred to the phenomenological tradition too. Sect. (2)
summarizes Blaustein’s phenomenological aesthetics. His approach consists in analyzing aesthetic experience
as a combination of nonreducible presentations. His key observation is that different types of art
require different presentations, say, imaginative, schematic, or symbolic. In Sect. (3), I analyze Filozofówna’s
criticism of this approach. Her main argument consists in emphasizing judgments as a necessary element
of every lived experience. She claims that Blaustein comprehends acts as intentional, i.e., as presenting their
objects as “such and such,” but by doing so, he confuses presentations with judgments. In this section I follow
Blaustein’s replies to Filozofówna’s criticism. In Sect. (4), I analyze Filozofówna’s argument that Blaustein
adopted an ineffective method, since he was too hasty in accepting unjustified hypotheses. In Sect. (5), I ask
about a theoretical background of Filozofówna’s criticism, and I juxtapose both positions.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The project was held within the research grant on “The Presence of Kazimierz Twardowski’s
Thought in Early Phenomenology in Poland” financed by the National Science Centre, Poland
within the OPUS program (No. 2017/27/B/HS1/02455).

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: descriptive psychology

value: phenomenological method

value: aesthetic experience

value: hypothesis

value: description

value: theory of presentations

value: Filozofówna

value: Blaustein


dc.contributor.author

value: BURNS, TIMOTHY

dc.identifier.citation

value: BURNS T. PHENOMENOLOGY WITHOUT EGOLOGY: EDITH STEIN AS AN ORIGINAL PHENOMENOLOGICAL THINKER. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 463–483.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Edith Stein is considered a leading figure in the early phenomenological movement and the disciple
who performed in the best way the phenomenological method proposed by Husserl, and yet her relationship
to phenomenology remains unclear in the literature. This article seeks to add clarity to her
relationship to phenomenology while considering three inescapably related questions. (1) What did
Stein conceive phenomenology to be? (2) How should we understand Husserl’s influence on Stein?
(3) Was Stein an original phenomenological thinker? I argue that Stein conceives of phenomenology as
an epistemological critique that aims to clarify the essential foundations of knowledge. It involves intentional
analysis that proceeds by way of essential-seeing (Wesensschau), which can be brought about
through the method of free imaginative variation, and its intentional analysis involves close attention
to the relationship between meaning-intention and meaning-fulfillment. I argue that the primary influence
Husserl exerts on Stein is in the development of phenomenology as conceived in his Logical
Investigations. Finally, I offer an understanding of how Stein conceived of her differences with Husserl
on the issue of idealism in order to argue that Stein’s phenomenological writings in On the Problem of
Empathy and “Sentient Causality” offer us a novel phenomenological account of the human being that
begins with the ego but escapes being a mere egology. Edith Stein’s phenomenology of the human person
begins with the ego and its experiences, and yet, she identifies within those experiences a certain
kind of extra-egoic content, viz. experiences of my sentient states.

dc.subject

value: Edith Stein

value: Edmund Husserl

value: Phenomenology

value: Realist Phenomenology

value: Göttingen Circle

value: Early Phenomenology

value: Sentience

value: Lifepower

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: JANI, ANNA

dc.identifier.citation

value: JANI A. SPIRITUAL ACTS IN ANTHROPOLOGY. EDITH STEIN’S PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 425–440.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The aim of the present contribution is to prove that spiritual acts not only play a significant role in the
phenomenological description of the person and in individual and social experiences, but likewise
they play a decisive role in the methodological constitution of phenomenology and have a core function
in the theoretical structuring of the phenomenological description of the person, regarding, for
example, metaphysical and anthropological characteristics. Firstly, in the paper, the implications for
anthropology that arise from Edith Stein’s phenomenology are examined. In the second part—from
the insight that Stein does not structure anthropology without its metaphysical background—the paper
underlines the metaphysical presuppositions of anthropology in Stein’s thinking. In both stages,
the investigation engages with Husserlian insights that Stein took on board and creatively introduced
from Husserl’s thought into her own work. The inference from this engagement of Stein with Husserl
emerges in the way Stein structures anthropology in general, and the origin of this can be seen in the
description of the person as a psychophysical individual. At this point, the question arises regarding
how the description of the spiritual acts can contribute to the structure of the person and, in this sense,
to the foundation of anthropology as a philosophical-theological science.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: anthropology

value: metaphysics

value: theology

value: person

value: Leib-Körper

value: soul

value: core of personality


dc.contributor.author

value: RAKHMANINOVA, MARIA

dc.identifier.citation

value: RAKHMANINOVA M. FREEDOM AND (CO)BEING: AN-ARCHE’S ROUTES THROUGH THE LANDSCAPES OF PHENOMENOLOGY. PREFACE TO JOERY SHRIVERS’ ARTICLE “ANARCHISM AND PHENOMENOLOGY”. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 577–584.

dc.description.abstract

value:
We offer an introductory article to the translation of Dutch philosopher Joery Schreivers’ work Phenomenologists
and Anarchism, which deals with the reception of current foreign trajectories of phenomenological
and akratic reflexions from the perspective of contemporary Russian academic discourse. In the
light of this, an attempt is made to assess the significance and originality of J. Shrivers’ study, focused
on the conceptual juxtaposition of two philosophical traditions: phenomenology and the philosophy
of anarchism. The value of the author’s stated perspective, which provides an opportunity to revise the
classical phenomenological texts, is articulated as being related to its methodological novelty—not only
for the Russian-speaking space, but also for foreign philosophy; a review and analysis of the central theses
of the article, related to the key figures of the line of succession of acrical reflection in the phenomenological
tradition, which is outlined by the author, is given, including: M. Heidegger, R. Schürmann,
E. Levinas, J. Derrida, J.-L. Nancy, J.-I. Lacoste, C. Romano and J.-L. Marion. The article also builds theoretical
connections between the anarchist foundations of a number of phenomenological reflections
identified by J. Schreivers and the ontological accoutrements of other current philosophical trends—for
example, the actor-network theory and the polyphony of new materialisms.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: anarchist philosophy

value: anarchism

value: phenomenology

value: acratic

value: interdisciplinarity

value: an-arche

value: anarchist studies


dc.contributor.author

value: FEISE-MAHNKOPP, PATRICIA

dc.identifier.citation

value: FEISE-MAHNKOPP P. IN-BETWEEN MIND, SPIRIT, AND BEING: A CRITICAL APPRECIATION OF GERDA WALTHER’S PHENOMENOLOGY OF MYSTICISM WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CORRESPONDENCES TO POST‑MATERIALIST NOTIONS OF REALITY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 499–533.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In her main work, Walther exposes the unio mystica as meta-transcendental constitution of (fundamental)
spiritual being (the bracketing indicates that this demonstration can be read in a metaphysical,
i.e., strong, as well as in a secular, i.e., weak, version). While reflecting her approach theoretically and
methodologically by drawing on Husserl, Landmann, Stein, just as on Pfänder and Conrad-Martius,
Walther proposes a genuine approach that pushes the transcendental idealistic paradigm further. Its
crucial claim is (imperfect) perceptibility and experientiality of (fundamental) spiritual being (labeled
“God” by Walther). It is based on a substantially and ontologically differentiating—though integrative—
notion of the conditio humana: entanglement of ego-center (both belonging to the transcendental
realm and transgressing it meta-transcendentally), self (belonging to psychophysical being), and soulspiritual
implications of personal basic essence (belonging to spiritual being) with its “metaphysical-real
core” (belonging to fundamental spiritual being). By the help of mystical vision, (fundamental) spiritual
being is not only (though imperfectly) perceived and experienced; rather, according to Walther, human
ego-consciousness also communicates with God as a spiritual person. However, the latter cannot be
supported by Walther’s analysis. In other words, a critical distinction must be made between the—phenomenologically
demonstrable—philosophical content of Walther’s investigation and its theologically
motivated readings. Accordingly, the present article can appreciate the philosophical significance of
her Phenomenology of Mysticism without thereby being committed to its theological interpretations.
Walther’s main work, in summary, is a substantial—if not consistently concise—contribution to the
philosophy of mind/spirit and being, which, moreover, is able to act as a bridge between philosophical phenomenology and theology. Additionally, in the weak reading, Walther’s integrative concept of
mind/spirit and being is connectable to postmaterialist notions of reality.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 10; Issue 2

value: Walther

value: early phenomenological movement

value: mystical experience

value: mind/spirit

value: being

value: anthropology

value: theological turn

value: post-materialism

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: BERTOLINI, SIMONA

dc.identifier.citation

value: BERTOLINI S. ZWEI PHASEN IN DER ENTWICKLUNG DER UNTERSUCHUNG HEDWIG CONRAD-MARTIUS‘ ZUM SEIN DES MENSCHEN UND DER LEBEWESEN. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 398–424.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Interest in the ontological constitution of living beings (with particular reference to the human being)
characterizes the whole development of Hedwig Conrad-Martius’ philosophy. Several works written by
the philosopher over the years deal with both the phenomenological description and the ontological
foundation of the difference between plants, animals, and humans. Specifically, the ontological structure
of the human being is investigated as a layered structure which presupposes those of plants and
animals while overcoming them in a more complex and spiritual unity, on which human freedom and
human knowledge depend. Although this topic maintains a crucial role in Conrad-Martius’ thought,
the way the philosopher addresses it and the theoretical results of her phenomenological-ontological
inquiry about it do not remain unchanged. Indeed, the ontological structure at the basis of phenomenal
differences as well as the metaphysical foundations of this structure change over the decades. This paper
aims at distinguishing between two phases, characterized by different ontological categories, through
which Conrad-Martius’ anthropology and biological ontology develop. In the first phase, at the beginning
of the twenties (precisely in her work Metaphysical Dialogues), the essential differences between
plants, animals, and humans are explained with reference to a vital origin preceding the constitution
of reality; to describe it Conrad-Martius employs terms such as “abyss” and “under-earthly realm.” In
the second phase, exemplified by some writings published in the forties and the fifties, the reference to
such a dimension disappears and the eidetic variety within the living world, including human specificity,
is exclusively traced back to the finalistic substantiation of essences in the natural beings.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.subject

value: human nature

value: spirit

value: soul

value: living beings

value: essence

value: ontology

value: metaphysics


dc.contributor.author

value: DE SANTIS, DANIELE

dc.identifier.citation

value: DE SANTIS D. CORE OF THE ESSENCE AND CORE OF THE PERSON: JEAN HERING AND A HIDDEN SOURCE OF EDITH STEIN’S EARLY ONTOLOGY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 441–462.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The present paper makes the case for considering Jean Hering the source from which Edith Stein
first borrowed the concept of “core,” notably, “core of the person.” In particular, we maintain that the
background of Stein’s decision is represented by the original version of Hering’s famous booklet Bemerkungen
über das Wesen, die Wesenheit und die Idee, namely, the Appendix (Fragmente zur Vorbereitung
einer künftigen Lehre vom Apriori) to his still unpublished dissertation on Lotze. Nevertheless, whereas
Hering introduces the concept of “core” to merely discriminate between different types of essences
within the framework of a general attempt at determining the structure of individual essences, Stein
takes it to characterize always and exclusively the structure of the person, notably, its mode of being,
thereby paving the way for her future personalistic ontology. The paper will be divided into three parts.
In § 2 evidence will be produced to support the thesis that Stein had direct knowledge of Hering’s dissertation.
§ 3 will analyze Hering’s notions of essence and “core of the essence” (in both versions of the
text and in relation to the example of the “essence” of Caesar). Finally, § 4 will tackle the “core” in Stein’s
early works, in particular in the book on empathy, and in comparison with Hering’s understanding of
it. The paper intends to pursue a double goal: it aims at emphasizing the novelty of Stein’s conception
of the essence, notably, core of the (individual) essence while at the same time reconstructing the wider
framework to which it belongs.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the Czech Sciences Foundation, financing the project “Intentionality
and Person in Medieval Philosophy and Phenomenology” (GAČR 21-08256S), and by the European
Regional Development Fund-Project “Creativity and Adaptability as Conditions of the Success
of Europe in an Interrelated World” (No. CZ. 02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000734).

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Edith Stein

value: Jean Hering

value: individuum

value: philosophy of the person

value: eidetic phenomenology

dc.title

filename: 05_De Santis.pdf


dc.contributor.author

value: CALCAGNO, ANTONIO

dc.identifier.citation

value: CALCAGNO A. THE CHALLENGES OF I-SPLITTING OR ICHSPALTUNG FOR THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF EDITH STEIN AND GERDA WALTHER. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 484–498.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The phenomenon of I-splitting or Ichspaltung poses many challenges for phenomenology. In particular,
one wonders how one and the same I can perform different acts while preserving its disinterested
autonomy and identity. Moreover, as the I moves from the natural attitude to the phenomenological
one, phenomenologists like Husserl defend the purity of the transcendental I to grasp the sense of what
its lives. How can the I move from one attitude to the next without being affected or conditioned by the
acts carried out and content seized by the I in both attitudes? For example, one wonders how trauma
or intense emotional experiences may affect the transcendental or phenomenological I, if at all. Edith
Stein and Gerda Walther are read here as deepening the problem of I-splitting, for they introduce a
form of it that is not merely defined by the undertaking of different acts of consciousness, for example,
the move from the natural to the phenomenological attitude; rather, they describe lived experiences in
which the very fundamental unity of the individual, personal I is challenged or negated through intense
forms of sociality and intersubjectivity achieved in community and telepathy as well as ruptures in the
constitutive unity of persons through soullessness. I argue here that these phenomena seriously challenge
not only the unity of I experience but also phenomenology’s claim of the capacity of a pure and
absolute ego to grasp philosophically and scientifically the objective sense of its investigations.

dc.subject

value: I-splitting

value: Ichspaltung

value: unity of consciousness

value: fragmentation of the I

value: identity

value: person and personhood

value: soullessness

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: MIRON, Ronny

value: BERTOLINI, Simona

dc.identifier.citation

value: MIRON R., BERTOLINI S. INTRODUCTION. WOMEN PHENOMENOLOGISTS: HEDWIG CONRAD-MARTIUS, EDITH STEIN, AND GERDA WALTHER. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 355–359.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 10; Issue 2


title: ANARCHISM AND PHENOMENOLOGY

dc.contributor.author

value: SHRIVERS, JOERY

dc.identifier.citation

value: SHRIVERS J. ANARCHISM AND PHENOMENOLOGY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2021, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 585–608.

dc.description.abstract

value: ANARCHISM AND PHENOMENOLOGY

dc.language.iso

value: ru


dc.contributor.author

value: Bołdyrew, Aleksander

value: Łopatecki, Karol

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bołdyrew, Aleksander; Łopatecki, Karol . Volley fire in Europe in the mid-16th century // Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. С. 3-18.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article explores the application of volley fire in European armies in the mid-16th century. On the basis of Polish sources, the authors established that shooting volleys was applied by Polish infantry in 1558. There was also training in collective loading and shooting conducted by a commander every few days. Fire was conducted in the Turkish manner, i. e. having fired a salvo the rank would kneel and load the weapon in this position. The painting referred to in the article «The Battle of Orsha» (created in the 1530s or 1540s) shows the West European manner of conducting combat by an infantry unit. It involved setting the shooters in three ranks and alternating firing at enemy positions with a simultaneous countermarch. This suggests that the method described for the first time by the Spanish in 1592 was spread half a century earlier. The sources show that in the mid-16th century, volley fire was known in vast Eurasian tracks from remote China, through the Ottoman Empire to the western ends of Europe. The difference lay in the way of conducting the volley fire, and the most effective form of fire applied in battles was invented by the Dutch in the 1590s. As a result of the enlargement of weapon size and the introduction of muskets, the method proposed by Tarnowski of loading firearms in kneeling position became increasingly obsolete.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was written as part of the research project of the National Centre for Science SONATA, no. 2016/23/D/HS3/03210 «The military revolution as a modernization factor in the public finance and state organization of the Polish-Lithuanian state in the comparative perspective».

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana;Volume 2 (30)

dc.subject

value: volley fire

value: military revolution

value: countermarch

value: Jan Tarnowski

value: military of the 16th century

value: tactics of the 16th century

value: soldiers’ training


dc.contributor.author

value: Guzowski, Piotr

dc.identifier.citation

value: Guzowski, Piotr. Military revolution and state capacity of Jagiellonian states at the turn of the Middle Ages in European context // Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. С. 19-36.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article provides an overview of financial situation in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the early modern era when both states entered the period of military revolution. Military conflicts engaging the Kingdom and the Duchy in the 15th and especially in the 16th century were a catalyst for institutional and treasury reforms affecting crown/ducal domains and fiscal systems in both states. The reforms were aimed primarily at increasing the royal and ducal revenues, but in the long run they were conducive to political changes, the most important of which was the parliamentary union in 1569 and establishment of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Although revenues increased and foreign policies of Jagiellonian states proved successful, their treasury systems were never fully modernized. Fixed taxes played a minimal role and allowed the state apparatuses to function relatively efficiently only during periods of peace. The crises, in turn, showed that the Jagiellons’ credit capacity was very limited. Compared to the most developed European countries, the revenue and financial capacity of the Kingdom of Poland, and even more so of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, can be considered very modest.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This paper was written as part of a research project funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, SONATA, contract no. UMO-2016/23/D/HS3/03210 «The military revolution as a modernization factor in the public finance and state organization of the Polish-Lithuanian state in the comparative perspective».

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: state capacity

value: the Jagiellons

value: the Kingdom of Poland

value: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Gawron, Przemysław

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gawron, Przemysław. Organizational transformations of the Crown Army during the war of the Vistula mouth, 1626–1629, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 37-52.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article explores the organizational transformations of the Crown army during the war with Sweden in the years 1626–1629. On the basis of fiscal sources, correspondence, and war accounts, the author established that the number of Sigismund III’s troops increased. In 1629 they were more numerous in Prussia than the combined armies in Prussia and in Ukraine three years earlier. Positional warfare with the Swedes, who had a considerable number of well-trained infantry and perfect artillery, required a change in the structure of the army, over half of which during hostilities consisted of dragoons and infantry formations, especially those of the foreign contingent. Over the course of the war, free companies (freikompanie), which made up a core of the infantry at the beginning of the war, were mostly replaced by large regiments of over three thousand pay rates. Also, successful attempts were made to create infantry units trained and armed in the German manner, commanded by foreigners, but recruited among Sigismund III’s subjects, and the ranks of Polish-Hungarian infantry were reinforced. In the ranks of cavalry, reiters were of more importance than in Ukraine. They grew into a third force in the Polish cavalry, after Polish hussars and Cossacks. Considerably smaller changes occurred for artillery, which despite significant expenses was still inferior to that of the Swedish artillery. Sigismund III’s troops also struggled with the deficiency of experienced engineers and cartographers. Although after the Altmark armistice the king had to reduce the army, from which the infantry disappeared almost entirely, dragoons were preserved in Ukraine thanks to Crown Field Hetman Koniecpolski. From that time on, they would constitute an indispensable part of the wojsko kwarciane (quarter army). The significance of the Prussian war for the development of the Crown military is best illustrated by the fact that in 1633, in the course of preparations for the war with Muscovy for Smolensk, Władysław IV and his advisers organized the army largely in the manner of the years 1626–1629.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was written as part of the research project of the National Centre for Science SONATA, no. 2016/23/D/HS3/03210 «The military revolution as a modernization factor in the public finance and state organization of the Polish-Lithuanian state in the comparative perspective».

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana;Volume 2 (30)

dc.subject

value: War for the Vistula mouth

value: Crown army

value: Swedish army

value: Sigismund III

value: Gustav II Adolf

value: military reforms


dc.contributor.author

value: Bessudnova, Marina Borisovna

dc.identifier.citation

value: «Hanseatic» summer school at the Novgorod state university named after Yaroslav the Wise, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 189-191.

dc.description.abstract

value: Information about the summer school “Everyday life of the Hanseatic people in Medieval Novgorod”, which took place on july 4-11, 2021 at the Novgorod state university. Yaroslav the Wise.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The event was held within the framework of the the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) project “Economic, political, and sociocultural communications between Russia and Baltic region in the 15–17th centuries based on the archival collections of Tallinn, Lübeck, Berlin, Stockholm and St. Petersburg” (no. 19-18-00183).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Hansa

value: Hanseatic League

value: history of science


dc.contributor.author

value: Reznikova, Yekaterina I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Reznikova Ye. I. 2021. Evolution of Kazakhstan’s still life based on examples from the collection of the Kasteyev State Museum of Arts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 238–256.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores the phenomenon of Kazakhstan’s still life as exemplified by selected paintings
from the collection of the Kasteyev State Museum of Arts of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
It reviews works by several generations of painters, from the inception of the professional
school of painting in Kazakhstan to date. Without claiming to provide a comprehensive
overview of the painters who consistently developed still life, the article attempts to identify
key philosophical and stylistic tendencies in this specific genre from a historical perspective.
Studying the evolution of still life in Kazakhstan’s art based on the nation’s largest art collection
is an opportunity to outline the main milestones in the development of the national school
of painting and discover its greatest painters. The article reviews works by Kazakhstan’s most
prominent artists, including the founder of the national school of painting Abylkhan Kasteyev
whose name was given to the museum in 1984; national artists from the 1950s Aisha Galimbayeva
and Gulfairus Ismailova; the 1960s’ Togbolat Togysbayev, Ivan Bondarenko, and Aria
Shkolny; the 1970s’ Kenzhebay Duisenbayev; and some contemporaries. It also touches upon
the development of the museum’s collection based on the example of one of its largest sections.
The number of works included in the collection and its high artistic value makes the Kasteyev
State Museum of Arts the country’s largest and oldest collection, with a history of more than
85 years.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: The Issues of Museology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: national still life

value: evolution of the genre

value: Kazakhstan’s painting

value: objects

value: object and spatial relations

value: color and form

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Grabarczyk, Tadeusz

dc.identifier.citation

value: Grabarczyk, Tadeusz. About the armament of the Polish knights once again, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 164-169.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the years 2016–2018, a three-volume work «Knight in war, travel and the accomodation» was published in Poland. The author of this trilogy is Jan Szymczak, Professor Emeritus at the University of Lodz (Poland). In the first two volumes, he discussed the armament and equipment of knights in medieval Poland from the 10th to the 16th century. In the first volume, the author deals with defensive weapons, in the second ― offensive. The author paid much attention to the issue of terminology related to weapons. He tries to explain the nomenclature that appears in the sources, to explain the origin of the names of weapons that appeared in Polish. In the discussed books, a lot of space is devoted to issues related to the production and prices of weapons. In the third volume, the author also deals with horses and riding gear. However, on the pages of the book we find not only information about the knight’s equipment, but also a lot of space is devoted to weapons used by citizens, peasants and mercenary soldiers. The reader will also find in this study a lot of information not only about Polish army, but also about armies of other countries of medieval Europe.
On the pages of J. Szymczak’s works, we find not only the parameters of weapons and examples of their use in battles, but he also shows them as an important element of court and religious ceremonies. Although the work is dedicated to the Polish knighthood, in it there are references to ancient cultures or medieval European literature. The work contains a very rich bibliography, including handwritten and printed sources, as well as a very large selection of literature.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana;Volume 2 (30)

dc.subject

value: Poland

value: Middle Ages

value: knights

value: armour

value: weapon

value: armor

value: historiography

value: military history


dc.contributor.author

value: Gordeeva, Ekaterina A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gordeeva E. A. 2021. Industrial heritage of the “gray belt” of St. Petersburg: Problems of preservation and future prospects. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 310–319.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the features of the functioning and preservation of the industrial heritage
of St. Petersburg within the “gray belt”. The author formulates the concept of industrial heritage
based on the materials of international documents. The article also provides several types of classification
of industrial heritage sites, which have chosen one of the key principles as their basis,
as well as the main criteria for preservation. By reviewing the history of the development of the
industrial “gray belt” as a historically established urban environment that has become a barrier
between historical buildings and residential neighborhoods of St. Petersburg, the author aims to
display the key problems of preserving industrial heritage within the belt and identify the main
trends in working with it. Thus, having originated almost simultaneously with the city, the “gray
belt” formed its main image at the turn of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Throughout the 20th
century, several attempts were made to reconstruct industrial areas, but they were unsuccessful.
Only in the late 1990s did certain processes begin that were associated with the relocation or
closure of industrial enterprises. At the moment, the territory of the “gray belt” contains many
monuments of cultural heritage that need protection from looters and unscrupulous owners. In
the article, the following are indicated as the main directions of work with the belt’s industrial
heritage: conservation, redevelopment, revitalization, etc. Special attention in the article is paid
to museumification. In the author’s opinion, this is the most underestimated direction by the
state authorities and private investors. Also in the article, the author formulates further prospects
for the development of cultural practices in this segment of urban development.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: The Issues of Museology;Volume 12; Issue 2

value: industrial heritage

value: gray belt

value: museumification

value: revitalization

value: redevelopment

value: preservation of industrial heritage sites

value: conservation


dc.contributor.author

value: Prokopyev, Andrey Yuryevich

dc.identifier.citation

value: Galina Evgenyevna Lebedeva (10.05.1935 – 30.10.2021), in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 181-188.

dc.description.abstract

value: Obituary of the famous Byzantine scholar, professor of St. Petersburg State University Galina Evgenyevna Lebedeva. Galina Evgenyevna worked at the Leningrad–St. Petersburg University more than 60 years. She graduated many students. Galina Evgenievna studied the socio-economic history of Byzantium, the problems of the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, the history of Byzantine studies in Russia and the USSR.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana;Volume 2 (30)

value: obituary

value: G. E. Lebedeva

value: Byzantium

value: Byzantine studies

value: history of science

dc.type

value: Article


title: The Courland campaigns 1705–1706

dc.contributor.author

value: Balcerek, Mariusz Adrian

dc.identifier.citation

value: Balcerek, Mariusz Adrian. The Courland campaigns 1705–1706, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 175-180.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article aims to present a critical book by Vladimir Sergeyevich Velikanov, and Sergey Leonidovich Mekhnev caught our attention to the Courland campaign of 1705–1706 and the battle of Gemauerthof (lat. Mūrmuiža). The authors of the reviewed work described a fragment of the Great Northern War, which was unknown until now.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: the Great North War

value: the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

value: battle of Gemauerthof

value: the Tsar Peter the Great

value: Adam Lewenhaupt

value: Boris Sheremetev

dc.title

value: The Courland campaigns 1705–1706


dc.contributor.author

value: Kezha, Yury Nikolaevich

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kezha, Yury Nikolaevich. Rogvolod’s polity and formation of an ethnopolitical organization on the territory of the Middle Dvina in the Хth century, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 116-132.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article discusses the first stages in the formation of an ethnopolitical community on the territory of the Belarusian Dvina, known from the annals as «Polochane». Using basic principles developed by the Vienna School of Historical Ethnography, the author identifies significant socio-political changes in the early medieval (9th–10th centuries) history of Eastern Europe due to the emergence of new elites. The formation of stable ethnopolitical communities is associated with the emergence of these elite groups . The absence of particular artifacts of northern European origin in Polotsk and the Polotsk okrug in the 9th – the first half of the 10th century suggests the independent formation of this center on the basis of local social structures. Significant socio-political changes in Eastern Europe arose during the Viking era (9th–10th centuries), and penetration of the North European military-trade groups into the territory of the Middle Dvina was associated with the beginnings of the active functioning of the West-Dvina branch of the Baltic-Black Sea route (the trade route «from the Varangians to the Greeks»). The development of this route became the main reason why Scandinavian leader Rogvolod came to the Polotsk region and formed a territorial and political organization, conditionally referred to as the «Rogvolod Polity». After the middle to the second half of the 10th century, a social transformation took place on the territory of the Middle Dvina, associated with the formation of elite military-trade groups and the formation of a brigade culture. The Rogvolod Polity, as the first stable territorial and political organization in the Dvina basin, created the institutional foundations for the subsequent consolidating ideology (the «core of tradition» according to R. Wenskus), embodied in the 11th century Polotsk princes Rogvolodovichi in the formation of the ethno-political community «Polochane».

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana;Volume 2 (30)

dc.subject

value: Polochans

value: Rogvolod’s Polity

value: the brigade culture

value: Middle Dvina

value: Polotsk

value: ethnicity

value: ways of intercultural communication


dc.contributor.author

value: Avakov, Pyotr Ashotovich

value: Kochegarov, Kirill Aleksandrovich

dc.identifier.citation

value: Avakov, Pyotr Ashotovich; Kochegarov, Kirill Aleksandrovich. The unique drawing of the Zaporozhian Sich and the Kamenny Zaton fortress of the beginning of 18th century, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 64-78.

dc.description.abstract

value: The paper presents and analyses the undated drawing of Zaporozhian Sich and Russian fortress Kamenny Zaton (Stone Bay), completely unstudied before. The drawing was made at the beginning of 18th century and has preserved in collection of Malorossiysky prikaz (Little Russia Office) in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Using methods of source criticism and historical geography authors attribute the drawing and conclude that it can be connected with the special mission to Sich, headed by Stol’nik (Steward) Fedor Protasyev and the General Esaul of Zaporozhian Host (Cossack Hetmanate) Ivan Skoropadsky in 1703. The main goal of the mission, that is studied on the base of new archive sources, was to oblige Zaporozhian Cossack to take an oath to the Peter I in return for tsar’s salary. Authors also analyzes in details the drawing itself, describing at the same time the process of building of the Kamenny Zaton and correcting the timeline of it, including the foundation date of the fortress. It appeared that Kamenny Zaton had earthen fortifications only, as the Russian government didn’t manage to build stone ones. The picture of the Kamenny Zaton on the drawing was made in the orthogonal projection as quadrilateral bastion fortress, whereas in reality it had five bastions. The Zaporozhian Sich is pictured as symbolical agglomeration of buildings with gable roofs and four towers. Considering technical and stylistic characteristics of the document it can be identified as the Russian geographical drawing, the unique artefact that reflects and visualizes the history of Russian colonization of the lower Dnieper River territories in the beginning of 18th century.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was prepared as part of state assignment for 2021 en-trusted to the Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the RAS on the topic «History and Culture of the Peoples of the South of Russia: Between Tradition and Modernization» (state registration number: AAAA-A19-119011190182-8).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Zaporozhian Sich

value: fortress Kamenny Zaton (Stone Bay)

value: Zaporozhian Cossacks

value: Russian-Ukrainian relations

value: history of fortification

value: Russian geographical drawing

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Vilkul, Tatyana Leonidovna

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vilkul, Tatyana Leonidovna. 1044 annual entry in textual studies of the witnesses of the «Primary Chronicle», in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 133-144.

dc.description.abstract

value: One piece of the 1044 annual entry of the Primary Chronicle contains account about a unique event in the history of Old Rus, which historians and philologists have interpreted time and again. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise the remains («bones») of his uncles Yaropolk and Oleg the sons of Svyatoslav were dug up and baptized, and former pagan Kievan princes were honorably reburied in the Church of the Mother of God of Tithes. Though that unusual practice contradicted church canons, the prince Yaroslav’s contemporaries were most likely not fully aware of it, as not all church rules shortly after the baptism of Rus were strictly adhered to. Scholars have found Scandinavian and Icelandic parallels to that story, which allow its interpretation in the context of a dynastic cult, various manifestations of which can be observed on the barbaric periphery of Europe. Comparison of the main manuscripts of the Primary Chronicle of the Laurentian and Hypatian branches, the seniour First Novgorod Chronicle and Novgorod-Sophian group shows that the impressive 1044 year’s entry attracted the attention of medieval editors and copyists, that caused discrepancies in all versions. The article analyzes the nature of those discrepancies in the field of textual criticism. The main witnesses have their own features, while the Novgorod-Sophian group combines heterogeneous variant readings. The noteworthy addition «in Volodymer» after the name of the church in the Hypatian and Novgorod-Sophian branches «moves» events from Kiev to Vladimir-on-Klyazma or Vladimir-Volhynsky and was an obviously anachronism, for the cathedrals in both cities were built in the second half of the 12th century. It rather inserted by a post-Mongol scribe, unfamiliar with Kievan realities. The afftinity of the Hypatian and Novgorod-Sophian group in that variant reading prompts a close examination other shared similarities. Several spot-check readings founded in some entries may indicate the impact of the South Rus version on the common protograph of the Novgorod-Sophian chronicles. All the same, a number of clear borrowings from the Hypatian branch are observed only in somewhat later stratum of the compilations.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana;Volume 2 (30)

dc.subject

value: Ancient Rus’

value: Old Russian chronicles

value: textual criticism

value: medieval annals and chronicles


dc.contributor.author

value: Prokhorenkov, Igor Aleksandrovich

dc.identifier.citation

value: Prokhorenkov, Igor Aleksandrovich. Military and political print propaganda of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 16th–17th centuries: Printers in the royal service, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 53-63.

dc.description.abstract

value: During the last five years of the Livonian War the number of new printed anti-Moscow leaflets has been noticeably increased in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This phenomenon could be explained by the purposeful policy of Stephen Bathory. The most important vectors of this policy were preserved during the reign of Sigismund III. The article analyzes basic principles of interaction between the royal court and polish-lithuanian printers in the last quarter of the 16th century. Previously polish royal court used only a system of publishing privilege to regulate the work of typographers. Starting from the reign of Stephen Bathory, we could notice the new stage of collaboration between the central authority and typographers. In particular, in 1577 appeared the first mobile state press in Polish history. The role of this typography in the war propaganda of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is examined in article. Another important factor of the history of the Polish political press, which is discussed in papers, is the circumstances of the establishment of the position of «archtypographer» by king Sigismund III Vasa. Numerous personal innovations of Polish monarchs determined the appearance of the system of relations between the state and private printing houses for the next century.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: «Marching typography»

value: political press

value: Stephen Bathory

value: Sigismund III Vasa

value: Nicolas Szarfenberger

value: Jan Januszowski


dc.contributor.author

value: Sowa, Jan Jerzy

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sowa, Jan Jerzy. One more time about tactics and weaponry, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 170-174.

dc.description.abstract

value: Mark W. Shearwood’s study is devoted to the use of plug bayonets in the English army in the second half of the 17th and early 18th centuries. The author has shown that the plug bayonet was a more universal weapon than the socket bayonet. He rightly emphasizes in the conclusions of his work that when studying the history of military weaponry, especially in the pre-industrial period, specific dates for weaponry changes in particular armies and units cannot be provided. The conclusion is right that the plug bayonet was not supposed to replace pikes completely as was originally assumed by the then commanders; initially, the bayonets were used to equip troops of dragoons and grenadiers, i. e. the soldiers that did not have pikes on their equipment before. This study on the rearmament of individual armies is of interest to historians dealing with Central and Eastern Europe. It is connected with the important question of the continuity in the field of weapons between the West and Central and Eastern Europe at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. It seems that on the basis of the preserved source base it is not possible to jump at any conclusions concerning the use of the plug bayonet going further than those presented by the author.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This paper was written as part of a research project funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, OPUS-16, contract no. UMO-2018/31/B/HS3/00846 «Social and economic importance of military camps and garrisons in the Polish-Lithuanian state (16th–18th cc.)»

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.subject

value: English army

value: plug bayonet

value: socket bayonet

value: infantry

value: pike

value: military revolution

value: military tactics

value: armaments

value: historiography

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Mikheev, Savva Mikhaylovich

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mikheev, Savva Mikhaylovich. Are there any Glagolitic letters in two inscriptions from Bosnia and Herzegovina and on stones from Bregalnica valley?, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 105-115.

dc.description.abstract

value: Two inscriptions from Bosnia and Herzegovina (from the vicinities of Livno and Ljubuški) and a group of graffiti from the Bregalnica river basin in the eastern part of North Macedonia are examined in this paper. It has been suggested by previous scholars that all of these inscriptions contain Glagolitic letters. The first part of the paper offers grammatical analysis and a new translation of the inscription on the tomb of a priest named Těhodrag. The tomb was unearthed in 2003 around Livno, 50 km northeast of Split. In the second section the author examines the graphics of the donor inscription on the Humac tablet from the vicinity of Ljubuški, 30 km southwest of Mostar, and proposes a revised reading of the text. The third part offers an interpretation of enigmatic signs on stones from the Bregalnica river basin, northeast of Štip. The author comes to the conclusion that none of the examined epigraphic sources contain Glagolitic letters. Both inscriptions from Bosnia and Herzegovina are in Cyrillic with some letters written in mirror image. The letter «есть» is turned 180 degrees in both graffiti, and there is one mirror «вѣдѣ» and two mirror «нашь» at the end of the inscription on the Humac tablet. The abundance of mirror-image letters probably stems from the unique shape of the Humac inscription itself: its tiered lines go around the fours sides of the tablet, forming something like a squared spiral. As for the supposedly «Glagolitic» signs on stones from the Bregalnica river basin, closer study reveals that they are tamgas, most likely carved by bearers of the Turkic cultural tradition, the Bulgars.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana;Volume 2 (30)

dc.subject

value: Bosnia and Herzegovina

value: North Macedonia

value: Slavic writing

value: epigraphy

value: Glagolitsa

value: Cyrillic

value: turkic tamgas

value: cultural studies

value: historical sources


dc.contributor.author

value: Homza, Martin

dc.identifier.citation

value: Homza, Martin. Is chapter IX of the Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea of Moravian-Pannonian origin?, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 79-104.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article offers a new interpretation of the account of the king Svetoplek (Svatopluk) from chapter IX of the Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea. According to the author, chapter IX is based on an ancient work about king Svatopluk I of Moravia, which was written between 885 and 894 in connection with the coronation of Svatopluk as a «king of the Slavs» (rex Sclavorum). As the author of the article proves, the events described in this ancient source (the twelve-day diet and the subsequent coronation of Svatopluk) took place not on the territory of Duklja, but on the territory of Pannonia, in the places where Roman settlements were located in the Szekesfehervar region or in the Veszprem region. In the second half of the 11th century, during the reign of the Dioclean rulers Mihailo Vojislavljević and his son Constantine Bodin, the text of this ancient source was revised in the process of compiling the Vojislavljević dynastic history «Gesta regum Sclavorum». At the same time, the story about King Svatopluk was used by Benedictine monks from the circle of Roman popes to legitimize the new status of the kings of Dioclea as «kings of the Slavs». The author shows that during the period of the struggle between the papacy and the empire at the end of the 11th – beginning of the 12th century the idea of reviving the «kingdom of the Slavs» (regnum Sclavorum), devoted to Rome, enjoyed great support from the Roman throne. In this context, the image of Svatopluk as the first «king of the Slavs» recognized by Rome was actualized and became the basis for the formation of the church and political ideology of the Dioclean dynasty of Vojislavljević.

value: Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea

value: Svatopluk

value: Great Moravia

value: rex Sclavorum


dc.contributor.author

value: Belov, Nikita Vasilyevich

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belov, Nikita Vasilyevich. Herman Kazansky’s demarche against the «Oprichnina»: Historical realities and interpretations, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2021. № 2. Pp. 145-163.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article discusses the debatable question about the demarche of Herman Kazansky against the Oprichnina. The author analyzes this event and suggests that Herman supported Metropolitan Philip (Kolychev) in his speech against the expansion of the Oprichnina policy in 1567. Over time, Herman’s act began to become overgrown with ecclesiastical legends. In the Life of the saint, written in the 1660s at the behest of the Kazan Metropolitan Lawrence II, it was first said, that Herman defended Metropolitan Philip during the Council trial in the fall of 1568. After the inspection of Herman’s relics in 1889, a version of his death at the hands of the oprichniks appears in the church press. Thus, by the early 20th century, the eparchial government of Kazan presented Herman as a martyr who stood up for the disgraced Metropolitan Philip and was executed by order of Ivan the Terrible. Sources from the 16th century completely refutes the first part of this image, the act of opening the relics of Herman of Kazan in May 1923 — the second one.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana;Volume 2 (30)

value: Herman of Kazan

value: Ivan IV the Terrible

value: Metropolitan Philip (Kolychev)

value: Kazan Diocese

value: Oprichnina

value: Life of Herman of Kazan

value: uncovering of relics

value: construction of historical memory

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Konkova, Ludmila V.

value: Speshinskaia-Zorich, Maria V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Konkova L. V., Speshinskaia-Zorich M. V. Hoards of Kievan Rus’: Research and museumification experience. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 206–221.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article, in the context of museum affairs, examines a specific phenomenon of material
culture, such as hoards of jewelry from the era of Kievan Rus’. Despite the fact that, since the
19th century, these items have been included in the collections of the largest national and foreign
museums, and humanitarian sciences have accumulated considerable experience in their
comprehensive research, in the field of exhibiting, from the authors’ view, the hoards are still
not fully interpreted as exhibits with unique properties. Based on this provision, the article
poses the problem of identifying the relationship between the scholarly and museum spheres
in order to develop new approaches to actualizing the hoards as sources of information about
Ancient Rus’ and presenting them to a wide audience. The article bears a historiographic orientation
because in order to solve the problem posed, it is first required to study separately the
already accumulated theoretical and practical experience. Accordingly, the article compiles a
retrospective review of the hoards’ existence, providing the situational context and history of
archaeological excavations. Then, it traces both the process of museum collections’ replenishment
and the course of examining, comprehending and reconstruction of hoard complexes
within a variety of scholarly disciplines. On the example of permanent exhibitions and temporary
projects, the article considers the tendencies of the current experience of exhibiting,
in which there is a focus on the subject method of constructing the exposition that does not
contribute to the “development of new meanings” and the creative disclosure of the content
features of the exhibits. The authors conclude that it is advisable to apply an interdisciplinary
approach to the development of conceptions for new exhibitions as a way to more fully reveal
the cognitive, ontological and axiological potential of the Ancient Rus’ hoards.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: The Issues of Museology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: jewelry hoards

value: decorative arts

value: Kievan Rus’

value: museum

value: collection

value: exhibiting


dc.contributor.author

value: Ilina, Kira A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ilina K. A. 2021. In search of identity: The university museum as a research question (1960s–2020). The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 150–163.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article focuses on the reconstruction of the research understanding of the “university
museum” concept. University museums originated at the end of the 17th century as rooms for
teaching students. Over time, university museums were eventually opened to the public and
included in the missionary activities of a university. They also began to serve as an intermediary
between the closed university and the community. The museums became “a shop window
for universities, a source of prestige and pride which contributes to the quality of life within
a university”. For 50 years researchers have been discussing the uniqueness of university museums
and the problems they face. The close connection with the academic sphere, direct access
to the knowledge and skills of scientists, the traditions of scientific schools, research and
publications, makes university museums unique in comparison to other museums. One of the
important problems is the correlation between university and public in university museums.
It includes the distinction between university and public museums, the professionalization of
university museum staff, attracting visitors and sponsors, and the degree of dependence of the
exhibition policy of university museums on society and the state. The theoretical understanding
of the problems of university museums has provoked the organization of national and international associations dedicated to solving practical issues and popularizing university
collections.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The publication was prepared within the framework of the Academic Fund Program at HSE
University in 2020–2021 (grant no. 20-04-035).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: university museum

value: historiography

value: USA

value: USSR

value: Russia

value: Europe


dc.contributor.author

value: Kryazhevskykh, Marina Yu.

value: Kardapoltseva, Valentina N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kryazhevskykh M. Yu., Kardapoltseva V. N. 2021. Problems of interaction between branches of a museum association (on the example of the United Museum of Ural Writers). The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 287–295.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the problems of internal communication in a museum association,
which include intersectoral communication, personnel questions, the problem of inertia, as
well as the conflict of tradition and innovation. The problem is considered on the basis of a
survey of employees in various departments and branches of the United Museum of Ural Writers
in Yekaterinburg. In the article, the existing problems are analyzed as a consequence of the
modern cultural policy of the state in the museum sphere. It is also the result of competition
inside the association. The author raises the problem of interaction between the employees of
the museum’s collections and exhibitors, and also attempts to find a solution to this problem.
In addition, contradictions in the work of the museum’s PR management are mentioned. Certain
difficulties arise in the field of organizing the scientific activities of the museum because
researchers are actively involved in the current largescale and educational work of the association.
The survey of workers on various elements of the structure of the United Museum
of Writers of the Urals made it possible to comprehend, “articulate”, a number of problems of
intersectoral communication. This helped to determine the main vectors for the museum’s
future development. The new development strategy of the United Museum of Writers of the
Urals and new formats of museum activities are aimed at creating a new image of the association
as an intercultural multifunctional platform. The leadership of the association includes all
sectors and departments in solving the common problems. Thanks to this, the association is
gradually overcoming the difficulties of internal communication and the isolation of branches.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: The Issues of Museology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: museum association

value: museum communication

value: intersectoral communication

value: professional inertia

value: internal competition

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Xiang, Yuning

value: Xiang, Bingzhe

dc.identifier.citation

value: Xiang Yuning, Xiang Bingzhe. 2021. Chinese art in the Tang Dynasty and the forms of its presentation in museums of the People’s Republic of China at the beginning of the 21st century. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 257–267.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The topic of this study is a realistic due to the fact that in Chinese history, the Tang Dynasty
(618–907) is considered as the peak of national strength. It is during this period that ancient
China became the center of economic and cultural exchanges with a number of states in the
medieval world. Thanks to stable social development and the steadily developing economy,
Chinese art of this period flourished. To this day, it has a special meaning for both Chinese
and Asian cultures. The article examines the presentational forms of the art of Tang Dynasty in
historical and art museums of the People’s Republic of China at the beginning of the 21st century:
an overview of the history of Tang Dynasty and its art is presented, the collections of
museum objects — works of fine art of the Tang Dynasty in Chinese museums are considered,
and specific forms of art presentation are analyzed, such as expositions, exhibitions, online
exhibitions, educational programs and projects implemented in cooperation with the media.
The research is based on original sources of museum origin (materials from museums’ official
websites, interviews conducted with museum employees) and a body of regulatory and
administrative documents covering museum policy developments in the People’s Republic of
China.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Chinese art

value: Tang Dynasty

value: art presentation

value: museum

value: China


dc.contributor.author

value: Agamalyan, Larisa G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Agamalyan L. G. 2021. Encyclopedia Literary Museums of Russia and the Pushkin House Literary Museum. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 279–286.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article notes the importance of creating the Encyclopedia “Literary Museums of Russia”
for writing the history of the phenomenon as a whole and each museum separately. The
dictionary proposed by the compilers is the result of a certain inventory of the Literary Museum.
Work on the articles of the Encyclopedia made it possible to systematize and update the
bibliography, including the latest research and publications. The creation of the encyclopedia
facilitated recalling and resurrecting the forgotten names of their creators, as well as museums
that have merged with others or have been lost. The Pushkin House Literary Museum includes
the collections of the Pushkin Museum at the Imperial Alexander Lyceum, the Lermontov
Museum at the Nicholas Cavalry School, the Tolstoy Museum in St. Petersburg, the Pushkin
Museum of A. F. Onegin (Otto) in Paris, the Museum of Russian Writers in St. Petersburg created
by F. F. Fiedler. The Pushkin House is part of the system of institutions of the Academy of
Sciences and its museum has been departmental throughout history, which has determined its complex history. The article recounts the work on articles for the encyclopedia as well as
specifics and history of the Literary Museum of the Pushkin House, which sought to create “a
special literary pantheon where the relics of Russian writers of the XIX century would be collected
and stored.” The vastness of the task determined the structure of its collection and the
theme of the exhibition — the first museum of the history of Russian literature. This, in turn,
determined the content of 13 articles for the encyclopedia. The exhibition was the first unique
experience of illustrating the literary process in a single space. The article highlights the role of
the Pushkin House in the formation of the system of literary museums in Russia.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: The Issues of Museology;Volume 12; Issue 2

value: encyclopedia

value: literary museum

value: Pushkin House

value: history of the museum collection

value: forgotten literary museums

value: collection

value: exposition


dc.contributor.author

value: Amosova, Alisa A.

value: Cherchintseva, Alina K.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Amosova A. A., Cherchintseva A. K. 2021. Ways of interpreting the siege and frontline daily life in expositions and exhibitions of Leningrad — St. Petersburg historical museums in the 1940s–1990s. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 187–205.

dc.description.abstract

value:
For the first time, the display of frontline life in the museum space was realized during the war
years in the framework of military-historical exhibitions that supported the morale of people,
served as a means of information about the situation at the fronts. The tragic daily life of the
siege was first presented in the format of an exhibition, and later in the Museum of the Defense
of Leningrad. The range of topics covered included partisan life, features of organizing urban
space, and others. As a result of the Leningrad Affair, the topic of defense and siege was tacitly
banned. During Khrushchev’s “thaw”, the Museum of the History of Leningrad was the first to
break the silence by undertaking a series of exhibition projects dedicated to the complex topic
of the siege. Since the late 1980s, the staff of the revived Museum of the Defense of Leningrad
has organized exhibitions devoted to radio broadcasting in the besieged city, reflection of
the realities of the siege in painting, graphics, and sculpture, which expanded the content
coverage of the topic concerning everyday military life. The baton was picked up by other
historical museums of St. Petersburg, which implemented museum displays dedicated to the
daily life of a person at the front. This study analyzes the forms of interpretation of the siege
and frontline everyday life in the space of Leningrad — St. Petersburg historical museums
in the second half of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to iconic expositions and
exhibitions of the period under study: their ideological content and museum objects included
are considered and key exposition decisions are analyzed. The article is based on a corpus of
archival materials, sources of museum origin, and materials from periodicals.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: daily life

value: besieged Leningrad

value: museum exhibitions

value: Leningrad History Museum

value: Leningrad Defense Museum

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Levchenko, Valery V.

value: Levchenko, Galina S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Levchenko V. V., Levchenko G. S. 2021. Museums of the Imperial Novorossiya University: The first years of history. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 268–278.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents an attempt to illuminate the history of the formation and functioning of
the museum network of the Imperial Novorossiya University (1865–1920) on the basis of scientific
literature, published documents and historical sources that are introduced into scientific
circulation for the first time. The legislative and organizational foundations of the formation
of the museum business at the university is revealed and the activities of the leaders and
employees of the university museums in the acquisition, processing, storage, exhibiting and
use of museum collections in the scientific and educational process is described. The activity,
profile and departmental affiliation of museums, their funding and sources of funds formation
are characterized. The funds of the museums were divided into expositional, educational and
scientific, and in the distribution of emphasis between these complexes, more attention was
paid to the scientific and educational significance of the acquired artifacts. All the heads of
the museum were representatives of the teaching staff from university faculties. They played
a leading role in the educational, methodological, scientific and organizational activities of
museums. Their scientific heritage is part of the genesis of many branches of science. In the activities
of museums, there were ups and downs caused, first of all, by the instability of funding
from the leadership of the university. Dependence on random circumstances and the frequent
change of regular staff led to the unevenness of their development. First of all, the situation
was saved by donations received both from representatives of the teaching staff, patrons and
benefactors, and from ordinary citizens, which testifies to the public’s concern for the fate of
the museums of the leading university in the south of the Russian Empire. The closure of the
university in 1920 and the subsequent reorganization of museums caused irreparable damage
to the process of cultural development.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: The Issues of Museology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: the Imperial Novorossiya University

value: museums

value: funds

value: history

value: personalities

value: scientific and educational activities


dc.contributor.author

value: Elikhina, Yuliia I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Elikhina Yu. I. 2021. The Dunhuang and Yulin cave museum complexes. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 296–309.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the caves of Dunhuang and Yulin — world famous Buddhist complexes.
The tradition of cave temples with wall paintings and sculpture came from India. The Dunhuang
and Yulin caves were decorated in this manner. The highest peak in the development
of Dunhuang art falls on the period of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), it was at this time that
numerous murals appeared depicting the Pure Land of Buddha Amitabha, the Lord of the
West, where the souls of the righteous dwell, the Pure Land of Buddha of healing Bhaishajyaguru
and other subjects. The main source for the creation of works of art in Dunhuang was
Chinese Buddhism, which was formed under the influence of local cults and beliefs and was
reflected in the sutras. A certain influence on the painting of Dunhuang was exerted by the
art of the cave complexes of the Great Silk Road, and later by the artistic and iconographic
traditions of the Tanguts and Mongols. The findings from Dunhuang in the collection of the
State Hermitage Museum includes three hundred items. In 1914–1915, the Second Russian
Turkestan Expedition under the leadership of academician S. F. Oldenburg worked there and
brought these artifacts back. In addition, the expedition acquired a large number of manuscripts
in Sanskrit, Chinese, Uyghur, Sogdian, Tibetan and Tangut. Currently, these priceless
monuments are kept at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St. Petersburg. The Dunhuang
and Yulin cave complexes are a monument of world culture in terms of their size, quantity and
quality of paintings, as well as in the variety of subjects, which constitute an encyclopedia of
Buddhism in pictorial and sculptural images.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: China

value: Dunhuang

value: caves

value: monastery

value: Buddhism

value: Taoism

value: Buddha

value: Bodhisattva

value: wall paintings

value: sculpture


dc.contributor.author

value: Gavrilova, Marianna F.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gavrilova M. F. 2021. “Appointees” — directors of the Museum of A. M. Gorky in Kazan: The Soviet model of cultural management. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 178–186.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the presented article, the author analyzes the historical stages of development of one of the
oldest literary museums in the Republic of Tatarstan, the “Kazan Museum of A. M. Gorky”
(now “Museum of A. M. Gorky and F. I. Chaliapin”), in the context of the institution’s directors
who were appointed by higher party bodies. Many appointees lacked experience in the
museum sphere and did not have the corresponding educational background. This format of
selecting candidates for key positions was characteristic of the Soviet period and was a kind
of model for managing culture. However, the activities of the leaders of the museum — “appointees”,
the intensive development of areas of work and dedication to the chosen profession influenced the formation of a special museum space in the republic, which united representatives
of science, art, and outstanding writers of the region. The article emphasizes the special
role of one of the first directors of the museum, Maria Nikolaevna Elizarova, who was not only
a principled communist, but also a writer who led the museum for almost four decades and
laid the foundations for its development strategy for many years. Elizarova’s cultural initiatives,
as well as her predecessors’ and followers’, were significant in preserving the historical
and cultural heritage of the region. Given the lack of existing facts on the history of the “Kazan
Museum of A. M. Gorky”, and the activities of its employees, the material presented in the article
is able to fill historical gaps and form a general idea in regard to the outstanding personalities
who stood at the helm of the museum.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: The Issues of Museology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: museum

value: Gorky studies

value: exposition

value: restoration

value: exhibits

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Ladynin, Ivan A.

value: Vasilyeva, Olga A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ladynin I. A., Vasilyeva O. A. 2021. Vasily Vassilievich Struve and the Egyptian collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, in the early 1920s. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 164–177.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article publishes a document from the Archives of the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg
(fund 1, dossier 17, unit 6/9, pp. 1–6), a memorandum presenting arguments to transfer to
the Hermitage the famous collection of Egyptian antiquities, which was gathered by Vladimir
Golenischeff and placed upon its purchase by the state in 1909 at the Museum of Fine Arts
in Moscow. The handwriting in the manuscript makes it possible to identify the compiler of
the document as Vasily Struve (1889–1965), a prominent researcher of the ancient Orient in
the early Soviet period and the keeper of the Hermitage Egyptian collection since the mid-
1910s. A comparison with a document from the archives of the A. S. Pushkin Museum of Fine
Arts, which mentions and quotes the memorandum, allows dating it to the middle of 1923.
The context of Struve’s initiative was the mobility of academic and cultural institutions in
the post-revolutionary years and, probably, more specifically, the attempts to reorganize the
collections of Egyptian antiquities in Moscow (to centralize them in the so-called Museum-
Institute of the Classical Orient launched by Vladimir Vikentiev). As expected, this initiative
was met with harsh objections from the Museum of Fine Arts, most likely backed by Tatiana
Borozdina-Kozmina who was Boris Turaev’s successor as the keeper of the museum’s Egyptian
collection. In the end, this initiative was never implemented. The episode reflected in this
document is an interesting illustration of the degree of mobility even in the life of the leading
and best-established museum collections in post-revolutionary Russia.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research presented in the article is sponsored by the Russian Science Foundation (project no
19-18-00369 “The Classical Orient: culture, world-view, tradition of research in Russia (based on the
monuments in the collection of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and archive sources)”).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: the State Hermitage

value: the Museum of Fine Arts

value: Ancient Egypt

value: antiquities

value: Vasily Struve

value: Vladimir Golenischeff


dc.contributor.author

value: Shishka, Evgeniy A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shishka E. A. 2021. Visual image of the Mongols in the Battle of Legnica in visual monuments of the 14th–15th centuries. The Issues of Museology 12 (2): 222–237.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Western campaign of the Mongols in Eastern and Central Europe in 1236–1242, led by Batu
and the military commander Subedei, has long been imprinted in the memory of contemporaries
and descendants. The central place in the historical literary and visual monuments of the Late
Middle Ages was occupied by the Battle of Legnica — a battle between the Polish-German army
and the Mongols on April 9, 1241. This article examines the image of the Mongols in book miniatures of the Shlakenwerter Codex, presented in the Getty Museum (USA), on an altar painting
created in the 30–40s. The 15th century is currently in the collection of the National Museum
in Warsaw and in the images of the Freytag Codex, stored in the collections of the library of the
University of Wroclaw (Poland). The author notes the preserved interest of Europeans in the
Gentiles and in the events of the past centuries. The corpus of ethnic markers used by European
artists to designate “strangers” is highlighted. Also, an association is made between the creation
of images with Mongols in regard to the invasions of Tatar and Hussite troops in Silesia in the
14th–15th centuries and the struggle with the Moors on the Iberian Peninsula as well as the need
to consolidate Christian society in the fight against the enemies of the Catholic Church.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project « Deferred Plan for World
Conquest: The Mongols and the West, 1219-1260 (Rus, Central Europe, Middle East» No. 21-18-00166).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: The Issues of Museology;Volume 12; Issue 2

value: Mongol invasion

value: Battle of Legnica

value: Europe

value: imagology

value: book miniatures

value: medieval art

value: symbols


dc.contributor.author

value: Grigor’eva, Nadezhda Ia.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Grigor’eva N. Ia. Critique of the new hero in cinema (L. Visconti) and literature (F. M. Dostoevsky). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2021, 18 (3): 444–459.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the philosophical basis of the figure of a new hero in literature and
film. “New heroes” in selected literary and cinema works are compared within the context of
existentialist philosophy and “philosophical anthropology”. Material for the comparative intertextual
and intermedial analysis is the novel Demons by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
and Luchino Visconti’s late films The Damned, Ludwig and Conversation Piece. The article attempts
to broaden the intertextual horizon of research on Visconti by drawing new parallels
between his films and Dostoevsky’s work. The work argues that the Italian filmmaker, following the Russian writer of the 19th century and the European philosophers of the 20th century,
criticises the “hero” who destroyed the old order on purpose to create a new one. Visconti’s
revolutionary hero suffers from “the pathology of freedom” and refers to the figure of a nihilist
from Dostoevsky’s novels, on the one hand, and to the figure of a sovereign in the philosophical
and anthropological works of German and French writers of the 1930–50s, on the other. In
his films The Damned, Ludwig and Conversation Piece, Visconti adopts not only a number of
motifs from Dostoevsky but also replicates the main idea of the Russian writer who supposed
that the enhancement of the human race was possible only after the second coming of Christ.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 18; Issue 3

value: nihilism

value: anthropology

value: existentialism

value: new hero

value: cinematography

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Belov, Sergey A.

value: Kropachev, Nikolay M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belov S. A., Kropachev N. M. Assumptions of mass-media contributors about sources of language norms and rules of language use (based on survey materials). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2021, 18 (3): 512–527.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article represents the results of a survey among mass-media contributors (journalists,
editors, content-managers) on their assumptions about compulsory requirements to use the
national language in mass-media, inter alia — what legal limitations are established for this,
which sources are used for the norms of the Russian language, those necessary to follow, and
if mass-media contributors are specially trained on these norms in editorials offices. The survey
showed that only a quarter of respondents knew about the compulsory rule to follow the
norms of contemporary standard (literary) Russian in spheres where the national language
(including mass-media) is used, and only 6 % knew about the necessity to adhere to the official
norms. A comparable number of respondents knew the sources for these norms. This leads
to the conclusion that requirements to follow the norms of contemporary standard language
established by legislation on national language are not effective. The widespread use of the
Internet, primarily the site gramota.ru, articulately indicates the need to update the source
of official norms of contemporary standard Russian language for its use as the national language.
This source should be electronic and freely accessible, uniting different dictionaries
and reference books, in order to provide comprehensive information on the norms for using a
certain word in a particular language situation. More than 50 % of respondents knew about the
existence of mechanisms of state control over compliance with the requirements of language
legislation, but they were not familiar with the actual requirements of this legislation. Editorial
offices of media organizations do not pay due attention to this question.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article was prepared within the framework of the state assignment of St. Petersburg State
University under the project of the Research Institute for Problems of the State Language.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: national language

value: normative dictionaries and reference books

value: mass-media language


dc.contributor.author

value: Belenov, Nikolai V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belenov N. V. Geographical lexicon of the konovalovsky dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2021, 18 (3): 498–511.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article introduces into scientific circulation and analyzes the geographical lexicon of the
Erzya-Mordovian dialect of the village of Konovalovka in the Borsky district of the Samara
region. The content of this lexical cluster of the konovalovsky dialect is compared with the
lexemes of the respective clusters of other Mordovian dialects of the Samara region and other
territories. The analysis is carried out taking into account the Zavolzhsky period of the history
of speakers of this dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language, the natural and geographical conditions
of their residence, and the ethno-linguistic environment. The study revealed a number
of common isoglosses of the geographical terminology of the konovalovsky dialect with the corresponding terminology of other Mordovian dialects of the region, primarily those that are
related to villages founded before the beginning of the XVIII century. The composition of geographical
vocabulary of konovalovsky dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language, in general, is
typical of Erzya-Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region — it retains Erzya-Mordovian
terms for the designation of forests, ravines, mountains, fields, occurring also in the vast majority
of Erzya dialects, as in the Samara Volga region and beyond. A number of geographical
terms that exist in the konovalovsky dialect are unique for the Mordovian dialects of the Samara
Volga region and are not found anywhere else in the region, in any of the meanings. The
work is based on the author’s materials obtained during field research in 2015–2019.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: geographical lexicon

value: Erzya-Mordovian language

value: Mordovians

value: Samara Volga region

value: Konovalovka


dc.contributor.author

value: Karpov, Vladimir I.

value: Toporova, Tatiana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Karpov V. I., ToporovaT. V. Historical genre studies and the history of language: THe place and role of text types in German and Russian historical linguistic research. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2021, 18 (3): 569–589.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents a critical analysis of both domestic and foreign works on text linguistics
where researchers try to reveal a minimum classification unit. More specifically, the article focuses on the term “Textsorte”. While it is widely employed in German linguistics, its content
is not clearly defined in the works of Russian and foreign scholars. Here, it is shown how the
term is approached in different fields of research — in information aesthetics, semiotics, text
theory, and historical linguistics. The article is aimed at assessing the potential certain text
types, recorded in various periods of the life of language, have for an extended description of
language history. The authors analyze texts of oral folklore, and namely charms. Therefore,
works on the history and typology of folklore genres are taken into account and thoroughly
reviewed. These are mainly linguistic genre studies and scrutinizing them provides an opportunity
to touch upon problems pertinent to the research of text genres, to consider the discussion
around “text genre” and “text type” in foreign and domestic linguistics, to define the
place and role of given text types in historical linguistic and cultural studies, and to reveal both
trends in researching folklore texts and the relationship of folklore with text linguistics. The
authors come to the conclusion that a comprehensive description of a given text type allows
one to formulate general principles of diachronically oriented research and make a significant
contribution to the development of historical linguistics.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
Acknowledgments: The study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number
19-112-50095.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 18; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: text linguistics

value: history of the German language

value: text type

value: genre

value: charms

dc.title

value: Article