dc.contributor.author

value: Vasiliev, Alexey A. (priest)

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vasiliev A. A. Methods of academic theology (pro et contra of Bernard Lonergan). Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 254–266.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the development of special aspects of the methodology of
academic theology, determined by the internal methods of Orthodox dogmatic theology.
The development of methods of theology is becoming an urgent problem of
academic theology in the modern Russian educational space in connection with the
approval of the Higher Attestation Commission of the new specialty 26.00.01 “Theology”.
Taking into account the specifics of the subject of theology as a new academic
discipline, problematic questions remain on the applicability of the research methods
of the humanities and natural sciences in it. A separate task is to develop our own
method of Orthodox theology. The experience of foreign theology includes not only
hermeneutical methods, conditioned by textual research, but also epistemological
methods conditioned by the research of the meaning and structure of the theological
cognition of reality. The foreign experience contains several developments by authors,
one of which is the methodological approach of Bernard Lonergan, described in the
work Method in Theology. Lonergan’s method has a neo-Thomistic origin, therefore
it is not able to reflect the notion fundamental for Orthodox theology — irreducibility
of the hypostatic existence of God and man to the existence of the same entities.
This is largely due to the Western problem of the Latin theological inculturation of
the Eastern concept of “hypostasis”, created on the basis of Greek-language ancient
philosophy. However, the humanitarian potential of Lonergan’s method allows the
theologian to systematize and structure the sequence of cognitive operations when
performing a wide range of theological studies. The principle of hypostasis, which
preserves the fullness of Orthodox theology in academic theology, is followed by the
method of antinomination of theological judgments, created by Chalcedonian theology
to express the hypostatic unity of incompatible entities.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 3; Issue 2

value: academic theology

value: method of theology

value: science and theology

value: science and culture

value: concept

value: antinomy

value: antinomination

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Raevskaya, Natalya Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Raevskaya N. Yu. Program aniconism in theology of Devarim (Deuteronomy). Issues of Theology, 2021, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 146–158.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores the formation of the aniconic position in ancient Judaism.
A reference to biblical texts shows that the aniconic doctrine, which put forward the
demand for a cult without an image was formulated and theologically substantiated
in the book of Devarim. Here, the prohibition on creating images follows YHWH’s
statement of formlessness and is seen as its logical consequence. The invisible God
cannot be adequately embodied in a visual material image and does not need it, because he has a different way of interacting with his people. Deities of other nations
manifest themselves in temple statues, providing their worshipers the opportunity
to approach them through a cult, but the God of the Jews, in accordance
with the Devarim doctrine, chose a different way of communicating with people.
He does not need statues, he remains with the people mainly not because of the
correctness of the ritual, but because of the carefully executed law (only a small part
of which is the ritual). In fact, in Devarim the scheme is reversed compared to the
usual view of things at that time. The creation of images and worship of them does
not bring the deity closer to people, but on the contrary threatens him with a distance.
Comparison with the statements regarding the images in the book of Shemot
(Exodus) suggests the following: a consistent aniconic program corresponding to
clearly articulated monotheism and a specific cult paradigm was first announced in
Devarim, and began to be established in the Jewish environment, probably not earlier
than the end of VII c. BC. The religion of the ancient Jews was not static, strict
aniconism was not inherent in Judaism initially, but it took shape and developed
over many centuries.

dc.subject

value: Judaism

value: aniconism

value: monotheism

value: Jewish art

value: Judaism and art

value: art and religion

value: prohibition of images

value: second commandment

value: Deuteronomy

value: Jewish cult

dc.title

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Spasich, Jelena Lj.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Spasich, J. Lj. (2021). Globalization processes in the Serbian media language. Media Linguistics, 8 (2), 193–202.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The aim of this article is the analysis of the results of previous Serbian research on the impact
of globalization on the Serbian media language. One of the main negative aspects of globalization
is the weakening of national identity in order to adapt to world trends. The negative effects
of globalization processes include the decline in the print media circulation and the growing
popularity of cheap entertainment content offered by television, the disappearance of analytical,
quality press, as well as the adaptation of information to mass distribution. The Serbian
media language reflects the general social trend of approaching European and world trends,
which, in addition to numerous positive effects, carries with it the risk of neglecting the elements
of national cultural heritage, including the use of the national alphabet. Globalization
processes affect all levels of the language structure and as a result, they are also manifested in
the Serbian media language at the phonological, morphological, syntactic and orthographic
level. The Serbian media language is characterized by the unjustified use of internationalisms
originating from the English language. Anglicisms are often inadequately adapted, and most
often appear in entertainment news and texts about popular culture, which are addressed to
younger readers, as well as in electronic editions of printed dailies, weeklies and magazines in
Serbia. The effects of cultural globalization, which is perhaps most visible in the media sphere,
can be mitigated if the elements of national cultural heritage are carefully preserved. The use
of Cyrillic in the Serbian media, the use of anglicisms only when they are really necessary, and
a critical attitude towards the adoption of foreign language patterns can reduce the negative
consequences of McDonaldization in the media sphere.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of
the Republic of Serbia (Contract no. 451-03-9/2021-14/ 200140).

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Media Linguistics;Volume 8; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: media linguistics

value: media stylistics

value: media language

value: globalization

value: Serbian language


dc.contributor.author

value: Konkov, Vladimir I.

value: Popova, Tatiana I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Konkov V. I., Popova T. I. Having conversation with time (to the anniversary of Kira Anatolyevna Rogova). Media Linguistics, 8 (2), 102–103.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Erbakhaev, Evgeniy A.

value: Kratenko, Maxim V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Erbakhaev, Evgeniy A., Maxim V. Kratenko. 2021. “Compensation for harm resulting from the usage of a building: Сomparative analysis of Russian and Chinese law”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 455–476.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the problem of compensation for harm caused in the process of using a
building and structure. Attention is paid to the side of the defendant in relation to apartment
buildings and non-residential buildings, the distribution of liability in the case of a plurality of
tortfeasors, the regulation of third-party liability issues by the contract. A comparative analysis
of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China regulating
the liability of building’s owners (users) and contractors involved in the maintenance of a
building as well as court practice is conducted. The choice of the Chinese legal system is due
to the presence of special rules in Tort Liability Law of China (2009). According to the results
of the study, the authors have formulated a number of proposals, in particular: to unify the legal
regime for residential and non-residential buildings for the purposes of compensation for
harm caused to third parties; to differentiate the liability for harm caused by the destruction of
a building (its structural components) and damage due to items falling out from the building
(snow or ice falling from the roof, falling advertising designs, objects being thrown out of the
building, etc.), to allow the contractual regulation of owner’s liability provided that the victim
is given the right to choose the defendant (the building’s owner or the maintenance company,
the contractor involved). The authors also argue in favor of a codified act as a source of tort
law, which will ensure consistent regulation of the studied relations.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: tort liability

value: building

value: structure

value: collapse

value: fallen object

value: maintenance company


dc.contributor.author

value: Bekyashev, Damir K.

value: Bekyashev, Kamil A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bekyashev, Damir K., Kamil A. Bekyashev. 2021. “The trends in the development of the legal regime of the Northern Sea Route”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 276–295.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Northern Sea Route is the national transport communication lane for the Russian Federation.
Russia historically controls the Northern Sea Route through an appropriate national legal
framework and international law. However, some states have raised the issue of internationalizing
the Northern Sea Route and extending the freedom of navigation to it. In their opinion,
shipping in the Arctic Straits should not be regulated by Russian law. In this regard, the
authors consider it appropriate to conduct a study of the current legal regime of the Northern
Sea Route and provide a legal assessment of the relevant proposals for its change. The article
analyzes the history of the development of the Northern Sea Route, its structure and current
legal regulation. Proposals to improve the current legal regime of the Northern Sea Route
have been developed. Particular attention is paid to the study of the legal regime of the straits
included in the Northern Sea Route, since there are different points of view in Russian and
foreign science and practice. Given the importance of ensuring the safe operation of ships in
the waters of the Northern Sea Route, the provisions of the Polar Code of the International
Maritime Organization are analyzed. The authors substantiate the inconsistency of proposals
for a radical change in the legal regime of the Northern Sea Route, which appear in foreign literature
and statements by a number of foreign statesmen. The authors’ conclusions are based
on an analysis of the current Russian legislation and international law, as well as the existing
practice of using the Northern Sea Route by Russian and foreign vessels.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Northern Sea Route

value: legal regime

value: Russian legislation

value: international law

value: internationalization

value: straits

value: shipping


dc.contributor.author

value: Bazhanov, Valentin A.

value: Kraeva, Alexandra G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bazhanov V. A., Kraeva A. G. Аnalyzing the phenomenon of musicality through the lens of modern neuroscience. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 2, pp. 296–309.

dc.description.abstract

value:
From the standpoint of biocultural co-constructivism methodology, the article analyzes
the phenomenon of musicality, which is understood as a set of intonation-rhythmic patterns
that can act as predictors of a number of cognitive traits already in the process of neurogenesis.
The authors claim that this phenomenon has the status of a universal of human existence,
which is an integral neurophysiological factor in the formation of analytical, verbal-logical
and linguistic components of reasoning. Analysis of the numerical nature of the rhythmic
component of innate ontogenetic structures makes it possible to show the general points of
growth of artistic, proto-mathematical and mathematical cognitive abilities in the process of
ontogenesis. It is shown that synchronization, expressed in resonance (or asynchronization)
of mental processes at the level of neural systems in which ideas about beauty are genetically
“tuned”, is associated with the status of the golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers. The processes
of synchronization can be assessed as indicators of the harmonious relationships of nature,
humans, and particular features of cognitive potential, aesthetic perception, and the formation
of musical tastes. This may be considered as an argument in favor of the numerical nature
of music being a relatively autonomous cognitive activity in the process of self-organization of mental systems, in the field of which the functional and structural patterns of the golden
ratio play the role of the fundamental creative and hedonistic components. The article substantiates
the correlative relationship between harmony and the golden ration in the context
of the search for factors of optimality for the functioning of physiological parameters of living
systems. The nature of this relationship speaks in favor of the conceptual enrichment of
methodology in the field of modern cognitive research, which is associated with a revision of
the reductionist type of fundamental concepts and attitudes towards holism, the ratio of the
intuitive and discursive components of the cognitive process.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was carried out with support from the Russian Foundation of Basic Research (RFBR)
according to research grant no. 19-011-00007a “The problem of synthesis of naturalism and sociocentrism
in cognitive science: impact on epistemology and philosophy of science” (Bazhanov V. A.) and grant
no. 19-011-00118a “Incorporation of ideas of neuroscience in the epistemology of art: genesis, cognitive
foundations and significance for the philosophy of science” (Kraeva A. G.).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: biocultural co-constructivism

value: sense of number

value: musicality

value: golden ratio

value: cognitive abilities

value: synchronization

value: resonance

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Gomes, Karolina-Dzhoanna

value: Kruglova, Tatyana A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gomes K.-Dzh., Kruglova T. A. The phenomenon of conflicts around art in the context of the contemporary public sphere. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 2, pp. 268–280.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines a new type of conflict in the form of public protests against contemporary
art that appeared at the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21st century. Typical signs of
contemporary conflicts are highlighted: the discourse of the offense is central, the protests are
usually organized and collective, accusations are brought against art institutions, and collective affective reactions and symbolic violence often become forms of conflict interaction. In
the article, protests against contemporary art are examined through the prism of the analysis
of the public as an actor in the conflict, transformations of the public sphere and relations in it
as an autonomous field of art (the “art world”) and the fields of influence of other social forces.
Relations between the art world and the public go beyond the framework of the educational
paradigm, which was dominated by asymmetry and passive influence of consumers on the dynamics
of the artistic field. The activization of a part of the public, for which the consumption
of contemporary art is not a cultural norm, indicates that the origins of the conflict cannot be
explained by the rules of artistic communication that has developed in modern society. Contemporary
art spaces are turning into noticeable and important places for the manifestation of
social tension and political struggle. Art in the public sphere is becoming the space of vulnerability
(J. Butler). It is substantiated that one of the factors in the activation of public conflicts
was a change in the structure of the side of the conflict which we call the “public” as opposed to
the “audience of art”. In the framework of the concept of the public sphere as an agonistic space
(Ch. Mouffe), the need for a review of the value orientations of art institutions and strategies
for their interaction with the public is constituted.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: conflicts with contemporary art

value: public

value: audience of art

value: agonistic space

value: autonomous field of culture

value: public sphere

value: art institutions


dc.contributor.author

value: Кlementyeva, Мarina V.

value: Ryazantseva, Evgeniya Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Klementyeva M. V., Ryazantseva E. Yu. Personal projects of young Russians and Spaniards: A comparative analysis. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology, 2021, vol. 11, issue 2, pp. 179–195.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article aims to clarify the personal projects of Russians and Spaniards. It was hypothesized
that the content and methods for the implementation of personal projects are determined by
the main age-related tasks and cultural conditions of life. The sample of convenience consisted
of young Russian (n = 102) and Spanish (n = 80) people between the ages of 18–25 years. The
study focused on aspects, which were measured: importance, difficulty, visibility, control, responsibility,
time adequacy, likelihood of success, self-identification, the view of others, value,
involvement, competence, autonomy and duration of personal projects, and theme and transperspective
of projects. The results indicated that the goal of the personal projects of young
Russians and Spaniards is similar (getting an education, employment, creating a family and
supporting family relations) and is determined by the main age-related tasks of youth. Furthermore,
the operational meanings of personal projects and the ways of their implementation
have cultural differences. The authors found that young Spaniards orient their personal
projects towards opportunistic meanings and the current pandemic (COVID-19) more than
in Russians (р ≤ 0.03). Furthermore, Russians choose personal projects that correspond to instrumental
values in the long term more than in Spaniards (р ≤ 0.03). The level of difficulty,
importance, initiative, responsibility, autonomy, self-realization, positive assessment of others
in personal projects of Russians was higher than in personal projects of Spaniards (р ≤ 0.003).
There was a higher level of internal resources in personal projects of Spaniards, than in personal
projects of Russians (р ≤ 0.05). Therefore, a personal project of modern young people is
a delayed solution to the age-related tasks of youth, and the ways of solving them are determined
by the socio-cultural conditions of life.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Psychology;Volume 11; Issue 2

value: personal projects

value: young people

value: family narrative

value: age task

value: meaning

value: Russians

value: Spaniards


dc.contributor.author

value: Pleshkova, Natalia L.

value: Tatarenko, Oksana V.

value: Sevryugin, Denis V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Pleshkova N. L., Tatarenko O. V., Sevryugin D. V. Features of parent-child interaction and behavioral problems among children with autism spectrum disorder. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology, 2021, vol. 11, issue 2, pp. 162–178.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents the results of a study of behavioral features of children with autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) in connection to the characteristics of psychological interaction of children
and their mothers. It previously has been found that children with ASD demonstrate
more communicative and social activity, have less pronounced symptoms of autism, if their
parents show a high level of sensitivity to the needs of children and are emotionally involved
in interaction with them. The study’s participants consisted of 29 children with ASD (average
age: 52,4 ± 8,9 months) who were diagnosed by a psychiatrist during examination in the Stavropol
Clinical Psychiatric Hospital no. 1. The comparison group included 36 typically developing
children (average age: 39,7 ± 12,1 months). The PCERA method, with a video recording
of mother — child interactions, was used for assessing qualities of interaction in children with
ASD. Behavioral difficulties were evaluated using the CBCL/1.5-5 questionnaire. The results
of the study suggest that low sensitivity to child’s cues, high intrusiveness and negative affect
in mothers, and low level of reciprocity and enjoyment in the dyadic relationship are linked
to borderline/clinical levels on several DSM-oriented scales (“Affective Disorders”, “Pervasive
Developmental Problems”, “Oppositional Defiant Problems”) and syndrome scales (“Emotionally
Reactive”, “Anxious/Depressed”, “Aggressive Behavior”) in children with ASD.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 19-013-00285).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: autism

value: parent-child interaction

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Akulin, Igor M.

value: Chesnokova, Ekaterina A.

value: Genovese, Umberto

value: Presnyakov, Roman A.

value: Pryadko, Anastasia E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Akulin, Igor M., Ekaterina A. Chesnokova, Umberto Genovese, Roman A. Presnyakov, Anastasia E. Pryadko. 2021. “Legal regulation of the transmission of health-related data: Balance of public interests and individual rights in the context of cross-border health care”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 419–440.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article provides a comparative analysis of the regulatory and legal regulation for the processing
of a special category of personal health data in the European Union and in the Russian
Federation in regard to the digitalization of national health systems. Special attention is paid
to the legal framework for the transmission of health information at the cross-border level.
It is established that within the framework of European and Russian legislation at this stage,
in the context of the formation of digital medicine, there is a comparability in the definition
of legal mechanisms for the protection of medical data. It is also noted that in the issue of
the transfer of personal health data to third countries, both the Russian Federation and the
European Union choose the path of strict restrictive regulation and the introduction of a
closed list of grounds for overcoming the ban on cross-border transfer. The reasons for this approach
to issues of supranational interaction in healthcare are analyzed, as well as the potential
risks of inertia of national legislators in this issue. Based on the analysis, the authors propose a number of amendments and additions to the national legislation on personal data, aimed at
simplifying the interaction between jurisdictions on the transfer of confidential medical information.
The authors suggest an international agreement on the exchange of medical data in
digital format, which potentially should include not only the Russian Federation and the EU
states, but also other countries, including Eurasian Economic Union member states, China,
and countries of the American continent. The proposed concept is intended to create an opportunity
for the formation of a supranational information system in the field of healthcare,
which allows for the effective exchange of medical data, taking into account the sovereign
interests of the countries participating in the agreement.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The reported study was funded by the RFBR according to the research project No. 18-29-16215.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: legislation of the European Union

value: legislation of the Russian Federation

value: personal data

value: medical confidentiality

value: e-health

value: data exchange

value: personal data protection


dc.contributor.author

value: Shabalina, Ekaterina V.

value: Muhamedrahimov, Rifkat J.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shabalina E. V., Muhamedrahimov R. J. Analysis of caregiver-child interaction when transferring children from a baby home to post-institutional families. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology, 2021, vol. 11, issue 2, pp. 150–161.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents a study of characteristics of the interaction of children with the experience
of institutionalization and caregivers both at the departure from a baby home and at different
stages of living in post-institutional families, as well as their comparison with characteristics
of interaction of parents and children in biological families. Previous studies have shown that
the quality of interaction with a caregiver is one of the factors that mitigate the effects of early
deprivation. To assess the quality of interaction, the PCERA method was used, based on the
analysis of video recordings of a child and his caregiver during free play. A total of 31 cases
of interaction between caregivers and children with the experience of institutionalization
(IE; average age 29.3 ± 22.9 months) and 51 cases of interaction in biological families (BF;
38.8 ± 17.5 months) were analyzed. It was found that during the transition from a baby home
to a post-institutional family, the quality of caregiver-child interaction remains at a relatively
low level. In the first 24 months of a child’s residence in a family, foster parents have a lower
level of sensitivity, mirroring and involvement in interaction with a child, more unpredictable
behavior and negative emotions than parents in BF. After 24 months in a post-institutional
family, children show a decrease in emotional stability and compliance and an increase in
negative affect, in comparison with the assessment at the departure from an institution and in
relation to their peers from a BF. At the same time, the overall total and some child’s indicators
improve with increasing age of children in both the IE and BF groups. The results obtained
underline the need to create psychological follow-up programs for post-institutional families
aimed at supporting the development of interaction and the formation of attachment at the
earliest stages after the child is transitioned to a post-institutional family.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the RFBR grant no. 20-013-00249/20 “Study of neurohumoral developmental
indicators in infants and young children brought up in substitute families”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Psychology;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: children

value: experience of institutionalization

value: caregiver-child interaction

value: baby home

value: post-institutional family

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kopylov, Alexander V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kopylov, Alexander V. 2021. “Types of fideicommissa in Roman inheritance law”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 477–487.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyses the historical process of dividing the original fideicommissum institution
into separate types: family fideicommissum, singular fideicommissum and universal
fideicommissum. Family fideicommissum appeared in the inheritance law of Ancient Rome
due to the legislator’s desire to limit the freedom of disposition of property that a legatee and
other members of his family used to have. The aim of such a limitation was to keep the estate
within one Roman family. The author concludes that the legal nature of fideicommissum was
based on the transfer of the estate’s assets only (and not liabilities) from an heir to a legatee.
This led to the gradual unification of bequests and singular fideicommissa in Roman law. The
author bases the analysis of peculiarities of universal fideicommissum on its comparison with
legatum partitionis. As a result, it is found that there was a fundamental change in the legal
nature of universal fideicommissum. A universal fideicommissum was originally based on the
singular succession principle, but the Trebellian senate’s decree (senatusconsultum Trebellianum)
permitted the transfer of liabilities, which were a part of estate property, from an heir
to a legatee as well as assets, thus permitting universal succession. Due to this, the merger of universal fideicommissa with the bequest became impossible and universal fideicommissum
retained its independence in the Roman inheritance law. In course of the research, the author
uses translations of fragments from the most important monuments of Roman law — the
Justinian Novels, which have not been published in Russian before.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: fideicommissum

value: legatee

value: testament

value: natural obligation

value: secret fideicommissum

value: family fideicommissum

value: singular fideicommissum

value: universal fideicommissum

value: singular succession

value: universal succession


dc.contributor.author

value: Artamoshkina, Ludmila E.

value: Morawski, Karol

value: Prokudin, Dmitry E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Artamoshkina L. Е., Morawski K., Prokudin D. Е. Digital humanities and development of the biographical method. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 2, pp. 310–321.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the methodological foundations of the biographical method in the context
of digital humanities. The bidirectional character of biography leads us to the problem’ s
methodological level: social predicament of the individual world and reciprocal determinability
of the social world by the individual world. The biographical method is closely linked to
thematization of subjectivity. The biographical method’ s methodological problems are connected
with context, reference, authenticity, and reflexivity. The authors link the biographical
method with memory studies and emphasize that the turn to memory is associated with many
theoretical questions and controversies related to the status of history as a science and its relation
to the field of human memory. The multidirectional biography studies reveal the lack of a
conceptual apparatus, common for the interdisciplinary space of humanities, which allows to
develop the criteria for comparability of scientific research results. The authors associate the
further development of the biographical method with the development of the modern information
society. They note the prospects of using the methods of digital humanities associated
with the search, selection and analysis of texts presented in digital form. The rationale for this
thesis is that at present there is a constant increase of electronic texts that can be used both
for the development of the biographical method and serve as its empirical base. The article
demonstrates the possibility of applying the biographical method using the tools of digital
humanities on the examples of research on the history of science, which are part of the world’s
cultural heritage.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was prepared with the support of a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research
no. 19-011-00775 “The topology of cultural memory in dialogue of generations”.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 2

value: biography

value: biographical method

value: F. Znaneckij

value: cultural memory

value: digital humanities


dc.contributor.author

value: Berezinets, Irina V.

value: Ilina, Yulia B.

value: Klyarovskaya, Nadezhda A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Berezinets I. V., Ilina Yu. B., Klyarovskaya N. A. 2021. Equity crowdfunding: Determinants of company’s success on a crowdfunding platform. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Management 20 (2): 131–164.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Equity crowdfunding, a form of company financing through equity investments, has become
increasingly relevant in recent years. This paper analyzes the advantages of this financing mechanism,
the motives of issuers and investors — participants of the crowdinvesting process. Most
participants of investing are non-professional investors, for whom recommendations for choosing
companies on the platform based on the determinants of investment attractiveness are of
practical value. The authors conducted an empirical study to establish the relationship between
investment attractiveness and the characteristics of issuing companies emerging on the crowdfunding
platforms. The study sample includes 299 companies that raised equity capital on one
of the leading platforms in the UK, Crowdcube, between 2011 and 2020. The results of the study
showed that the investment attractiveness of companies is higher if during placement they offer
a larger share proportion of non-voting than voting shares during the placement. Companies
in which managers own a share in capital, firms with registered patents as an indicator of their
innovative activity, and companies that do not demonstrate industry diversification have a higher
attractiveness for investors. This research contributes to the existing studies of determinants of
the success of equity crowdfunding, provides recommendations to investors on the choice of
companies with particular characteristics that determine the investment attractiveness of issuers
on crowdfunding platforms.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Management;Volume 20; Issue 2

value: equity crowdfunding

value: crowdinvesting

value: crowdfunding platforms

value: investment attractiveness

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Aubakirova, Karina I.

value: Golubeva, Anastasia A.

value: Sokolova, Ekaterina V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Aubakirova K. I., Golubeva A. A., Sokolova E. V. 2021. Motivation for citizen e-participation in urban development: The case of “Our St. Petersburg” portal. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Management 20 (2): 263–290.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article gives an overview of the literature on electronic participation in the urban development,
the analysis of the main characteristics and principles of the portal “Our St. Petersburg” as
one of the main platforms for electronic participation of the citizens. The purpose of this study is
to develop recommendations for increasing the level of electronic participation of citizens in the
urban development of St. Petersburg. Based on the data collected during the focus groups interviews
as well as the survey of the portal users and those who do not use it, the main drivers and
barriers to e-participation in urban development were identified, and the recommendations for
increasing public participation were proposed. The cluster analysis made it possible to identify
several groups of St. Petersburg residents with similar drivers and barriers to e-participation and
formulate recommendations for improving e-participation of citizens on the basis of management
of the Portal individual characteristics.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: smart city

value: citizen e-participation

value: urban development

value: e-government

value: information and communication technologies


dc.contributor.author

value: Drozdova, Natalia P.

value: Marycheva, Oksana A.

value: Sklyar, Tatiana M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Drozdova N. P., Marycheva O. A., Sklyar T. M. 2021. Development of regional market of corporate voluntary health insurance: The case of St. Petersburg. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Management 20 (2): 165–191.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper discusses a pilot study aimed to identify the factors of development of the regional
market for corporate voluntary health insurance in St. Petersburg during the period from 2015 to
2018. Based on the review of scientific works of Russian and foreign authors as well as the analysis
of international experience, the key factors influencing the functioning of the corporate voluntary
health insurance market are identified including the economic development of the region,
demographic situation, changes in the labor market, accessibility of medical care, and personal
characteristics of the insured. The results of quantitative modeling showed that the development
of the corporate voluntary health insurance market in St. Petersburg is influenced by the factors
related to the economic well-being of the region and the state of labor market. Such factors as
the average per capita income of the population, the unemployment rate as well as the index of
prices and tariffs for paid medical services turned out to be significant. In addition, a qualitative
analysis of the demand for corporate voluntary health insurance was carried out. The analysis
of a structured survey Russian and international companies managers proved the following assumptions:
voluntary health insurance policies are more often offered to employees of large and
medium-sized organizations operating mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region compared to
companies whose main number of employees work in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region;
international companies are more likely to provide voluntary health insurance policies to their
employees than Russian ones. The study offers practical recommendations to stakeholders — the
authorities, insurers and employers.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Management;Volume 20; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: voluntary health insurance

value: corporate voluntary health insurance

value: insurees

value: health insurance organizations

value: Saint Petersburg


dc.contributor.author

value: Georgievsky, Anton B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Georgievsky A. B. 2021. Company transition from selling goods to selling solutions. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Management 20 (2): 216–241.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Accelerating digitalization of the economy and changing pandemic-driven consumer trends provide
companies with opportunities for a complete customer satisfaction by using solutions. This
work aims to consider the formation of a solution as the basis for the servitization of a company.
The analysis of academic and consulting literature on solution and servitization concepts was
used as a research method. The paper proposes an approach to define the concept of solution as
an offer. Two types of sales using solutions have been determined: solution selling and outcome selling. The definition of an outcome-oriented solution is provided. Based on this definition and
the key features of a solution, a solution creation model is formed which includes the following
components: the key elements and characteristics, the nature of the problem, joint value creation,
and outcome orientation. The paper develops a model of the servitization process and compares
the categories of goods, services, and solutions taking into account the development of the concept
of ecosystems. Researchers can use the findings to build solution models and develop the
outcome component of a solution. Practitioners can use the results to make the company transition
from selling goods to selling solutions.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: solution

value: solution selling

value: concept of solution

value: ecosystem

value: outcome selling

value: servitization

value: services

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Nechaeva, Irina M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nechaeva I. M. 2021. Models of projects portfolio formation in construction business. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Management 20 (2): 242–262.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper presents models and methods of projects portfolio formation in the construction business.
The company’s strategy success depends on the projects which an organization includes
in its portfolio to achieve strategic goals. Nowadays companies often use methods of individual
project estimation and selection to include in their portfolio of projects. However, such approach
does not consider the effect from an individual project on the whole portfolio financial result and
the total risk as well as the specificities of the construction industry portfolio formation. There is
usually a set of projects for evaluation and selection and, as a consequence, there are several potential
portfolio combinations for a company to choose. Construction business is project-oriented
and a correct choice of a certain project and a portfolio with the best combination of projects
is a strategically important management element. Models and methods of portfolio formation
and management will help to make a choice. The paper presents specific features of portfolio in
the construction area which should be considered in the portfolio methodology formation. The
comparative analysis of mathematical models for project evaluation and portfolio selection in
the construction business was provided. The profiles of companies to implement different models
were determined. The results of the research will be useful for scientists and practitioners to
choose a model for application or adaption to a company’s needs.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Management;Volume 20; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: portfolio selection

value: portfolio management

value: project management

value: construction project management

value: project selection

value: portfolio of projects

value: project portfolio formation

size: 1 MB


dc.contributor.author

value: Singh, Amarjeet

dc.identifier.citation

value: Singh A. 2021. Socio-technological system of sharing economy. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Management 20 (2): 192–215.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Sharing economy is a system which functions successfully provided that technological and
social subsystems complement each other forming an indivisibly combined cohesive structure.
The premise of balancing social and technological aspects is proposed in the socio-technological
theory. Social issues call for social innovation to fulfil the needs and requirements
of the society as well as individual citizens. The goal of this paper is to fill the gap in the
extant literature by proposing a comprehensive framework of sharing economy based on the
socio-technological theory. This study carried out a systematic literature review of works on
sharing economy and socio-technological theory in order to develop a conceptual framework.
There were identified different social motives associated with each of the subsystems; interplay
between them was established. This study contributes to the increasing research by presenting
a holistic view of sharing economy through the theoretical lens of socio-technology keeping
society as well as consumer needs and requirements at its focal point.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: sharing economy

value: collaborative consumption

value: socio-technology

value: contemporary market economy

value: access-based consumption

value: technology and society

value: consumer


dc.contributor.author

value: Zavyalova, Anna E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zavyalova, Anna. “The Works of I. S. Turgenev in the Art of M. V. Dobuzhinsky”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 204–223.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is the first to examine the issue of the influence of Ivan Turgenev’s works on the
art of Mstislav Dobuzhinsky not only in scenography, but also in illustrations and vignettes.
Thanks to the artist’s memoirs, it was established that Turgenev’s works did not arouse his
creative interest. It is concluded that Dobuzhinsky read the novels The Noble Nest and Smoke
in his youth. In the design of Turgenev’s plays A Month in the Village; Breakfast at the Leader;
The Workman; Where it is thin, there it is torn; and Provincial for the Moscow Art Theater,
Dobuzhinsky turned to the proposal and choice of Konstantin Stanislavsky. The author used a comprehensive method that combined a formal-stylistic analysis of the sketches of sets and
costumes, illustrations and vignettes, with a source-based analysis of the artist’s diaries and
letters. It was revealed that the silhouette-figure “Girl with Flowers” can be attributed to the
complex of these vignettes. The article is the first to address the issue of Dobuzhinsky’s appeal
to the art of the Italian Renaissance. It is established that the Cathedral of Santi Giovanni e
Paolo in Venice influenced the image of the greenhouse in the sketches of the scenery for the
play based on the play A Month in the Village, while the portraits of Pietro della Fancesca and
Sandro Botticelli influenced the portrait of actress Lydia Koreneva.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 11; Issue 2

value: Mstislav Dobuzhinsky

value: Ivan Turgenev

value: Russian art

value: theatre and decorative art

value: illustrations

value: vignettes

value: neoclassicism

value: Renaissance

value: Russian classicism

value: theme of a Russian estate

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Bardovskaya, Larisa V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bardovskaya, Larisa. “Portraits of Grand Duke Ludwig of Hesse: Return after Neglect”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 172–185.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is dedicated to the attribution of two portraits of an unknown German general
in the Tsarskoye Selo Museum collection. One of them is a ceremonial knee-high portrait,
the other is a small head portrait of the same general. In addition, one portrait was
purchased in 1997 at the “Lenfilm” stage properties, the other has always been in the museum.
It was believed that the head portrait, by an unknown artist, depicted Grand Duke Ludwig of
Hesse-Darmstadt — father of future Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The weak
inscription at the bottom of the knee-high portrait states that it is a copy done by Heinrich
R. Kröh in 1896 in Darmstadt, based on Heinrich von Angeli`s original. On the backs of
both canvases, monograms from the personal collection of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna
were found: the interwoven Russian letters “A” and “F” under a crown and “№ 8” (ceremonial
knee-high portrait) and “№ 65” (head portrait). Both images date back to the famous
“Family portrait of Grand Duke Ludwig of Hesse”, commissioned by Queen Victoria for the
Drawing-room of her Osborne-House in London. In the queen’s letters, it is noted that Angeli
had started to work on the head sketches immediately upon his arrival in 1878. Alexandra
Feodorovna brought one of them, her father’s head sketch, with her to Russia. Also, in the year
of 1878 Angeli painted the knee-high ceremonial portrait with the same regalia for Grand
Duke Ludwig’s residence in Darmstadt. The portrait is known in copies executed by Ludwig
Hofmann-Zeitz (Royal Collections, London) and Heinrich Kröh (now in Tsarskoye Selo
Museum). The fate of Kröh’s replica happened to be tragic. First it was seen in a photograph
of the Empress’s study in the Winter Palace of the 1900s made by St. Petersburg photographer
Karl Kubesh. The photo shows companion portraits of the Empress’s parents. Both portraits
disappeared after the 1917 Revolution. The knee-high portrait of Ludwig was badly damaged
and as a result was included into the stage props of the studio as it was deemed unnecessary.
After many decades, the portrait was returned to the Tsarskoye Selo Museum collection.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: painting sketch

value: Grand Duke Ludwig of Hesse-Darmstadt

value: ceremonial portrait

value: Heinrich von Angeli

value: Alexander Palace

value: Darmstadt

value: Queen Victoria

value: Russian Empress

value: Osborne-House

value: Heinrich Kröh


dc.contributor.author

value: Fomenko, Andrey N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fomenko, Andrey. “Beyond the Threshold of the Visible: The Photographic Objects of Alexander Ugay”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 263–287.

dc.description.abstract

value:
One of the features of photography is the fact that the process of formation of the image
is invisible — in contrast to painting. It is as if photography, which makes the world more visible, evades visual control. The transition to digital techniques partly reduces this “dark
side” of photography, but it also allows us to make better sense of analogous photography and
reflect on its dual nature. Alexander Ugay, a contemporary artist from Kazakhstan, who in
his practice shifts from photography as an image to photography as an object, substance and
process, is an example of such a reflection; the thematization of the nature of the medium is
combined in his practice with the theme of memory and oblivion. In his Objects of Memory
(2013), he photographed the back of pictures from several archives of the Stalinist camps —
the procedure that emphasizes the material and ephemeral character of the prints. The iconic
aspect is almost entirely excluded from Time Capsule (2011 — present time) that reveals the
self-destructive nature of the act of taking picture. The series of “obscuratons” (2017–2018) —
complex pinhole cameras with a lot of holes — is a preliminary result of this reflection of
photographic dialectics of the visible and the invisible. Every obscuraton functions alternately
as a devise for creating an image (equivalent to human vision) and as an object integrated in
some environment side by side with the other things. The polemics with an idea of total visual
control can be read here; the machines of vision prove to be machines of blindness. The general
impression is that the sole purpose of the emphasis on physical and chemical processes, the
use of the particular iconographic resources and references to historical realities have a single
goal in Ugay’s projects: the dissolution of meanings and disintegration of forms.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Alexander Ugay

value: photography

value: contemporary art

value: art of Kazakhstan

value: camera obscura

value: obscuraton

value: panopticism

value: post-photography

value: neo-avant-garde

value: entropy


dc.contributor.author

value: Belozerova, Vera G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belozerova, Vera. “Analysis of the Scroll ‘Ba Bridge in the Snow’: The Results of the Creative Journey of Shen Zhou (1427–1509)”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 186–203.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Shen Zhou is the founder of the Wumen-Pai movement, which was prominent in southern
China in the XV–XVI centuries. Shen Zhou became famous as a poet, painter, and calligrapher.
In the article, the late stage of his creative work is investigated by the example of the
vertical scroll “Ba bridge in the snow”. The technique of monochrome writing and the composition
of the winter landscape are analyzed. The article examines the influence of biographical
and social factors, Confucian teachings and Taoist practices on Shen Zhou’s painting. A comprehensive
study of the scroll makes it possible to reveal the master’s worldview. The scroll,
without any topographical accuracy, depicts an imaginary view of the bridge on the Bashui
River. The study of the poetic inscription demonstrates the discrepancy between the poetic
rhyme and the rhythm of calligraphic forms. The gradations of ink tone in calligraphy combine
it with the color of painting. Shen Zhou transfers the calligraphic technique of working
with the wrist and holding the brush to painting. The scroll uses the composition type “one
river three banks”, in which the elements mirror each other upside down. The artist creates
a dynamic balance of empty and filled spaces. The most valuable quality of Shen Zhou painting
is considered by Chinese experts to be its “desalination” (tribute), which implies a balanced mental attitude, sublime clarity of thoughts and heartfelt sincerity of their expression.
Behind the simplicity and naturalness of Shen Zhou’s painting are effective energetic practices
and a high mastery of hidden stylistic quotations from masterpieces of previous eras. By the
end of his life, Shen Zhou realized the utopian ideal of unlimited longevity and, as the analysis
of the scroll shows, found humility before the inevitability of death. Shen Zhou’s art has made
his name famous for centuries.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: “four Great Masters of the [Empire] Ming”

value: xing-kai handwriting

value: ping-dan

value: jin

value: gu

value: quishi

value: cun

value: zhen-yi

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Starodub, Tatiana Kh.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Starodub, Tatiana. “The Image of the Madrasah in Illustrations of Medieval Arabic Manuscripts”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 243–262.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article considers the visual image of the Madrasah in miniatures of Arabic manuscripts
of the 13th century as both scientific and theological treatises, and literary works. Illustrated
Arabic manuscripts are relatively rare, but they exist, and constitute one of the most
fascinating, but little-studied pages in the history of the spiritual and artistic culture of the
Arab Middle Ages. Amongst the hard-to-solve riddles there are some colorful pictures in
the frontispiece design or in the text of a manuscript, which can raise the question: what is
depicted here? The inscriptions on the margins of a page or inside the miniatures, added as
explanations by the later owners, do not always provide the correct answer, since from one
era to another the concepts and representations change significantly. In the life of Medieval
Muslim society, the Arabic word “madrasah” could mean both a general education school
and a theological university, where scientists study the works of their predecessors, conduct
scientific research, make new discoveries, and defend their theories. In all cases, madrasahs
remain religious institutions and buildings, second in importance after the Mosque.
However, unlike a Mosque, with a niche of a mihrab or a ladder of a minbar, the image of
a Madrasah is difficult to distinguish from buildings such as a dwelling house, a caravanserai,
a Sufi abode or a courtroom. In miniatures of medieval Arabic manuscripts, the image
of a Madrasah can also arise by association with portrayals of sages and their listeners,
scientists and their students, authors who write their works, or scribes who rewrite them.
The architectural image of the Madrasah can be created both by a detailed illustration of its interior, and by the conditional “architectural” decoration of a scene of a lesson at school or
meeting of scientists.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: madrasah

value: school

value: theological university

value: sages

value: philosophers

value: Arabic manuscripts

value: illustrations

value: book miniatures

value: images

value: antiquity

value: the Arab Middle Ages


dc.contributor.author

value: Martynova, Daria O.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Martynova, Daria. “Formation and Development of the Iconography of the Mesmeric Seance in the Second Half of the 18th — Late 19th Centuries”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 224–242.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Analyzing the evolution of the iconography of such a phenomenon as mesmerism in the second
half of the 18th — mid-19th centuries, the author shows that the scenario of modern hypnotic
representation and its gestures were established by mesmerists in the second half of the
18th century, followers of the parascientific theory that caused discussions and intrigued doctors
and artists for centuries. Analyzing the development of the iconography of mesmeric seance,
the author identifies two waves of popularity of this subject: the first wave in the 70–80s
of the 18th century and the second wave during the first decade of the 19th century and beginning
of the 20th century. Such a duration is due to the fascination with the supernatural and
inexplicable, reflected in various styles and trends. In this article, the author tries to show how
the development of the iconography of the mesmeric seance provoked the appearance of the
hypnotist or magician trickster, who became integrated into popular culture that later began
to mark the majority of hypnotic actions, spiritualistic sessions or miracle shows. The author
also illustrates how the image of a “controller” in the face of a man formed and confirmed the
paradigm of a powerless, mysterious and controlled woman. As a result, it is concluded that
hypnosis and mesmerism became common theatrical spectacles in the 20th century, cultivating
the power of men (patriarchal society) over an exhausted woman, which is reflected in
the works of Georges Méliès, Alfred Hitchcock, and even in the comic book Wonder woman.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was carried out with the financial support of the European Union, the European Regional
Development Fund and the Archimedes Foundation under the Dora Plus 2.2 grant for Doctoral students.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: gender studies

value: French art

value: mesmerism

value: Charcot

value: principle of visual analogy

value: repressed image

value: somnambulism

value: spiritism

value: hypnotist

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Heidari, Fatemeh

value: Hosseini, Seyed Reza

dc.identifier.citation

value: Heidari, Fatemeh, and Seyed Reza Hosseini. “A Comparative Study of the Talking Tree Motif in Persian Versions of Qazvini’s Wonders of Creation (Ajā’ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā’ib almawjūdāt)”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 288–309.

dc.description.abstract

value:
A tree is one of the most beautiful creations in the world. The development of mythical concepts
and the prevalence of some beliefs about it have led to certain connotations and the emergence
of specific beliefs in human thought. Among trees, there is the talking tree (Waqwaq), which has
a long history and has been mentioned in various books, including reliable geographic sources
such as Qazvini’s the Wonders of Creation. The article examines the pictorial motif of talking
tree in the Persian version of Qazvini’s Wonders of Creation and considers the similarities and
differences of its presentation in Persian versions as well as the origin of its aesthetic principles.
The results of the research show that all versions have human heads or a statue on the tree.
Among them, the Wonders of Creation 1816 AD has a female motif and depicts a female statue
on the tree. The head motif in the Wonders of Creation of 1550–1560 AD is male and illustrates
masculine statues on the tree. The head motif in the Wonders of Creation 1566 AD, the Wonders
of Creation of the 16 century AD, the Wonders of Creation 1651 AD and the Wonders of Creation
1695 AD and the two heads in the Wonders of Creation 1822 AD was male and only depict human
heads on the tree, not the full body. In some versions, in addition to human heads, animal
heads are also portrayed on the tree. What is interesting is the presence of the head of legendary
animals and birds such as Dragon and Simurgh.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 11; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Persian version

value: Wonders of Creation

value: Zakariya al-Qazvini

value: talking tree

value: Persian painting

value: Iran

value: Waqwaq


dc.contributor.author

value: Kononenko, Evgenii I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kononenko, Evgenii. “Once Again аbout Simulation of Scientific Activity in the Humanities”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 327–349.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This work is inspired by the article “Local Humanities and Education in Front of the Third
Millennium Challenges” by B. G. Sokolov. He discussed the “local challenges” generated by
“integration” and “optimization” that have nothing to do with the scientific process, and about
simulation actions as the expected response to these challenges. The author considers typical
ways of simulating the scientific process, leading to an increase in the quantitative parameters
of reports, but not contributing to an increase in scientific knowledge (artificial increase in
publication activity; defense of frankly weak qualifying works, including dissertations; imitation
pseudoscientific conferences; “omnivorous” paid journals; blurring the lines between
genres of work in pursuit of funding). The proliferation of simulation mechanisms that do not
contradict normative documents testifies to the loss of the qualitative criteria necessary for
the self-preservation of science. The use of regulatory instruments provided for by the current
bureaucratic acts is also formal, and often overtly simulated. In fact, many of the identified
“challenges” are not “local”, inherent exclusively to Russian science. In addition, as the practice
of recent years shows, the problems and consequences of the simulation of scientific work
are well understood by domestic scientists who are trying to draw attention to anomalies and
develop mechanisms to counter their manifestations (activity of Dissernet and ASEP), which indicates the existence of an “initiative from below”. The author believes that the activity of the
professional community of art historians and critics can become a model in restoring regulatory
mechanisms for the humanities. The criteria for the quality of scientific work and traditions
of criticism that have survived in this community will not replace the imposed quantitative
parameters, but can reduce the reputation losses of the Russian humanitarian science.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: humanities

value: art history

value: simulation

value: scientometrics

value: self-preservation

value: Dissernet

value: “predatory journals”


dc.contributor.author

value: Antipov, Ilya V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Antipov, Ilya. “The So-Called Faceted Palace (1433) and the Architecture of Novgorod from the Middle of the 15th to the First Quarter of the 16th Century”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 2 (2021): 310–326.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the history of Novgorodian architecture in the middle of the 15th to
the first quarter of the 16th century. In 1433, one of the key events in the history of Novgorodian
architecture took place — the German and local builders constructed the Faceted Palace
commissioned by the archbishop Eufimiy II on the Vladychny Dvor. The article focuses on
two interconnected problems: 1) did the German master builders continue to work on the
Archbishop’s Court after 1433; 2) did the Faceted Palace influence the architecture of Novgorod
in the middle of the 15th to the first quarter of the 16th century? An analysis of available
written sources and the results of research bear no evidence of the presence of the German
builders in Novgorod later than 1433. Several new features in Novgorod edifices in the middle
— second half of the 15th century should be interpreted as traces of the influence the
Faceted Palace had upon the later Novgorodian architecture. Most likely the German Builders
returned overseas upon completing the Archbishop’s Palace and never came back to Rus.
Overall, the 15th century Brick Gothic architecture influenced the Novgorod architecture of
the middle — second half of the 15th century: new construction and decorative features in one
way or another are connected with the architecture of the Faceted Palace that appeared in the
edifices of the 1440–1460s. However, not all the striking features of the outstanding Palace
of the Archbishop are reflected in buildings of the middle — second half of the 15th century.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), under Grant number 18-18-
00045.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 11; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Old Russian architecture

value: Veliky Novgorod

value: stone civil buildings

value: architecture of brick Gothic

value: bishops’ residences

value: pediments

value: architectural constructions

value: décor

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Zhadan, A. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zhadan A. V. ‘Organization and Activity of NKVD Labor Educational Colonies for Minors in Khabarovsk Region in 1943–1945’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 408–421.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article, based on documentary sources, the main part of which is introduced into scientific circulation
for the first time, aims to analyze and summarize the historical experience of labor educational colonies
for minors of the NKVD on the territory of the Khabarovsk territory in wartime (taking into account the events of
the Soviet-Japanese war) and in the first post-war months of 1945. Within the framework of this goal, the author
sets the following tasks: to specify the social significance of these institutions in relation to wartime conditions;
describe the main directions of their activities (educational process and industrial training); establish the causes
and nature of the problems that accompanied the activities of educational colonies at the time under review. The
publication concludes that being essentially correctional and educational institutions, labor educational colonies
for minors performed humanitarian, criminological, preventive, and socio-economic functions during the study
period. The main problems in the activity of the colonies, which affected the material and everyday aspects of the life of pupils, the quality of educational work and the educational process, were the lack of material resources and
experienced, qualified personnel. It is noted that the functioning of these institutions in the Khabarovsk territory
was fully affected by the socio-economic specifics of the far Eastern region with a characteristic shortage of human
resources, a relatively weak economic base, an undeveloped infrastructure and a saturation of penitentiary
institutions. The author gives a positive assessment of the role of the leadership of the NKVD administration in the
Khabarovsk territory in strengthening the discipline of the colony staff, suppressing illegal actions against pupils,
creating favorable material and living conditions, and improving the educational and upbringing process.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: labor colonies

value: NKVD

value: World War II

value: homelessness

value: neglect


dc.contributor.author

value: Makeeva, E. D.

value: Tsintsadze, N. S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Makeeva E. D., Tsintsadze N. S. ‘Scientific and Environmental Organizations Activities During the Great Patriotic War: Historical and Ecological Aspect’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 459–474.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article explores the activities of scientific and environmental organizations of the USSR during
the World War II, in the context of Russian environmental history. Environmental history is an interdisciplinary
scientific field at the intersection of the humanities and natural sciences, studying the co-evolution of nature and
society. Using archival and published sources, this article focuses on the All-Russian Society for the Conservation
of Nature, the All-Union Geographical Society, and the Council for the Study of Productive Forces. Nature
made a significant contribution to victory, as the use of natural wealth made it possible to provide the army and the
rear with necessary raw materials and food. The most important role in mobilizing a variety of natural resources
was played by Soviet scientists. At the same time, ecological systems were seriously damaged. Starting from
the war and into the postwar years, the technogenic management era commenced. The leadership of the USSR
bet on the active development of the mineral resource and energy base in the eastern part of the country, which
was another blow to the environment. The All-Russian Society for the Conservation of Nature tried to restrain the
state’s onslaught on nature and sought to minimize its consequences. Its most important task was to popularize
environmental ideas among the people. Thanks to the efforts of members of the Society, the authorities turned
their attention to environmental problems: in 1946, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On Nature
Protection in the RSFSR” was issued. After this, environmental protection completely came under state control
and aimed at balancing active economic activity in the country.

value: Great Patriotic War

value: natural resources

value: All-Union Geographical Society

value: environmental history

value: Russia

value: USSR


dc.contributor.author

value: Mironov, B. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mironov B. N. ‘Derusification of Administration in USSR’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 436–458.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Non-Russian peoples were represented in Russian power structures long before the revolutions of
1905 and 1917, but less than the democratic norm, which suggests de facto ethnic discrimination in the Empire.
In Soviet times, the actual ethno-political inequality of peoples in the USSR was gradually overcome, and participation of non-Russians in power structures grew systematically and even accelerated, and the role of Russians
decreased accordingly. The increase in non-Russians’ share in governmental bodies was almost exclusively due
to an increase in their ethnic status. By 1979, Russians had a very small majority in all government structures in
the USSR as a whole, except for the legislative branch, which roughly corresponded to their higher share in the
country’s population (50.8 % in 1989). However, the situation was different in the Union republics. Only in the
Russian Federation did all peoples, Russian and non-Russian, participate in governmental bodies in proportion
to their numbers and in full compliance with the democratic norm. In Belarus, Moldova, and Uzbekistan, titular
ethnic groups were underrepresented, and Russians were overrepresented. In Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, and Estonia, the representation of Russians was below the democratic norm, and in nine republics it
was higher, but despite this, they did not have a majority in any union republic. This situation developed as a result
of the center’s national policy, which aimed at strengthening the authorities with national personnel, accelerating
the modernization of the Union republics and raising the level of development in the lagging republics to the level
of the most developed republics.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 20-09-00353 “The
disintegration of the Soviet Union in the human dimension: An interdisciplinary study”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: disintegration

value: Soviet Union

value: national politicy

value: korenizatsiya

value: state apparatus

value: ethnic discrimination

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Sushko, A. V.

value: Stelmak, M. M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sushko A. V., Stelmak M. M. ‘“Jewry of Siberia and the Urals Anxiously Awaits an Answer”: A Report by M. A. Novomeysky to Russian Government of A. V. Kolchak (May 1919)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 555–567.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 11; Issue 2


dc.contributor.author

value: Sobolev, G. L.

value: Khodjakov, M. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sobolev G. L., Khodjakov M. V. ‘The Confrontation Between Life and Death: Some Results of Studying the History of the Siege of Leningrad’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 294–323.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The authors focus on the assessment and characterization of the mortality rate of the civilian population,
which waged a heroic struggle for survival. The number of victims in besieged Leningrad, as cited by
researchers in published works, was “regulated” by the Communist Party leadership for several decades. The situation
changed at the turn of the 1980s — 1990s, when historians gained access to previously secret documents.
This article poses a problem that Leningrad doctors drew attention to in late autumn 1941. Their proposals for the
treatment of alimentary dystrophy, the main affliction of civilians in the blocked city, were not immediately appreciated
by Leningrad’s leaders at that time. The presence of various data on the mortality rate of the population
during the blockade is understandable: these data were collected at different times by various organizations and
individuals, based on far from complete data. The authors emphasize that it is impossible to assess the decline
in the city’s population solely using y the number of ration cards in circulation. This approach, for a number of
reasons, distorts b the real state of affairs. The city’s statistical department, the People’s Commissariat of Internal
Affairs, and the registry offices, which were under its jurisdiction, had their own estimates of the number of
civilian victims. Today there is no consensus regarding the completeness of information on the scale of burials
in city cemeteries during the blockade winter of 1941/42. The article concludes that there is a need for a wider
introduction of previously unknown archival materials into circulation to help to clarify the number of victims of the
Blockade of Leningrad, which, according to the authors, reached 750 thousand.

dc.subject

value: siege

value: Leningrad

value: population mortality

value: alimentary dystrophy

value: NKVD

value: rationing


dc.contributor.author

value: Zhuravlev, N. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zhuravlev N. N. ‘Vladimir Strekopytov. The Rebel Commander’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 370–391.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores of the life and work of one participant in the White movement, Vladimir Strekopytov.
Born in Tula and a staff captain in World War I, in March 1919 Strekopytov led the anti-Bolshevik uprising of
the Red Army in Gomel. For a long time, the events of the Gomel anti-Bolshevik uprising, known as the “Strekopytovsky
rebellion”, remained a little-known and unexplored event of the Civil War. Despite the fact that, in the first
years of Soviet power, a number of publications based on recollections of participants in those dramatic events
had come out, many facts related to the uprising remained outside the scope of study. The scantiest information
has been preserved about the leader of the insurgents: the name by which the uprising entered historiography,
and the mention that he was a former officer. The real name of the leader of the Gomel uprising became known
thanks to researchers from Estonia, who opened an investigation into participants of the Gomel uprising at the
end of the last century. In the history of Russian Civil War, the Tula detachment that he led made an unprecedented
defection from the Red Army to the White Army. He made his way from Gomel, through Ukraine, Poland,
and the Baltic states and joined the North-Western Army under General Yudenitch. After the disbandment of the North-Western Army in February 1920, he headed the Tula workers’ artel in Estonia, in which he gathered former
members of his detachment. Vladimir Strekopytov lived in exile in Estonia and was engaged in social activities.
After the unification of Estonia with the USSR, he was arrested by the NKVD in 1940 and executed in April 1941.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Strekopytov Vladimir Vasilyevich

value: Strekopytovsky rebellion

value: Gomel uprising (1919)

value: the Russian-Tula detachment

value: North-Western Army


dc.contributor.author

value: Strekalov, I. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Strekalov I. N. ‘Was Lev Trotsky the leader in the Petersburg Soviet of Workers’ Deputies in 1905?’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 356–369.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article reexamines the role of famous revolutionary and Social Democrat L. D. Trotsky in the Petersburg
Soviet of Workers’ Deputies. One claim in the scholarly literature is that Trotsky was the leader of the
Soviet, but this is based on his or someone else’s memoirs. This article analyzes this position: first, memoirs about
the thesis on Trotsky’s prominent role as speaker during meetings of the Soviet, and the argument about Trotsky’s
support in the Soviet; also, the question about the rating of the formal chairman of the Soviet, G. S. Khrustalev-Nosar,
is discussed. This examination is based on archival documents: records of the interrogations of participants
of the Soviet’s meetings written between the end of 1905 and the spring of 1906; letters written by Trotsky (mostly
in the pre-revolutionary period); and the works of G. S. Khrustalev-Nosar. Analytic and comparative methods suggest
that these sources are more objective than memoirs written many years after 1905 and in another historical
context. The article concludes that Trotsky’s role in the Petersburg Soviet is exaggerated: memoirs are subjective
or analyzed only from one point of view, and sources closest to the time show that Trotsky was a participant and
even the prominent speaker in Soviet meetings, but he did not find wide ideological support there. The formal
chairman of the Soviet, G. S. Khrustalev-Nosar, had enough authority, denying the claim that Trotsky was the one
and only leader of the Soviet.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Trotsky Petersburg Soviet

value: First Russian Revolution

value: Khrustalev-Nosar

value: memoirs

value: social-democracy

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Popov, A. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Popov A. A. ‘The Problem of Harmonizing the Economic Interests of the USSR and the Socialist Countries. The Сase of Soviet-Polish Trade and Financial Relations (1958–1964)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 422–435.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Soviet trade with Eastern European countries was one of the main forms of economic interaction within
the socialist camp. The problem of imbalances in this trade traditionally has been associated with the politicization
of intra-bloc relations. However, when harmonizing the interests of the USSR and the socialist interests vis-à-vis
long-term trade agreements, economic motives were of great importance. This article discusses the process
of harmonizing economic interests, using the case of Soviet-Polish trade relations in 1958–1964. This research
based on archival documents from the Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU for Economic Cooperation
with the Socialist Countries (in RGANI) and declassified documents from the special fund for the State
Planning Commission of RGAE. The analysis shows that contradictions in trade issues provoked a discussion of a
wider range of issues: military supplies, credit debt, and transit tariffs for the two countries. Moreover, each of the
parties was guided by its own economic interests and rarely made concessions for political reasons. The Soviet
government in 1958-1964 made a number of supply concessions, agreed to revise transit tariffs, and incurred
part of the costs of maintaining the stability of intra-block trade in the distribution system. There was a change
in the structure of Soviet-Polish trade, which significantly reduced the passive trade balance for Polish People’s
Republic (RPL). Nevertheless, in accordance with Soviet calculations, after all these changes, trade with RPL and
other socialist countries was profitable for the USSR.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 19-78-10023 “Friendship of
Convenience: the Impetus and Justification of the Integration of the CMEA’s European member-countries”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: foreign trade

value: USSR

value: trade

value: finances

value: Poland

value: Polish People’s Republic

value: socialist countries

value: Comecon


dc.contributor.author

value: Kornilov, G. E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kornilov G. E. The Impact of the Great Patriotic War on Population Reproduction (Basing on the Materials of the Molotov Region), Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 339–355.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Great Patriotic war had a disastrous impact on country’s demography. Much available research
focuses on the study of human losses in Russia and individual regions, while widely using demographic statistics
of state bodies, mainly regional, republican statistical offices and the CSO of the USSR. Their representativeness
has been proven, and negative characterizations of registry office statistics (registration of births, deaths,
marriages, and divorces) found in modern historical literature has no basis, except in cases where it was not
possible to collect complete information. In this study, this corpus of documents is used to analyze reproduction
processes in the Molotov region and their impact on demographic structures. Identified new sources (data on
birth order, and data on maternal age, which appeared in the concluding period of the war) resulted in methods
of demographic analysis (calculation of general, special, and private fertility rates) to obtain new data on the
demographic situation in the region and the depth of the demographic catastrophe in which the country found
itself in the war, the consequences of which are felt up until today. World War II plunged the country’s population,
including territories deep in the rear, into a demographic crisis that resulted in changes in demographic structures,
deformation of reproduction, disproportion in the ratio between fertility and mortality, and damage to the
regeneration of generations, especially among males.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research is supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 20-09-00032 «Transformation
of the demographic structures of the Russian society at the end of the XIX — the beginning of the XXI
centuries: regional aspect»

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 11; Issue 2

value: population

value: gender

value: age

value: birth

value: rate

value: Molotov region

value: Great Patriotic war


dc.contributor.author

value: Hass, J. K.

value: Lomagin, N. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Hass J. K., Lomagin N. A. ‘Seeing like a Starving State: The Soviet Political Economy of Death in the Blockade of Leningrad’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 324–338.

dc.description.abstract

value:
State elites and officials “see” their polities and societies through ideological and symbolic lenses
that shape what they seek and perceive as they devise policies. But what happens to that sight and vision during
moments of challenge and duress, and with what effect on policies? This article uses the example of the Blockade
of Leningrad to begin an exploration of this subject. The pre-war Soviet state and Communist Party had a “double
vision”, seeing Soviet society as an object for utopian plans and projects (a “high modernist” vision), and as an
amorphous source of constant potential risk (e. g. counter-revolution). Extreme duress and challenges to survival
from the Blockade challenged both facets of this double vision. What began to emerge was a more pragmatic
vision centered on maintaining state authority and political order. We use state perception of and policies towards
death and, as an extension, defending (civilian) life. Brief explorations of how state elites and officials perceived
death, disposal labor (coping with corpses), and life (mothers) reveals a more realistic pragmatism, less deferent
to ideology, beginning to emerge. We conclude that this points to a possible “Blockade Bolshevism” as a shifting
formula of rule and possibilities of a “NEP reboot” lost to high Stalinism after the war.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: blockade

value: Leningrad

value: World War II

value: stalinism

value: food

value: rationing

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Zhou, Guochang

value: Sun, Yizhi

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zhou Guochang, Sun Yizhi. ‘The First Brochure about the October Revolution in Chinese: Manuscript “What the October Revolution Gave Us”’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 528–554.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 11; Issue 2


dc.contributor.author

value: Leonczyk, S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Leonczyk S. ‘Polish Educational Care Centers in the USSR During the Second World War’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 392–407.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Among those Poles deported to the USSR from the eastern provinces of Poland annexed by the USSR
in 1939 were many families and children. The Sikorski–Mayski agreement, signed on 30 July 1941, opened the
way for Poland and the USSR to resume diplomatic relations. The Embassy of the Republic of Poland set up
agencies, so-called Delegations, whose mission was, among others, to implement decisions made by the Polish-
Soviet commission. The commission provided welfare services for Poles, which included opening shelters,
kindergartens, schools, and orphanages. Initially, from autumn of 1941 to summer 1942, the Soviet authorities
supported the establishment of such educational care centers, although after July 1942, when the Polish delegations
were dissolved, some of these were shut down, and Polish children were moved to Soviet schools and orphanages.
This paper describes the situation of Polish orphanages in the USSR, especially in the Siberian region
of the USSR and Kazakhstan. These educational care centers received aid from the Embassy of the Republic of
Poland, located in Kuybyshev (Samara). However, they were also supported in the USSR by the Soviet authorities
and Union of Polish Patriots (1943–1946), who helped Polish orphans. One such children’s home is the orphanage
in Mala Minusa in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Thanks to its authorities, the Polish inmates of the orphanage, who broke
away from their motherland during wartime to return there only after the end of the war, have not been forgotten.

dc.subject

value: Second World War

value: USSR

value: Poland

value: Siberia

value: deportations

value: orphanages

value: Union of Polish Patriots


dc.contributor.author

value: Lavrov, D. E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lavrov D. E. ‘Russian Lacquer Crafts During the Great Patriotic War’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 475–488.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The history of The Great Patriotic War, which was the greatest test for Russia in the 20th century and
whose 75th anniversary was celebrated in 2020, contains many topics that have not been well studied. One such
topic is the activity of Russian folk crafts during wartime, among which the lacquered miniatures of Palekh, Mstyora,
Kholui, and Fedoskino occupy a special place. This article provides one of the first complex studies of the economic,
social, and artistic activities of all four centers of Russian lacquers during the war. In addition to information
about the contribution of artists and residents of these villages to victory, the article reveals the main events and
results of the development of Russian lacquer crafts during the war. These include exhibition activity and work of
local art schools, the activities of artists in propaganda, and lacquered miniatures. Further, the article explores
the state purchase orders and work of miniaturists for private purchases, the field of state regulation in folk art,
and the loss of life suffered by villages. Special attention is paid to gender-related processes in Russian crafts, as
well as support measures that the Soviet state provided to folk art during the war. The author concludes that the
Great Patriotic War, despite losses and difficulties, became a time of development for the lacquer crafts in Russia,
ensuring their subsequent development in the post-war years.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: Great Patriotic War

value: lacquer miniatures

value: Russian crafts

value: Palekh

value: Mstyora

value: Kholui

value: Fedoskino


dc.contributor.author

value: Bureeva, E. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bureeva E. V. ‘Formation of the Budget of the Komsomol Organizations in the 1960s’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 489–505.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the 1960s the state funding of the Komsomol ended, and the formation of the budget of the Central
Committee of the Komsomol and regional committees became an issue of great interest. This issue can be better
explored by complex financial documents of the Komsomol committees, which are introduced into circulation
here for the first time. They show that the main source of income was membership fees, which explains the intensification
of work to attract young people to the Komsomol and strict control over the timely payment of membership
fees. The second means of replenishing the budget were funds raised by collecting scrap metal and waste
paper, holding amateur concerts, and similar projects. However, this did not provide enough funding, and so the
Komsomol Central Committee introduced austerity measures and began additional fundraising through various
lotteries, selling literature, holding subbotniks and voskresniks, and the like. An analysis of archival documents
shows that countryside committees found themselves in a more difficult situation than those in cities, which had
more opportunities to earn money; and rural committees’ expenses were much higher. This explains the absence
of “houses of culture” and stadiums in villages, which were built mainly by the Komsomol. The party leadership
stopped subsidizing the Komsomol, but still actively used young people to solve important economic problems
(e. g. construction of large facilities in urban and rural settings, maintaining student construction teams, etc.), the
implementation of which also fell on the Komsomol budget. Thus, financial documents allows us not only to trace
the formation of revenues and expenditures, but also the working conditions of Komsomol organizations in cities
and the countryside.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Komsomol

value: budget

value: finances

value: raised funds

value: financial report

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Goldin, V. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Goldin V. I. ‘On the Ways of Comprehension of the Civil War in Russia: Key Problems and Historical Memory’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 518–527.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article describes the all-Russian scientific conference “International Intervention and Civil War
in Russia and the Russian North: key problems, historical memory, and lessons of history”, held in Arkhangelsk,
September 10–11, 2020. Co-organizers of the conference were the Russian Military-Historical Society and its
Arkhangelsk branch, the Government of the Arkhangelsk Region, the M. V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal
University , and the Association of the Russian Civil War Scholars. Conference sponsors were the Russian Military-
Historical Society and the Government of the Arkhangelsk Region. Established and younger scholars from
14 regions of Russia, as well as from Ukraine and Norway, took part in the conference and its proceedings. Conference
participators considered the key problems of genesis, origins, and causes for the Russian Civil War, its
modern conceptualization, the role of international intervention in Russia and the Russian North, results, consequences,
and historical lessons of this war. Special attention was given to preparing of Volume XII (in two books),
Civil War in Russia, 1917–1922, of the 20-volume academic series History of Russia and problems of historical
and cultural memory of the Russian Civil War. Four sections and three roundtables considered questions of the
dialectical relationship of international intervention and Civil War in Russia and the Russian North; of international,
national, regional, and local dimensions of the Civil War; and of the individual at war. Conference participators
pointed out the necessity of responsible, competent, and objective historical studies of the Russian Civil War, an
attitude of care towards existing monuments and memorials, and strict examination and scientific expertise of
new memorial projects devoted to this war.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: Civil War

value: intervention

value: Russia

value: Russian North

value: historical memory


dc.contributor.author

value: Bogomazov, N. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bogomazov N. I. ‘“I am Requesting an Urgent Order Abroad”: A Request of the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief General N. N. Yanushkevich on Procurement Abroad for the Needs of the Front Railways’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 506–517.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 19-78-00075 “‘Railway War’:
the Development of the Russian Railway Network Near the Theater of Operations during the First World War”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University


dc.contributor.author

value: Kochergin, Dmitry A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kochergin D. A. (2021) Modern models of systems of central bank digital currency. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 37, iss. 2, pp. 205–240.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines modern models of digital currency systems of central banks (CBDC)
for retail payments and wholesale settlements. The study gives economic interpretation and
defines the key characteristics of central bank digital currencies, identifies the features of the
main models of digital currencies systems and analyzes the most advanced national implementation
projects of CBDC. The study concludes that the digital currencies of central banks
are a new (digital) form of fiat money. The implementation of digital currencies of central
banks is due to the need to improve the efficiency of the monetary and payment systems and
is aimed at preserving of the central banks as a monetary issuer. The main advantages of digital
currencies for retail payments are the offer of a highly liquid, low-risk and universally accessible
means of payment. The key benefits of wholesale digital currencies are to provide faster,
safer, and cheaper cross-border payments. Among the models of digital currencies systems for
retail payments (R-CBDC) the model of hybrid system is characterized by the best reliability
and speed when processing a large number of payment transactions. Therefore, these systems
are the most promising for implementation. Between the models of systems for wholesale payments (W-CBDC) systems with a universal digital currency are the most suitable for eliminating
the main problems of cross-border payments. However, the implementation of such
systems may require a large number of technological, managerial and financial changes in the
payment systems of central banks. Currently, the most advanced project for issuing R-CBDC
is the DCEP system of the People’s Bank of China, which is implemented on the basis of a
hybrid model. W-CBDC projects are implemented jointly by the central banks of the leading
countries, as they require financial and technological unification of settlements. Most projects
of W-CBDC involve the use of systems with a convertible or universal digital currency.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 37; Issue 2

value: central bank digital currencies

value: fiat money

value: money of central bank

value: models of digital currencies systems for wholesale settlements