dc.contributor.author

value: Fröschle, Ulrich

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fröschle U. In search of a center: Aporias of the prosthetic God. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 591–608. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.312 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the capability and productivity of literature to visualise and discuss
chances and problems arising from future developments and constellations using the example
of trans- or posthumanism as one of the most influental ideological concepts of our time. It is
shown how this seemingly scientific idea has been imagined as well as deconstructed in literary
texts a long time before transhumanism solidified as an ideology. Literary texts allow to
play things through to an end — or another, and thereby highly specialised scientific topics
become open to a broader discussion outside the ivory tower: Beginning with H. von Kleist’s
famous essay on “The Puppet Theatre” (1810), that reflects upon the question of human consciousness
using the example of dancing prosthesis carriers, it is also demonstrated, that literary
texts can defamiliarize our common perception of everyday world to set us thinking about
it, be it Goethe’s “Faust II” with its homunculus episode, Marinettis novel “Mafarka the Futurist”
(1909) and its flying artificial man, E. Jünger’s extensive essay “The Worker” (1932) on
modern serialisation, M. Houellebecq’s novel “Possibility of an Island” (2005) with a posthuman
view on transhumanistic developments or G. Bear’s SF novel “Blood Music” (1985), imagining
a completely posthuman world.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article harks back on a presentation on October 25–26, 2018 at the III D. V. Sarabianov International
Congress of Art Historians of the GII in Moscow (“Boundaries of the Norm: The Transformation of
Humanism in Russian and European Culture of the New and Newest Times”). This version here was created
within the research project GAČR No. 20-02986S at the Palacký University Olomouc (Czech Republic)
“Unknown Worlds — Other Societies — New People. Transcultural Processes in Austrian Future Fiction of
the Inter-War Period”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: transhumanism

value: post-humanism

value: Kleist

value: Marinetti

value: Junger

value: Bear

value: Houellebecq


dc.contributor.author

value: Gasparyan, Luiza A.

value: Poluboyarinova, Larisa N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gasparyan L. A., Poluboyarinova L. N. Peculiarity of cultural transfer in literary translation (on the material of the Russian and Armenian translations of the British classic literature). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 462–480. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.304 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is the first attempt to analyze in a comparative way the situation of the transfer of
British literary classics to Russia and Armenia in the 19th–20th centuries on the basis of the
Armenian and Russian translations of Dickens’ novel “The Adventures of Oliver Twist”. The
article outlines the range of issues related to the study of the specifics of artistic translation in the light of the paradigm of cultural transfer. The idea of “translation as violence” and the concept
of translation “skopos” are analyzed as closely related to the paradigm of cultural transfer.
The Armenian national culture is characterized as predominantly focused on cultural transfer
and the phenomenon of translation. The article sketches the situation of “counter-movement”,
which was favorable to the active reception of Dickens’s heritage in Armenia in the late 19th
century as a “classic”. This favorably influenced the “intermediary” role of Russian translations
in Armenia. The conclusion is made that the socio-cultural context of early Victorian
England in its specificity, as well as the topicality, are rather and almost equally alien to the
host context of Russia and Armenia, which articulated their own “communication request” for
Dickens and formed the “reputational background” of the author in a significantly different
socio-cultural and geopolitical usus. At the same time, there is the factor of Armenian national
specificity, which manifests itself, among other things, in the increase in the “degree of optimism”
of the translated texts, a phenomenon that is less indicative for the Russian translations.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 20; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Ch. Dickens

value: cultural transfer

value: “skopos”

value: Russian and Armenian translations

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Andreiushkina, Tatiana N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Andreiushkina T. N. Poems-catalogues in the poetry of H. M. Enzensberger. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 400–428. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.301 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyses the types of cataloguing and various sub-genres of the catalog in the poetry
of the German poet, playwright and prose writer H. M. Enzensberger (1929–2022). The
poet’s collections of 1957–2013 were anilysed. The article traces such methods of cataloguing
lyrical material as a name indicating cataloguing, a series of baroque metaphors in Enzensberger’s
catalogue poems, an arbitrary enumeration as an example of the illogicality of phenomena/
actions, anaphoric repetitions of personal pronouns as a way of organizing a lyrical
catalogue, dialogue as a method of lyrical cataloguing, a cumulative effect in catalogue poems.
It is shown how stylistic devices (repetition, gradation, cumulation, climax, anaphora, etc.)
determine the structure of the text. Such sub-genres of the catalogue as inventory, emblemmystery,
dialogue, poems about the seasons and days, laudatory song, testament, poetological
catalogue are considered. Enzensberger relies on the German and European tradition in the
use of genres, which goes back both to the culture of the ancient world and to folk art (incantations,
songs, laments, dialogues), where the descriptive and enumerative nature of the text
is manifested, which determines its structure. The lyrical catalogue is also akin to religious
poems, in which nominalization prevailed, that goes back both to the culture of the ancient
world and to folk art, where the descriptive and enumerative nature of the text is manifested,
which determines its structure.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: catalogue poem

value: inventory

value: political lyrics

value: poetological catalogue

value: Enzensberger


dc.contributor.author

value: Kotelevskaya, Vera V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kotelevskaya V. V. The “musicality” of modern prose: Towards the genesis and typology of forms (part 1). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 516–531. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.307 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article deals with the intermedial dialogue, a literary-musical transfer that has changed
the idea of the novel and “prose” per se, the ideal of which in Western literature in the 18th and
19th centuries was referential transparency. Using the methods of intermedial and comparative
studies, narratology and stylistics, the logic of the development of this dialogue is traced.
Whereas the Bildungsroman, the career novel, and the novel of naturalism developed under
the sign of “the individual’s rebellion against idealism” (Lukacs), the modernist novel seeks to
return the individual to the intimate space of the self and abstract meditation. The character of
modern novel tends to have a “terror of history” and seeks refuge from the rumble of technology
and catastrophe, from the influence of the “ornament of the masses” (Kracauer) in myth,
archetypes, and the codes of other arts. This utopian space for James Joyce, Virginia Woolf,
André Gide, Hermann Hesse, Thomas Mann, and Thomas Bernhard is music, which they
implement under the influence of the Romantic idea of an “absolute”, “autonomous” art that
expresses the invisible and (un)possible. Music performs the function of a meta-poetic code
in this context, with the specific embodiments of the dialogue between the novel and music
taking various forms, from the imitation of early music genres (fugue, passion) to modern
styles (jazz, atonal music). The influence of music leads to the complication of the structure
of the novel, to the creation of a hermetic style, which turns the process of reading into a
procedure of deciphering score. The novelty of the research consists in clarifying the typology
of musical-literary dialogue, and in the historical-literary aspect in identifying the semiotic,
epistemological and poetological foundations of modernist quasi-musical prose, which developed
its own equivalents of musical techniques and styles on the way to deconstructing the
bourgeois novel.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The publication was made within the framework of the program to support the publication activity
of the Southern Federal University

dc.subject

value: intermediality

value: mimesis

value: musicality of modern fiction


dc.contributor.author

value: Astvatsaturov, Andrey A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Astvatsaturov A. A. “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” by Ambrose Bierce and “Details of A Sunset” by Vladimir Nabokov: The problem of influence. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 429–445. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.302 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is dedicated to the problem of the influence of the American writer Ambrose Bierce
on the early work of Vladimir Nabokov. This influence can be traced back to several Nabokov’s
texts (“Details of A Sunset”, “The Aurelian”, “Perfection”, “The Eye”), where one can detect plot
lines, motives, and images borrowed from Bierce’s paradigmatic story “An Occurrence at Owl
Creek Bridge.” The article focuses on Vladimir Nabokov’s short story “Details of A Sunset”
(“Catastrophe”), where the influence of Ambrose Bierce is unquestionable. This influence was
pointed out by a number of researchers, but the problem has not been thoroughly developed
yet. Bierce’s influence on early Nabokov’s work is not limited to this device per se. Both authors
follow the respective tradition of Early Romanticism. In both short stories the protagonists set
off on a journey that is romantic in its spirit. The mystical epiphany that Nabokov’s character
experiences are based on the model introduced by Bierce. Both authors employ romantic clichés,
quotes from paradigmatic romantic texts and literary irony. The article also examines the
system of literary images that Nabokov borrows from Bierce. It includes the image of a rope,
a star, a bridge, and lightning. The parallels between the two works that are being analyzed in
this article lead to a conclusion that Nabokov’s short story “Details of A Sunset” (“Catastrophe”)
was directly influenced by Bierce.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was carried out with the financial support of St. Petersburg State University. Project
no. 92565342.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 20; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Vladimir Nabokov

value: Ambrose Bierce

value: romanticism

value: mystic

value: literary influence

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Vol’skii, Aleksei L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vol’skii A. L. Through the prism of aesthetics. Napoleonic myth in the works of Goethe and Nietzsche. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 446–461. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.303 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The reception of Napoleon in Germany was carried out under the sign of an aesthetic myth.
The aesthetic myth is understood as a set of theories, concepts and texts of culture based on
the idea of transforming the world through artistic creativity. Starting with romanticism, the
aesthetic myth determines the specifics of the German discourse of culture. Under the sign
of the aesthetic myth in Germany, the image of the French emperor is also comprehended.
J. W. Goethe sees in Napoleon the embodiment of genius, the secret of which he is trying to
unravel. Goethe sees in Napoleon a demonic personality, “the quintessence of humanity”, a
genius, a natural phenomenon. Another aesthetic category through which the image of Napoleon
is comprehended is the sublime. According to Goethe, the loftiness of Napoleon manifests
itself not only during his political rise, but also during his fall. Another aesthetic category
through which the image of Napoleon is comprehended is the sublime. The greatness of Napoleon
is manifested, according to Goethe, not only in his military and political triumph, but in
his tragic fall. Nietzsche sees in Napoleon the historical anticipation of the coming superman.
The political activity of Napoleon is comprehended as an analogue and continuation of German
art, the reincarnation of the ancient German spirit that overcomes the modern German
decadence. In contrast to Bismarck’s nationalist empire, Napoleon’s all-European empire was
founded on the principles of cosmopolitanism, which, in Nietzsche’s view, corresponds to the
universalist nature of the German spirit.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: aesthetic myth

value: reception

value: J. W. Goethe

value: F. Nietzsche

value: Napoleon


dc.contributor.author

value: Dmitrieva, Ekaterina E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dmitrieva E. E. The elusive meanings of translation: J. de Nerval’s sonnet “El Desdichado” from the “Chimeras” cycle. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 481–494. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.305 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The study of the inversion of meaning, which inevitably occurs during translation, has become
one of the priorities of both domestic and world comparative studies in recent decades. This
problem formed the basis of the theory of cultural transfer, which began to be developed in the
mid-1980s among French historians-Germanists. The methodology of cultural transfer, which
has taught us to see the phenomenon rather positive in those transformations of meaning
that occur during direct translation from one language to another, has retouched the question
of the “archaeological” side of this phenomenon, which has long received the designation
“reverse translation” in science. The article is devoted to the analysis of the first sonnet in
Nerval’s poetic cycle “Chimeras”. A detailed analysis of the intertextual allusions concealed by
the extremely hermetic sonnet “El Desdichado” is accompanied by a parallel analysis of two
translations of this sonnet into Russian, made respectively by N. Ya. Rykova and Y. M. Denisov.
Despite the high quality of translation, the method of “slow reading” of the sonnet shows
how in the translation, even if seemingly close to the original, the semantic trajectories of the
original and translated texts diverge. Such a comparative analysis allows us to reactualise Alexander
Mikhailov’s 1990s idea of reverse translation, which turns out to be absolutely necessary
when reading and perceiving especially translated poetry.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This study was carried out at A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of
Sciences with a grant from the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 23-18-00375 “Russian Literature: the
Problem of Multilingualism and Reverse Translation”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: Gérard de Nerval

value: “Chimeras”

value: “El Desdichado”

value: slow reading method

value: cultural transfer


dc.contributor.author

value: Stepanov, Andrei D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Stepanov A. D. Worldwide recognition of Chekhov in Russian diaspora reception. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 579–590. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.311 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with one of the aspects of the world recognition of Anton Chekhov’s art:
its perception by the Russian emigration of the first wave, the so-called “Russian zarubezhye
(expatriate community)”. Based on a large amount of newspaper and magazine publications,
including those that were not previously introduced into scholarly circulation, the author
demonstrates how the feeling that “Chekhov is outdated” was gradually replaced by surprise
at his world glory. The article considers several such explanations. Some authors pointed to
the extraordinary accuracy in depicting the details of real life, which allows any theatre viewers
and readers to perceive Chekhov’s plays and stories as a source of knowledge about Russia.
Others emphasized the perfection of form and likened these works to musical scores. There
were also critics who perceived Chekhov as a prophet of the revolution. The most important
for Chekhovian studies remain the existential interpretations, the authors of which were divided
into “pessimists” and “optimists”. If the former, following Leon Shestov, believed that
the writer has been killing human hopes, then the latter, following Dmitry Filosofov and Alexander
Izmailov, found in Chekhov an all-forgiving pity for his weak heroes and hidden religiosity.
Emigrant Chekhovian studies not only remain relevant for modern interpretations of
Chekhov, but also most clearly represent a huge range of often incompatible, but still possible
interpretations of his texts, which explains the world fame of the writer.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant no. 22-28-00978, https://rscf.ru/
project/22-28-00978/, at St. Petersburg State University.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 20; Issue 3

value: world recognition of Anton Chekhov

value: Russian emigration of the first wave

value: receptive aesthetics

value: multiple interpretations

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Miroliubova, Anastasiia Iu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Miroliubova A. Iu. “The Last Time” by Guillermo Martinez: Latin American boom and its assessment after 60 years. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 532–548. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.308 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article attempts to trace the general dynamics of the development of Latin American literature
before and after the Latin American boom through the prism of Guillermo Martinez’s
recently published novel “The Last Time” (2022). Well learned Latin-American literature of
“boom” in some sense eclipses the following generations. The purpose of the article is to show
the general picture of the development of Latin American literature before and after, to comprehend
the processes taking place in Spanish American literature over the past 60 years and
to summarize them. The recent novel by argentine writer Guillermo Martinez “The last time”
represents some kind of farewell, an attempt of looking to the “golden generation” from long
distance and appreciate it in the terms of postmodern poetic. From the Martinez’s point of
view the writers of boom were conspirators, and there books were passwords. These conspirations
and passwords could ne comprehended as confirmation of their specific reality described
throw unique code, precisely mythopoetic. The article deals with the story of search
for Latin-American identity and the way towards mythopoetic, witch is analyzed as connected
with archaic mentality and archaic categories of myth and magic. The following generations
of Latin-American writers gradually returned to plain reality of human world: magic realism
turns into naked and dirty. Simultaneously the tradition of Borges and Cortazar brings the
literature of continent into the configuration of western postmodern.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Latin-American literature of boom

value: Guillermo Martinez

value: mythopoetic

value: postmodern


dc.contributor.author

value: Nenarokova, Maria R.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nenarokova M. R. Sterne and Yakovlev: On the reception of Lawrence Sterne in Russia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 549–566. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.309 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article focuses on a little-known episode from the history of Russian-English literary relations.
L. Sterne’ s works, “Sentimental Journey through France and Italy” in particular, were
included in the range of reading of the educated Russian nobility, and “Sentimental Journey”
attracted a wide variety of readers. Sterne’s “Journey” marked the beginning of “sentimental”
travel literature in Russian, written by the authors “with eyes, full of tears.” Pavel Yakovlev, a
writer of the first half of the 19th century, forgotten today, wrote short plays, novellas, a novel,
numerous articles, but he became famous for his parodies. His most famous parody is the
novella “Sentimental Journey along Nevsky Prospekt”, first published in parts in the “Blagonamerenny”
magazine, and then as a separate book. Yakovlev used Sterne’s story as a kind of a
plan recognizable by readers. Borrowing the structure of Sterne’s book helps the development
of the plot. Yakovlev also uses various artistic means, a certain vocabulary and syntax, which
are inherent in the works by Sterne. Yakovlev’s book is a monologue of the protagonist, which
includes the conversations he heard in coffee houses, shops, visiting friends. Like Sterne’s text,
Yakovlev’s novella belongs to “oral culture,” that of salons. There are three planes in Yakovlev’s
novella: the creation of a literary envelope that holds the attention of readers; a parody of the
“sentimental journey” as a literary genre; depiction of scenes from the life of literary Petersburg.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: Russian-English literary connections

value: Lawrence Sterne

value: Pavel Yakovlev

value: parody


dc.contributor.author

value: Pantina, Marina V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Pantina M. V. Joseph de Maistre and Peter Chaadaev: Cultural transfer of Catholic ideas. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 567–578. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.310 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The influence of Joseph de Maistre on P. Chaadayev is a confirmed fact, though the textological
analysis of his “Philosophical Letters” has not yet been carried out. The problematic aspect of the topic is the variety of interpretations of the thought of the Savoyard philosopher in Russia,
which leads to the paradoxical possibility of reaching opposing conclusions based on the
same works of de Maistre. He also inspired the conservative thinkers and Chaadayev, whose
works were perceived by his contemporaries as opposing the theory of official nationality.
The methodology used to investigate this problem is M. Espagne’s methodology of reception
studies, which suggests the possibility of creating a new semantic meaning when an idea is
perceived from a different cultural or political perspective. In this article, we focus on Chaadayev’s
strategies in interpreting de Maistre’s thought and the significant differences that arise
in adapting the Savoyard philosopher’s ideas for the readers of the “Philosophical Letters”. The
novelty of the study lies in comparative analysis of the texts, which makes it possible to move
away from stating the fact of borrowing to its specific use, characteristic of the author and
the era when the work was written in Russia. With this approach, the focus of the study shifts
to the recipient’s text and the perception of the Savoyard philosopher’s thoughts in a specific
historical context.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was carried out within the framework of grant no. 21-78-10052 “From the Cadiz
Constitution to the St. Petersburg Uprising: Transfer of Discourses, Ideas, Emotions in the Biedermeier Era”
of the Russian Science Foundation, https://rscf.ru/project/21-78-10052/.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 20; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: history of reception

value: cultural transfer

value: Catholicism

value: Russian literature of the 19th century

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Shirbanova, Anna A.

value: Dergunova, Kseniia N.

value: Delazari, Ivan A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shirbanova A. A., Dergunova K. N., Delazari I. A. “Mit vielen Kupfern”: The Second Kamchatka Expedition as multimodal discourse in the diaries of G. W. Steller and the comic strip by T. E. Bak. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 609–630. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.313 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses some literary incarnations of the Second Kamchatka Expedition led by
V. Bering as stages of a multimodal discourse that corresponds to an important trend of literary
evolution between the 18th and 21st centuries: the negotiation between the verbal and pictorial
modes of representational design, particularly with respect to visual information. The
study focuses on border cases of conditional literariness, in G. Genette’s terminology: nonfiction
and comics. The diaries of an Expedition participant, German traveler and naturalist
G. W. Steller, the illustrated editions of those diaries in three languages (German, English, and
Russian), and the American cartoonist T. E. Bak’s graphic novel based on Steller’s narrative
belong to different media, whose multimodality (the use of several sensorial and semiotic
channels of communication within one art and/or medium) is explicit to various extent but
crucial in terms of both authorial intention and readerly perception. The article lists three
main functional types of visual data transmission (cartographic, panoramic, and experiential)
in the documentary travelogue and the comic strip. A discursive continuity is revealed in how
those modes and types combine from Steller (1774) to Bak (2013). Together, the two authors’
books exemplify a multimodal discourse, whose formal and medial properties are determined
by their disposition to represent and transmit the experience of new land exploration. Such
a task was natural for Steller the explorer, but Bak “inherits” it by virtue of discursive inertia
despite his total lack of commitment to the goals of academic report writing.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The publication was prepared as a result of a research (no. 22-00-023) within the framework of the
Program “Science Foundation of the HSE University” in 2022.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: multimodality

value: non-fiction

value: Second Kamchatka Expedition

value: comics

value: G. W. Steller


dc.contributor.author

value: Yakushkina, Tatiana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Yakushkina T. V. Truth and money: Writing and payment for it in the perception of Italian writers of the 18th–19th centuries. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 631–646. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.314 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article, based on the Italian literature of the 18th–19th centuries, traces the relationship
between the social status of the writer, his attitude to his work, on the one side, and the forms
of remuneration for it, on the other. In contrast to the sociological approach, which considers
the problem of “writer and money” mainly from the position of the reader, the author of the
article, being a historian of literature, considers it from the position of the writer. The author
shows that the attitude to literature as a way of earning money is a result of ideological shifts
and changes in the writer’s social status. The development path of Italian writer in the period
of 14th–19th centuries can be marked as follows: a scientist with knowledge inaccessible to
the majority, mentor and defender of the truth at the beginning of the period and an artist
expressing the moods and feelings of the majority, the ruler of the crowd and the hero of mass
culture at its end. The evolution is vividly reflected in the transfer of semantic accents in the
meaning of the word letterato and in the shift of words poets used to call themselves: letteratopoeta-
scrittore-artista. The modifications also affected the organization of writer’s work: the
solitude in silence, praised by Petrarch, in the romantic era was replaced by the demand for social
activity, which during the 19th century takes more and more pronounced bourgeois forms.
In Italy of the 18th century, they were stimulated by theater, in the 19th century by journalism.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 20; Issue 3

value: literature and money

value: Italian literature

value: writer and his readership

value: letterato


dc.contributor.author

value: Kulishkina, Olga N.

value: Poluboyarinova, Larisa N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kulishkina O. N., Poluboyarinova L. N. The spa narrative of long 19th century Europe as map and network. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2023, 20 (3): 647–658. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.315

dc.description.abstract

value:
The resort network of modern Europe developed over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Emerging at different times (first in Great Britain, then in France, then in Germany and Russia),
all national spa centers in one way or another reproduce a single, taken from the Roman
tradition of the term (as a result of direct “inheritance” or — as in Russia — through a foreign
national settler) type of organization of living space. Being subordinated to the “dual purpose
of curing and entertaining the sick” (Guy de Maupassant), this space turns out to be correlated
with the idea of an “other” (different from normative-socialized) life. Separate segments of this
single European network space of codified deviancy, linked typologically and genetically, can
in turn be represented as bundles of various socio-cultural connections arising around specific
spa “characters” (as an example — the literary and writing network of Baden-Baden resort).
Finally, another type of connections correlated with the European spa environment is its literary
representations, the 19th century European spa narrative, the main features and agents
of which are discussed in the article, using Mikhail Bakhtin’s category of genre memory and
with the help of the SNA method. The research allowed to separate out two important clusters
within the European fictional spa narrative, firstly the lineage of Tobias Smollett and secondly
the lineage of Walter Scott. Finally, it is demonstrated how both lines come together outside
the 19th century in the work of W. G. Sebald.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was funded by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) no. 22-28-01186
“The resort as a topos, network and narrative in European literature of the modern era”, https://rscf.ru/
project/22-28-01186/.

dc.language.iso

value: en

value: literary spa narrative

value: genre memory

value: social network analysis

value: distant reading

value: literary mapping

dc.type

value: Article


title: JUAN DAVID GARCÍA BACCA’S READING OF TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY. FROM INTENTIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS TO DEATH-FIGHTING CONSCIOUSNESS

dc.contributor.author

value: FERRER ORTEGA, JESÚS GUILLERMO

dc.identifier.citation

value: FERRER ORTEGA JESUS GUILLERMO. JUAN DAVID GARCIA BACCA’S READING OF TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY. FROM INTENTIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS TO DEATH-FIGHTING CONSCIOUSNESS. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 382–397.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Navarre-Venezuelan philosopher Juan David García Bacca is one of the most notable and original
figures of Spanish-speaking thought, although his work has not yet received the attention it deserves.
One of the pillars of his philosophy consists of what he calls a transfinite anthropology that considers
man as an entity that strives to enhance his being. This anthropological approach is based on a
phenomenology of nature that emphasizes the becoming and the transformations that man effects in
the world. In this philosophical context, García Bacca soon became interested in the work of Husserl,
Scheler y Heidegger. This article deals with the way in which García Bacca describes and values Husserl’s
descriptions of intentional consciousness. The problem that García Bacca poses to transcendental
phenomenology concerns neither the reality of pure consciousness nor its objective scope. García
Bacca is interested in finding out if there is a potentiation of the being of consciousness superior to or
deeper than the self-reflection proper to the transcendental attitude. He discovers this potentiation in
the notion of an “agonic consciousness” that resists the representation of its annihilation, and whose
philosophical antecedent is found in the work of Miguel de Unamuno. Without sharing all of García
Bacca’s interpretation of Husserlian phenomenology, the author of the article considers that it nevertheless
raises relevant questions concerning the facticity and necessity proper to the transcendental
subject.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: consciousness

value: intentionality

value: reflexion

value: agony

value: death

value: potentiality

value: subjeсt

value: transcendentality

value: facticity


title: DIE REZEPTION DER PHÄNOMENOLOGIE IN SPANIEN UND LATEINAMERIKA. EIN ÜBERBLICK

dc.contributor.author

value: DÍAZ ÁLVAREZ, JESÚS M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: DÍAZ ÁLVAREZ JESÚS M., FERRER ORTEGA JESÚS GUILLERMO. DIE REZEPTION DER PHANOMENOLOGIE IN SPANIEN UND LATEINAMERIKA. EIN UBERBLICK. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 263–269.


dc.contributor.author

value: IVANOFF-SABOGAL, CHRISTIAN

dc.identifier.citation

value: IVANOFF-SABOGAL CHRISTIAN. HEIDEGGER’S NOTION OF POETRY AS AN INDICATIVE LETTING-SEE OF THE WAYS OF BEING. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 433–456.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The goal of this article is to understand the concept of poetry in the broad context of Heidegger’s “early”
thought, around 1919 and 1930. To that end, we seek to disclose a relation that in Heidegger remains
implicit and in the secondary literature absent. This is the relation between poetry and the ways of Being
(existence, ready-to-hand, present-at-hand, etc.). Since Heidegger did not explicitly thematize poetry in
this broad context, the setup of this article consists of three main steps, in which we make explicit the
implicit ontological notion of Heidegger about poetry and, we shall argue, the ontological status of the
poeticized. First, we distinguish between the theoretical and the pre-theoretical dimensions of existence,
which enable us to explain that for Heidegger poetry is a pre-theoretical letting-see of the various entities
that we encounter in the immediate everyday life that is mostly overlooked because of their “self-evident”
and “obvious” presence. In this first step we argue that for Heidegger poetry is partially an explicit ontic
letting-see. Second, we address the ways of Being in order to secure the systematic horizon for our interpretation
regarding the relationship between the ways of Being and poetry. Third, we discuss that an
indicative and non-conceptual letting-see of pre-theoretical ways of Being takes place in poetry through
the respective poetized entity. In the second and third steps, we exhibit that according to Heidegger poetry
results ultimately in an implicit ontological letting-see of the ways of Being.

dc.subject

value: fundamental ontology

value: Heidegger

value: hermeneutic phenomenology

value: lyric

value: ontic letting-see

value: ontological letting-see

value: poetry

value: pre-theoretical

value: ways of being

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: RODRÍGUEZ, JUAN JOSÉ

dc.identifier.citation

value: RODRIGUEZ JUAN JOSE. THE CASE OF SCHELLING’S LIBERTARIAN ANARCHISM. A PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INSURMOUNTABILITY OF THE PARTICULAR WILL IN THE YEARS 1809–1810. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 457–478.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper refers to the connection between the metaphysical duality of ground and existence and
inner dynamic of the particular will of man. We will analyse how the metaphysical monism, which
Schelling attributes to Spinoza and later to Hegel, is responsible for the abolition of the freedom of the
human individual, because it does not account for the existence of evil, and consequently reduces it
to the existence of a higher order reference system that over and predetermines the individual (1). We
will first scrutinise the principles of separation and union, ground and understanding from the human
point of view, namely as the will of ground and love, as particular and universal will (2). The will of
man reveals itself as the culmination and model of the will that permeates nature, an essential aspect of
the process of God’s revelation and becoming. The link between the principles of separation and union
shows us the difference that Schellingian thought establishes between man and God, the real and the
ideal. While God, or the purely ideal principle, precedes the separation in a logical-ontological sense,
the will of man remains always in an indissoluble tension between the principles, since it is unable to
overcome the opposition between good and evil that is characteristic of freedom. The good remains one of the results of human freedom and thus of the particular will of man. The good lies for Schelling
not in the simple actualization of the general, but in the moment ineradicable particularity needed for
the attainment of a real and effective principle (3). It is to this insurmountability of the particular will
in the process of the constitution of man that our proposal of Schelling’s libertarian anarchism refers.
The connection of this thesis with the critique of the State is also discussed (4).

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article is supported by GAUK. Project number 140423: „Problematic Relation between Freedom
and System in Schelling and Hegel (1804–1820) and Its Role for the Origin of Phenomenology in
France and Germany”.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Schelling

value: particular will

value: separation

value: God

value: good

value: evil

value: libertarianism

value: anarchism


dc.contributor.author

value: DÍAZ ÁLVAREZ, JESÚS M.

value: BRIOSO, JORGE

dc.identifier.citation

value: DÍAZ ÁLVAREZ JESÚS M., BRIOSO JORGE. SERRANO DE HARO AGUSTÍN. THE PHILOSOPHER AND HIS PHILOSOPHIES. ORTEGA, HUSSERLIAN PHENOMENOLOGY AND BEYOND. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 285–301.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article tries to unravel some of the main clues provided by Ortega on his understanding of philosophy.
The thesis we defend is that the Spanish philosopher maintains two slightly different answers
concerning the question what is philosophy, though Ortega does not acknowledge them in the explicit
narrative of his thinking. This, we believe, creates tensions in his late second philosophical model, as he
does not fully break away from certain “adherence” or “mannerisms” associated to his early model. In
this respect, Ortega would be a thinker who lives between two philosophical worlds, someone who sees,
narrates and interprets the philosophical shock wave occurring at his time, but does not quite let go of the
old intellectual constructions. To support our thesis, we will compare two texts, his 1929 lectures What is
Philosophy?, and his Notes on Thinking, from 1941. In the period between these two works, Ortega seems
to move from a more “traditional,” “universalistic,” “transcendental,” in short, Husserlian phenomenological
understanding of philosophy, to a more historicist, hermeneutical, and pragmatic one, which lays
the emphasis on the plurality of discourses on the sense, the contingency of the philosophical narrative
itself, and even the very possibility of its ending, at least in its more “metaphysical” and classical form.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This essay was written with the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Research
Project The Ibero-American Philosophy of the XXth Century and the Development of Plural
Reason (PLURIBER PID2022–138121NB-IOO).

dc.language.iso

value: en

value: philosophy

value: husserlian phenomenology

value: universalism

value: hermeneutics

value: historicism

value: human condition

value: end of philosophy


dc.contributor.author

value: SERRANO DE HARO, AGUSTÍN

dc.identifier.citation

value: SERRANO DE HARO AGUSTÍN. ORTEGA Y GASSET AND THE QUESTION OF THE BODY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 270–284.

dc.description.abstract

value:
My essay is devoted to the very early and attractive understanding of the lived body in Ortega y Gasset’s
thought. I focus especially on the text “Vitality, Soul, Spirit” of 1925, which can be considered a
proto-phenomenological approach to the issue of embodiment. Ortega identifies “vitality” with “the
intrabody” and makes the latter the founding dimension of subjectivity, at the basis of the affective
sphere (“soul”) and at the basis of the intellectual and volitional sphere (“spirit”). In a manner very close
to Husserl’s unpublished manuscripts, he also shows how the body is the only reality of which there is
simultaneously external perception, as if it were just another thing in the world that everyone else can
see, and internal perception, which only the self can have and feel. The study also points out, however,
the two major difficulties that I detect in Ortega’s precocious attempt. A first doubt concerns the too
sharp stratification of vitality, soul and spirit, as can be seen in the analysis of the experiences of pain
and of mobility. A second doubt concerns the ontological hesitations surrounding Ortega’s position,
which is torn between a coherent phenomenological perspective and a vitalist position in which my
body is only an emanation of the lifestream of the universe.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 12; Issue 2

value: Ortega y Gasset

value: body

value: phenomenology

value: vitality

value: first-person perspective

value: vitalism

value: pain

value: self-movement

dc.type

value: Article

filename: 02_de Haro.pdf


dc.contributor.author

value: GARCIA-BARO LOPEZ, MIGUEL

dc.identifier.citation

value: GARCIA-BARO LOPEZ MIGUEL. ARE THERE TRACES OF PHENOMENOLOGY IN ZUBIRI’S NATURALEZA, HISTORIA, DIOS?. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 327–339.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article deals with the reception of phenomenology by Xavier Zubiri, one of the most important
figures of 20th century Spanish philosophy. During his lifetime Zubiri published few books, but he left
an immense legacy of courses and manuscripts. Among the most important published works is the
book Naturaleza, Historia, Dios. Zubiri explains there his critical reception of phenomenology: he subscribes
to it, insofar as it is a philosophy of things themselves. But this evaluation of phenomenology
is at the same time a farewell to her. Zubiri’s philosophical project consists in giving a reason not for
things as objects of consciousness, but rather for their entitary or real structure. Thus, his purpose is to
establish a logic of reality or new metaphysics that is at the same time different from the old ontology
and whose sources of inspiration are Heidegger and Aristotle. To the author of this essay seems also
highly probable that Alfred N. Whitehead influenced decisively certain prominent features of Zubiri’s
ontological program. Husserl’s treatment of the theory of wholes and parts in Logical Investigations III
pertains also to the intellectual basis of Zubiri. The article raises the question of the traces of phenomenology
that are still present in Naturaleza, Historia, Dios, and critically assesses their importance for
phenomenological philosophy today. The article shows above all how Zubiri’s perspective vindicates
phenomenologically the traditional concept of Man and his experience of religious connection (religatio)
with a transcendent Grund. As a consequence, the traditional notions of spiritual reality, eros and
agape are given a new meaning.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.subject

value: metaphysics

value: reality

value: nihility

value: religatio

value: existence

value: human being

value: God

value: eros

value: agape


dc.contributor.author

value: BREUER, IRENE

dc.identifier.citation

value: BREUER IRENE. THE RECEPTION OF PHENOMENOLOGY IN ARGENTINA BY EUGENIO PUCCIARELLI: HIS IDEAL OF A MILITANT AND HUMANIST PHILOSOPHY UNDERPINNED BY A PLURALISTIC CONCEPTION OF REASON AND TIME. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 398–432.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper focuses on the Argentine philosopher Eugenio Pucciarelli (1907–1995) and his critical reception
of phenomenology. It introduces to his contribution to phenomenology in the context of its
early reception in Argentina and addresses the following issues: 1) the mission of philosophy, the various
ways of accessing its essence, in particular those of Scheler, Dilthey and Husserl, 2) his reception of
Husserl as far as the ideals of science and reason are concerned, 3) the crisis of reason 4) his pluralistic
conception of reason and time, and finally, to 5) his humanistic stance. I argue that his conception of
philosophy, which emphasizes the personal dimension and the social commitment of philosophical
practice as well as the relentless search for unshakeable foundations of knowledge as carried out by
Husserl, is underpinned by a pluralistic conception of reason, time and culture that confers Pucciarelli’s
philosophizing a humanistic bias. Phenomenology as conceived by Pucciarelli becomes thus an active
force by embracing multiple perspectives, such that its methodology can be applied to varying contexts
and circumstances. Pucciarelli’s commitment to social justice and Latin American culture responds to the attempt to rescue the virtues and freedom of the individual, which ground human dignity. In
short, Pucciarelli’s stance reveals a profound pluralistic humanism that does not neglect its militant and
critical function, thus evidencing its relevance to the current sociopolitical situation in Latin America.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was financed by a DAAD’s (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst)
grant for research on “The Philosophical Anthropology in Germany and Argentina. A Study of the
German/Argentine cultural transfer in the 20th century based on Eugenio Pucciarelli.” It counted
with the support of the Bergische Universität Wuppertal, represented by Prof. Dr. Gerald Hartung,
Director of the Institut für Grundlagenforschung zur Philosophiegeschichte (IGP) and Professor for
Philosophy of Culture/Aesthetics at the Faculty of Humanities and Culture, and was carried out
during the months of April, May, and June 2019, with a working place at the Centro de Estudios
Filosóficos of the Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Buenos Aires.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Argentina

value: culture

value: humanism

value: Latin America

value: phenomenology

value: pluralism

value: reason

value: time


dc.contributor.author

value: GOMEZ ALGARRA, CESAR

dc.identifier.citation

value: GOMEZ ALGARRA CESAR. PHENOMENOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY. FROM EDUARDO NICOL’S CONTRIBUTIONS. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 362–381.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper discusses why the work of Eduardo Nicol, still not translated and mostly unknown outside
of the Hispanic context, deserves more attention, for two main reasons. First, the novelty of his meditations
concerning phenomenology, following the steps of Husserl and Heidegger, but taking a different
turn. Furthermore, several scholars have noted how his phenomenological project intertwines with the
anthropological question, fostering a new approach to the question concerning “who are we?”. Our aim
is to explore how Nicol, while setting foot in the founders of phenomenology, departs from previous
interpretations of its method, to advance a new dialectical phenomenology that could contribute to
the actual debates on anthropological phenomenology. In order to do so, we will first examine how his
vision of the phenomenological task involves an historical interpretation of metaphysics and a critique
of two fundamental concepts: the transcendental reduction (Husserl) and the thesis of an “occultation
of being” (Heidegger). A careful reading of Nicol’s philosophy would allow us to go a step further and
explain how, according to him, phenomenology should become an analysis of the dialectical presence
between being/beings. Finally, we will show that the answer to the question “who are we?” is to be
found inside this dialectic, in what Nicol identifies as the historical phenomenon of expression, encouraging
a new dialogue with other phenomenologies of the body⸺and beyond.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
Cet article s’insère dans le projet de recherche « La hermenéutica fenomenológica en el contexto de
la filosofía trascendental. De la apropiación hasta su crítica radical » (PID2019–108291GB-I00), financé
par le Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Espagne), soutenu par des fonds FEDER et dirigé
par F. Jaran, de l’Université Complutense de Madrid.

dc.language.iso

value: fr

dc.subject

value: dialectics

value: anthropology

value: being

value: history

value: Nicol

value: Husserl

value: Heidegger

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: LÓPEZ SAENZ, MARIA CARMEN

dc.identifier.citation

value: LOPEZ SAENZ MARIA CARMEN. A SPANISH CONCEPTION OF THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF EXISTENCE. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 340–361.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The “phenomenology of existence” is one of the contemporary currents of philosophy which have
developed taking existence as its central concern. The purpose of this article is to present my conception
of this fundamental field of phenomenological research. In order to do this, I will analyze
phenomenology of existence in the double sense of the genitive or better as a bidirectional phenomenological-
existential movement; that is to say, on the one hand, I will explore the sense and scope
of phenomenology for existence and, on the other hand, the meaning of existence for the phenomenological
existential movement. With the aim of describing this twofold dynamics, I will begin
by clarifying certain concepts of the Husserlian method that have frequently either been ignored or
misinterpreted and, therefore, have impeded us from understanding the meaning of what the founder
of phenomenology called “personal existence.” After this elucidation that takes place at the static level
of phenomenology, I will apply some key concepts of genetic phenomenology to existence in order
to develop my own account of the existential phenomenology. Given that Maurice Merleau-Ponty
(1908–1961) was a pioneer in the study of the most representative Husserlian texts dealing with the
major issues of genetic phenomenology–such as time, space, lived body, intersubjectivity and lifeworld—,
I will draw from his philosophy to open a dialogue with María Zambrano (1904–1991), as an
example of the possibilities offered by a—comparative—phenomenology for the study of existential
problems, specifically for the development of a phenomenology of sensing and being sensed that goes
beyond of the paradigm of representation.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: life-world

value: living reason

value: person

value: movement

value: embodiment

value: flesh

value: sensing


dc.contributor.author

value: GONZÁLEZ, ANTONIO

dc.identifier.citation

value: GONZALEZ ANTONIO. THE EMERGENCE OF REALITY: ZUBIRI BEFORE MEETING HEIDEGGER. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 302–326.

dc.description.abstract

value:
It is common to assume of an “objectivist” stage of Zubiri, prior to his meeting with Heidegger in Freiburg.
However, if we analyze Zubiri’s philosophy before his stay in Freiburg, we already find a “metaphysical”
orientation, and not merely an objectivist one. This orientation is intrinsically related to the early appearance
of the notion of “reality” in his courses. The appearance of his concept of reality is at least partially
motivated by Zubiri’s early reading of Heidegger’s habilitation thesis on Duns Scotus. Zubiri discovered
in Heidegger the possibility of trying to carry out a phenomenological characterization of reality, which
took him beyond the conception, basically idealistic, of being as a “position” or as a “belief.” With Heidegger,
Zubiri was able to sustain that reality is not something extra animam. However, Zubiri could not
follow Heidegger in his conceptualization of reality based on human existence, and with this he began his
own path in philosophy. A path that, in a certain sense, breaks with all phenomenology, because reality is
located at a moment prior to the meaning of things for a subject or for a human existent. And yet, a path
that continues the phenomenological claim of a descriptive fidelity to the things themselves.

value: Zubiri

value: Phenomenology

value: epoché

value: Scotus

value: unum

value: haecceitas

value: reality

value: metaphysics


dc.contributor.author

value: Chemakin, Anton A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chemakin А. А. The Problem of Elections to the Crimean Regional Sejm during the Civil War. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 636–654. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.305 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the failed elections to the Crimean Regional Sejm — the regional parliament
of Crimea, which was to have been elected on April 6–8, 1919. The paper analyzes the
course of the campaign, the features of the electoral law, and lists candidates from various political
parties and national groups. The elections to the Sejm were a result of the compromise
between the Constitutional Democrats and the Socialist Revolutionaries during the formation
of the second Crimean regional government in the autumn of 1918. By the beginning of 1919,
when the Red Army had approached the borders of Crimea, it became clear that it would be
difficult to hold elections in the existing conditions. The issue of elections became one of the
main factors of internal political instability in Crimea and caused the conflict between the
liberal government, the socialist opposition, and the leadership of the White Movement. The
election campaign was sluggish; absenteeism was predominant among most of the electorate
(with the exception of Crimean Tatars), which was fueled by underground Bolshevik organizations
actively campaigning for a boycott of the vote. Both the Constitutional Democrats, the
Social Revolutionaries, and the Mensheviks understood all the risks associated with holding
the elections under martial law, but they did not dare cancel them and deviate from democratic
principles, although it was quite clear that the workers’ and peasants’ masses of Crimea
did not need any Sejm. The vote was postponed (and actually canceled) only on April 1, 1919,
after the Soviet military units reached Perekop.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 21-78-00015 “Electoral
processes during the Civil War by the example of anti-Bolshevik quasi-states in European Russia (1918–
1920)”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 68; Issue 3

value: Crimean Regional Sejm

value: Crimean Regional Government

value: elections

value: Civil War

value: Volunteer Army

value: Constitutional Democrats

value: Social Revolutionaries

value: Mensheviks

value: Bolsheviks

value: Milli Firqa

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Beznin, Mikhail A.

value: Dimoni, Tatiana M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Beznin M. A., Dimoni T. M. Nationalization and Denationalization of Ownership of the Means of Production in Soviet Russia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 655–670. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.306 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the dynamics of the role of the Soviet state in the most important institutional
changes in the economic life of the country — property relations in the Soviet period.
The article identifies the periods of trends in the nationalization and denationalization of
ownership of the production capital of Soviet Russia, the most significant of which were the
late 1920s — mid-1950s (the functioning of the state-dominated “Stalinist economic model”)
and the second half of the 1950s–1980s (the period of the decline of the role of the state in
the economy and the growth of the “privatization” potential). In addition to these trends, the
article describes the most important aspects of the formation of a new class — the owner of
the means of production. According to the authors of the article, this class initially emerged on
the historical arena of Soviet Russia in the 1930s. At the time, it was characterized by a small
differentiation of titles of the owner, the “collective nature” of actions in the implementation of
property rights, depersonalization of proprietary rights. During the period of denationalization
of economic life in the mid-1950s–1980s private interests of different groups leaders —
economic, party, Soviet and others — intensified as did the desire for the fullness of proprietary
rights by certain categories of owners and for personification of proprietary claims.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was prepared as part of the work on the Russian Science Foundation project “Power and
Property in Soviet Russia (late 1920s — early 1950s): the struggle of economic and political interests”, no. 22-
28-00325.

dc.subject

value: nationalization

value: denationalization

value: Soviet Russia

value: property relations

value: class of owners


dc.contributor.author

value: Kontsevoy, Ilya A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kontsevoy I. A. Party Composition of Regional Authorities in the First Year of the Soviet Era. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 614–635. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.304 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the problem of reconstruction of the party composition of the regional
authorities of the RSFSR in March — July 1918. The source base of the work is statistical data
collected by Soviet researchers, periodical press materials, as well as documents from the State
Archive of the Russian Federation. The author studies the party composition of the Soviet authorities
at two institutional levels: regional and provincial. The territorial scope of the article
is limited to the regions of the European part of Russia (including most of the Urals), where
the Soviet power existed in the first half of 1918. This article makes quantitative calculations of
delegates of regional congresses of councils and members of executive committees. Based on
the analysis of data on the party membership of congresses of Soviets and executive committees,
the author comes to the conclusion about the formation of the dual party system in regional
and provincial authorities by the time of the convocation of the V All-Russian Congress
of Soviets. This process was characterized by a significant reduction in the representation of
socialist parties other than the Bolsheviks and their temporary allies from the party of the Left
Socialist Revolutionaries. The author of the article analyzes the dynamics of the representation
of political parties at the provincial institutional levels of the Soviet state in the first half of
1918. Changes in the party composition of regional Soviet authorities consisted in increasing
the share of the Left socialist revolutionaries in provincial executive committees and reducing
the representation of the Bolshevik party.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article was written within the research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Program
at the HSE University.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 68; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Soviets

value: executive committees

value: regional associations of Soviets

value: Left Socialist Revolutionaries

value: anarchists

value: Socialist revolutionaries-maximalists


dc.contributor.author

value: Tyumentsev, Igor O.

value: Tupikova, Nataliya A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tumentsev I. O., Tupikova N. A. Medieval Perevoloka and the Construction of the Volga- Don Shipping Canal under Peter the Great. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 589–600. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.302 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The ancient Cossack portages through the Volga upland — perevoloka — were the main
transport communications between the Volga and the Don in the 16th–17th centuries in the
area of their maximum convergence. Repeated attempts to construct the Volga-Don shipping
canal along one of these portages were made in the Middle Ages but were crowned with
success only in Soviet times. This issue has not been sufficiently studied in the scholarhsip.
Researchers have written about three old Cossack portages: Kamyshinskii, Dubovskii, and
Tsaritsynskii. Practically nothing is known about the Sarpin portage. As a result of the conducted
research, the authors of the article come to the conclusion that originally the area
between the Volga and the Don was called perevoloka, which was limited to the mouths of the
Don rivers — Tsaritsa and Panshinka — and the Volga rivers — Mechetka and Sarpa. It was
here that Turkish soldiers in the 16th century tried to build a canal. At the beginning of the
17th century, after the construction of the Tsaritsyn fortress at the mouth of the Tsaritsa river,
the Don Cossacks mastered the Kamyshinskii-Ilovlinskii portage, making it the main one and
thereby expanding the territory of the portage. Through this portage, Peter the Great made a
second attempt to establish the Volga-Don canal between the rivers Kamyshinka and Ilovlia,
for which, in order to protect the future waterway between the Volga and the Don, he built the
Tsaritsyn line on the perevoloka.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was written with the support of the Russian Science Foundation grant 2022–2023, project
no. 22-28-20016 “Kamyshinka-Ilovlya Canal (Volga-Don) as a monument of science and technology and an
object of cultural heritage of the Peter the Great era”.

dc.subject

value: history of Russia of the 16th–17th centuries

value: source studies

value: Don Cossacks

value: Cossack portages

value: Volga-Don perevoloka

value: Peter’s Epoch

value: Volga-Don shipping canal

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Andreev, Artem A.

value: Kopaneva, Dina D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Andreev A. A., Kopaneva D. D. Embassy of Prince Kozlovsky and Clerk Ivan Zinoviev. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 572–588. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.301

dc.description.abstract

value:
On the basis of the materials of stateinyi spisok/list of files written by ambassadors Prince
S. I. Kozlovsky and by clerk (diak) I. Zinoviev, the article details the history of their diplomatic
trip to the Safavid state, in the context of both the realities of Russian-Iranian relations of the
time and contemporary internal and foreign political processes in Iran. The source contains
unique information: about the cities and towns of Iran, about the capital of the state — Isfahan,
about the court of Shah ‘Abbas II, about his nearest circle, about the peculiarities of his life and
his dignitaries, about the difficulties of controlling the frontier (the North Caucasus). Since
the list of files itself is a kind of report, it duplicates the provisions of the tsar’s order issued to
the ambassadors for their mission. A comparison of the data enables to determine the relative
success of the embassy. Most of the points of the order were hypothetical in nature. Their
implementation was supposed to be due to the initiative of the Iranian side, which did not
happen in reality. Among the significant aspects addressed during the negotiations, which
involved several rounds, were: the purchase of saltpeter for the sovereign’s treasury, the fate of Russian prisoners, and so on. The materials of the list also reveal secret agents’ activities of the
ambassadors, who managed to acquire copies of the actual foreign diplomatic correspondence
of Shah ‘Abbas II, previously not known in the Russian historiography.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation within the framework of scientific research
no. 18-78-10052-П “The Documentary History of the Russian Strand of Safavid Diplomacy (1501–1722)”.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 68; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Russian-Iranian relations of the 19th century

value: Alexey Mikhailovich

value: Shah ‘Abbas II

value: Prince S. I. Kozlovsky

value: I. Zinoviev

value: Shamakhi

value: Isfahan

value: embassies

value: missions


dc.contributor.author

value: Belousov, Alexander S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belousov A. S. Russian Imperial Identity in the Reign of Anna Ioannovna and the Birth of the Petrine Myth. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 601–613. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.303

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper is devoted to the issue of self-identification of the Russian monarchy of the 18th
century and its environment. The authorities and elites constantly turned to the symbolic
practices of succession to Peter I in the process of acquiring a new imperial identity. They
manifested themselves in various forms: legislative acts, calendar, holidays of Peter’s dates,
illuminations, etc. The personality of Peter I and adherence to his ideas formed a certain
consensus within the political and economic elite, in connection with which the image of
the first Russian emperor began to play one of the fundamental roles in the communicative
strategies of Russian monarchs of the 18th century. The reign of Anna Ioannovna became
a bifurcation point for the mechanism of political self-identification and continuity of the
Russian imperial power. In response to the political crisis of 1730, the cult of Peter the Great
began to be formed, reflecting the imperial idea of Russia. Anna Ioannovna, taking advantage
of the Russian military success in the 1730s, revised the cult to in order to build her own original
ideological narrative. It involved emphasizing the empress’s virtues and presenting Russia as
the main defender of the Christian world. A subsequent attempt to “debunk” the Petrine cult,
on the contrary, led to its strengthening, both among the Russian political elite and a wider
strata (guards and officer corps). This finally formed the Petrine myth. The personality of
Peter I turned into something transcendent for the political system of the Russian Empire.

value: Peter I

value: Anna Ioannovna

value: Russian monarchy

value: imperial identity

value: Peterhof

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Fyodorov, Sergey E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fyodorov S. E. Debate on the True Nobility and Social Classifications of the Nobility in the Early Modern Antiquarian Corpora. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 712–727. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.310 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The present article examines the impact of the 15th-century Renaissance debate on the true
nobility on social beliefs of the English antiquarians of the 16th and 17th centuries. It is based
on textual corpora of J. Ferne, T. Milles, J. Selden, M. Carter, and other well-known early modern
intellectuals. The author of the article believes that a persistent tendency towards a coherent
description and classification of nobility and more broadly — of any social group within
the early modern British society — is inseparably connected with the antiquarian tradition
of the 16th and 17th centuries. It was within this tradition that so called epistemological turn
emerged that led to discursive fragmentation of the entire social order as well as social groups
which formed its entirety and complexity. The antiquarian framing of all complexities of social
order was based not only on the rejection of an idea of institutional entity — crucial for the
medieval corporate theory. In contrast to corporate-functional homogeneity and consistency,
it introduced particular group-wide characteristics. These features opened up opportunities
for remodeling of the ancient regime with consideration of diversity inherent in social indicia.
Nobilitas in the antiquarian texts acquired at least two interconnected meanings. The term was
used as a reference to an assemblage of an entire nobility and in this way was very close to a
group-wide identity. At the same time, it denoted a total gentility and, in this context, reflected
the very complex of Aristotelian and Stoic understanding of the true nobility.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article is financially supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation no. 23-28-00267
“The Rise of the Social: Social terminology and Classifications in the Early Modern Intellectual Discourse”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 68; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: the 16th–17th centuries England

value: antiquarian discourse

value: true nobility

value: nobility

value: corporation

value: social groups


dc.contributor.author

value: Kulikov, Sergey V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kulikov S. V. From the Tsarevich to the Tsar, or the Metamorphosis of the Ascension of Nicholas the Second. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 807–822. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.316 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The essay examines D. A. Andreev’s monograph “Autocracy at a turning point: 1894 in the
history of the dynasty and power” dedicated to the process of transformation of Tsarevich
Nicholas Alexandrovich into Tsar Nicholas II. The monograph addresses the key problems
of its topic: the formation of the bureaucratic competence of Nikolai Alexandrovich and the
question of the political testament of Alexander III to his son; the perception of the interregnum
of 1894 by representatives of the ruling elite and the oppositional public; the reflection
on the relationships between Nicholas II and his entourage by Empress Alexandra Feodorovna
on the pages of her husband’s diary at the end of 1894; the circumstances of the first
major personnel decisions of Nicholas II, which were the dismissal of the Minister of Railways
A. K. Krivoshein and the appointment of Prince M. I. Khilkov as his successor. The paper
draws a special attention to the central plot of the monograph — the speech of Nicholas II
delivered on January 17, 1895, before representatives of the estate and local governments.
The author of the essay comes to the conclusion that the January 17 speech symbolized the
distancing of Nicholas II from the zemstvo, who sought to politicize local self-government,
and from adherents of parliamentary constitutionalism, according to which, the monarch, as
in England, “reigns, but does not rule”. In other words, the notorious speech did not mean the
tsar’s refusal to cooperate with loyal zemstvo and to implement, at the same time, a reformist
course aimed at gradually transformation the state system of the Russian Empire.

dc.subject

value: autocracy

value: tsar

value: monarch

value: constitution

value: parliamentarism

value: liberalism

value: conservatism

value: zemstvo self-government

value: rumors


dc.contributor.author

value: Vostrikov, Igor V.

value: Rung, Eduard V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vostrikov I. V., Rung E. V. Military Crimes in Classical Athens according to the Speeches of Attic Orators. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 671–685. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.307 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article addresses the problem of military crimes in classical Athens based on the analysis
of the speeches of Attic orators. First of all, the attention is drawn to the classification of
crimes mentioned in speeches. In particular, the starting point for this study is the fragment
from Andocides listing various types of military crimes: service evasion, desertion, cowardice,
abandoning of shield, and non-participation in a naval battle. The article also examines
cases related to violations of military discipline, which, apparently, stood apart from other
types of crimes, which may be due to their lesser severity and punishment. In general, the
issues under study in the article are considered from two perspectives: firstly, the reasons for
the orators’ appeal to the topic of military crimes, and, secondly, the analysis of the cases of
crimes themselves and their interpretation by the orators. The authors come to the conclusion
that the orators did not specifically address the topic of military crimes, with the exception of
Lysias, whose two speeches are devoted to accusing Alcibiades the Younger of evading service
and of desertion. The facts of military crimes, as a rule, were used to create a negative characterization
of a person or were part of an accusation of another crime. In addition, a very
free interpretation of these facts could take place, when orators made an attempt to accuse a
person of several crimes at once, as, for example, with regard to Alcibiades the Younger and
Leocrates. The case of Demosthenes, is, in fact, unfounded accusation of desertion by his political
opponent Aeschines. However, according to the sources, the allegations of abandoning
of arms could be regarded as slander, for which punishment was provided. There are no cases
associated with non-participation in a naval battle referred to by orators, which may be due
to the difficulty in identifying these facts and a small number of naval campaigns compared
to those on land.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 68; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Athens

value: orators

value: evasion of service

value: cowardice

value: desertion

value: non-participation in a naval battle

value: abandonment of a shield

value: violation of discipline

dc.title

value: Book


dc.contributor.author

value: Dvornichenko, Andrey Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dvornichenko A. Yu. New Books and Old Trends in the Study of the Russian Middle Ages. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 793–806. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.315 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
Kiev Rus’ is a common “antiquity” for the East-European countries and nations. During the
previous century it became one of the most popular themes for the historians, particularly, for
the Soviet scholars. It is gratifying that an understanding of the significance of this epoch for
the adequate perception of complex East-European history has not faded. This article analyzes
new books devoted to Kiev Rus’ written by S. N. Temushev. His first work about the “formation
of the state” of Ancient Rus’ is not of great scholarly interest but the second one is indicative
of the current processes of the complex situation in the humanities. This author’s approach
to the historical sources is very disputable — he evidently underestimates the significance
of Russian chronicles. His perception of historiography is also arguable because he blurs the
boundaries between different trends. There is a combination and mixture of different notions
in his work. The author of the monograph puts forward some “tax-tribute system” and tries
to show it role in formation of some “state and feudalism”. He does not take in account such
scholarly achievement of Western historiography as identification of “chiefdom”, but at the
same time does not propose any new concept. He begins with a critique of feudalism but
ends up as an adherent of so called “state feudalism” — in its most artificial and meaningless
sense in our historiography. His interpretation of the relationships of eastern Slavs with their
neighbours, particularly, with the Lithuanians is also doubtful. In his opinion, Finno-Ugric
and Baltic tribes were not the objects of foreign policy of Rus’, but some “foreign confederates”.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by the grant no. 19-18-00073-P “National Identity in the Imperial Politics
of Memory: History of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian State in Historiography
and Social Thought of the 19th–20th Centuries” of the Russian Science Foundation.

dc.subject

value: S. N. Temushev

value: Ancient Rus’ state

value: sources

value: historiography

value: feudalism

value: state feudalism

value: tax-tribute system

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Ryblova, Marina A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ryblova M. A. Folk Principles of the Organization of Cossack Fisheries in the Azov and Caspian Regions. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 778–792. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.314 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article reveals the folk principles of the organization of fisheries and the worldviews behind
them in the Cossack communities of the Azov and Caspian regions in the imperial period
of their history. Despite the participation of official structures in organization of industries,
they were based on the people’s own ideas about the proper use of natural resources in which
human labor was not invested, as well as about their fair distribution. In the first case, in all
Cossack troops, with the exception of that of the Ural, there was a gradual transition from the
free use of water resources to an equalizing transfer, which took into account only the interests
of the Cossack population of the region, and Cossack widows and orphans. In the Ural
Cossack army, until the beginning of the 20th century, the ancient principles of using water
lands were preserved, the basis of which was the idea of equal opportunities for all participants
in the fishery. When distributing the fish catch, the people’s ideas about the collective
(communal) share and its symbolic distribution were fundamental, which involved allocating
three main “pieces”: to the tsar (in the Urals), to the church and for the commemoration of
the dead, as well as to the “disadvantaged” categories of the Cossack population (in the whole
army). The Cossack communities also showed extreme concern for the safety of fish resources
determining the timing of fishing, types of tools, and introducing multiple prohibitions and
regulations. The organization of some types of fishing in the region shares some principles
with the military organization of Cossacks.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The work was carried out within the framework of the implementation of the state task of the Southern
Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (project no. AAAAA20-120122990111-9) “The population
of the Lower Don in interethnic and intercultural communications: history and modernity”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 68; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: fishing

value: Cossack territories

value: folk principles and ideological foundations of the organization of fisheries


dc.contributor.author

value: Harutyunyan, Hakob Zh.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Harutyunyan А. Zh. From the Ancient Geography of Lycaonia to the Works of Khorenatsi and Shirakatsi. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 686–698. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.308 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
For the first time in historiography, we have made an attempt to consider the historical geography
of the region of Lycaonia, which was located on the territory of the modern peninsula
of Asia Minor. This area can be called the “forgotten territory” since this important part of
Asia Minor has not been researched (except for articles in encyclopedias). Despite the fact
that Lycaonia had never had its own statehood, it had played a significant role in the relations
between the great powers of the ancient world for a long time. Comparing the data of “Ancient
Armenian Geography” (“Ashkharatsuyts”), first of all, with the data of Strabo and Ptolemy, the
paper reveals how the boundaries of this region changed with regard to neighboring states.
Consideration of the issue of the territory of Lycaonia is possible on the basis of identifying
and studying the orography and hydrography of this region. At the same time, the description
of Lycaonia in “Ashkharatsuyts” should be compared with its description by Strabo and Ptolemy,
and also, in part, with those by Pliny and by other ancient authors (in particular, Herodotus
and Xenophon). The article examines the issues of urbanization extensively presented
by the historian-geographer Claudius Ptolemy. The study of this text requires a hermeneutic
approach. It is necessary to analyze literally every word of the text in order to obtain the desired
result, which is done within the framework of this article.

dc.subject

value: Lycaonia

value: Ancient Armenian Geography (Ashkharatsuyts)

value: Movses Khorenatsi

value: Ananias Shirakatsi

value: Strabo

value: Ptolemy

value: historical geography


dc.contributor.author

value: Rybar, Lukas

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rybar L. Shīrvānian Beylerbey Khosrow Khān and the Russian-Persian Conflict in the Middle of 17th Century. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 728– 742. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.311

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the mid-17th century, the relatively stable trade and diplomatic relations between Russia and
Safavid Persia were disrupted by a conflict (1651–1653). The study’s main aim is to examine
the immediate and indirect causes, and particularly, the role of Shīrvānian beylerbey Khosrow
Khān in the conflict. According to several historians, he played an important role in this
struggle. As the governor of the Safavid frontier province in the South Caucasus, he was an
integral part of official Russian-Safavid trade relations. Khan’s merchants regularly travelled
to Russia and traded at the local markets. However, Shīrvānian and Persian merchants’ trade
sustained losses caused by frequent attacks of the Cossacks. Khosrow Khān sent several letters
to the governors of Astrakhan and Terek complaining about these Cossack plundering raids.
In addition, he also expressed dissatisfaction with the construction of a fortress on the territory
at the mouth of the Terek and Sunzha rivers, which the Russians and Safavids considered their
own sphere of political influence. All these factors gradually provoked Khosrow Khān, and
other local Dagestani and Kumyk rulers (probably with the approval of the Safavid Shah), to
organize military operations against the Shunza fortress. This seemingly local conflict was
immediately noticeable at the official Russian-Safavid state diplomatic level. The research
draws on a range of archival and published Russian and Persian sources, as well as on scholarly
literature on the subject.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation within the framework of scientific research
no. 18-78-10052 “The Documentary History of the Russian Strand of Safavid Diplomacy (1501–1722)”.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.subject

value: Russian-Safavid relations

value: Shīrvān

value: Caucasus

value: trade

value: war

value: diplomacy

value: 17th century

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Nosova, Ekaterina I.

value: Omeltchenko, Daria M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nosova E. I., Omeltchenko D. M. Pigment Composition in the Privilegio Rodado of Juan the Second. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 699–711. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.309

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the pigments used in the design of the privilege of King Juan II of Castile
and Leon to his favorite Alvaro de Luna for a third part of the city of Arevalo. The charter
comes from the collection of Academician Nikolai Petrovich Likhachev (1862–1936), held
in the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The document
belongs to the most solemn type in the Royal Chancellery of Castile; its formula was extremely
stable, while its exterior design was dynamic. The design consists of three parts: the initial,
the rueda, and the border. The study of pigments was carried out by optical microscopy,
multispectral imaging and X-ray fluorescence analysis. It was found that, contrary to the
prevailing opinion in the literature, the pigments were placed on the parchment without any
ground or pre-drawing. The analysis also revealed that both mineral and organic pigments
were used. Different pigments were used in different elements of the decoration of the charter.
The rueda and initial formed one group, the border — the other. In the first group, red was
obtained with the use of pure cinnabar or a mixture of it and red lead. Blue and pink were
formed by organic dyes in combination with lead white. The traditional Western European
azurite and lapis lazuli were not used. Green was most likely a mixture of orpiment and indigo.
This combination was not typical of Western European illuminations of the Late Middle Ages.
Copper pigments were more common during this period. Black pigment is represented by
soot, white by white lead. Green, on the other hand, is represented by copper pigments in
the border, while blue and pink contain no lead. The difference in pigments set may indicate
two different stages of the creation of the charter, different in time and place. A study also
confirmed the use of natural gold, which is consistent with the high status of the recipient of
the privilege, Alvaro de Luna, who played an important role in the Castilian court.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 68; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Juan II

value: King of Castile and Leon

value: diplomatics

value: pigments

value: XRF

value: optical microscopy

value: multispectral imaging

value: privilege

value: Alvaro de Luna


dc.contributor.author

value: Peretyatko, Artyom Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Peretyatko A. Yu. Certain Problems of Researches of Slavery in the Caucasus as Holistic Phenomenon in Modern Russian-Speaking Historiography. Part II. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 759–777. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.313 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian historiography of slavery in the Caucasus.
The author comes to conclusion that the works describing Caucasian slavery in general
are rather few, and they began to appear relatively recently (although there are many on private
and local subjects of Caucasian slavery). Therefore, there is no unified picture of slavery
in the Caucasus, and even assessments of its cruelty can differ dramatically. The second part
of the article concerns social practices and periodization of Caucasian slavery. The article reveals
that the spread of slavery and slave trade, perceived as a moral norm, formed new social
practices, such as upbringing of beautiful girls as slaves, formation of a special institution of
intermediaries in the exchange or ransom of captives, etc. Today such practices may seem
noble or monstrous, but in reality, they have always been socio-economically justified. As for
the periodization of the Caucasian slavery, the author clarified the concept of A. A. Cherkasov,
V. G. Ivantsov, M. Shmigel and S. N. Bratanovskii, in accordance with which three periods of
development of slavery in the Caucasus are distinguished: “insignificant development” (4th–
15th centuries), “flourishing” (16th–18th centuries) and “fading” (19th century). This concept
stands out for its objectivity and lack of politicization, but lacks clear criteria for identifying
periods. The article shows that Caucasian slaves were a majority in some significant markets
(Trebizond, Genoa) already in the 15th century, and prerequisites for the extinction of slavery
in the Caucasus in its previous forms began to take shape from the 18th century.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: Caucasus

value: slavery

value: slave trade

value: captivity

value: social institutions

value: moral history


dc.contributor.author

value: Popov, Ivan D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Popov I. D. Bavaria and the Adoption of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2023, vol. 68, issue 3, рp. 743–758. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.312 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the reasons for the rejection of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of
Germany by Bavaria in May 1949. The main contradictions were associated with the aspiration
of its leadership to establish the supremacy of the lands in relations with the federal
center, which was considered by the leading parties of post-war Germany as excessive and unacceptable
for federal structure. An important role was also played by the specifics of relations
with the Bizone authorities and the increased influence of the Bavarian government in interzonal
politics, which reached its apogee in the middle of 1948. In this regard, the politicians
of the ruling party of Bavaria — the Christian Social Union — tried not only to consolidate
political and financial guarantees to the lands in the prospective federal structure but also to
establish possibilities for broad influence of the land government on federal policy. However, a
small number of representatives of Bavaria in the interzonal bodies forced them to constantly
maneuver between significant concessions to other fractions and an open protest against their
decisions. After exhausting all of the possibilities of a compromise with the Christian Democratic
Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the Christian Social Union deputy
group and the Landtag rejected the Basic Law, but at the same time declared the obligatory
observance of it and the aspiration to further participate in German affairs (the position ‘Our
“nay” to Bonn, our “yea” to Germany’). Such a decision not only removed political responsibility
from the Bavarian side, but also actualized the Bavarian question in the future West
German state.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 68; Issue 3

value: Bavaria

value: German federalism

value: Bizone

value: CSU

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: FROLOV, ALEXANDER

dc.identifier.citation

value: FROLOV A. CONSTITUTION OF MEANING VS DISCOVERY OF REALITY: HOW IS TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY POSSIBLE TODAY 2.0?. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 554–569.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article attempts to outline the contours of a transcendental phenomenology that would retain the
intuition of a healthy realism. In this connection it is proposed to reinterpret the Husserlian notion of
constitution, presenting constitution as a discover of reality. A distinction is made between strong and
weak versions of constitution. It is constitution in the weak sense that combines, in our opinion, with
the realist attitude. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goal (to present constitution as discovery),
the Husserlian notion of object sense is clarified: it is excluded as a representative or substitute of an intentional
object; object sense is seen as a mode of givenness, as а medium by means of which the object
is implied or given. The idea of a meaningful discovery of reality is best matched by this treatment of
object meaning. It is thus possible to combine the realist attitude with the idea of meaningful access to
the real, thus avoiding, on the one hand, naive realism and, on the other hand, transcendental-idealist
implications. The Husserlian notion of constitution is further related with the idea of forming interpretative
schemes of understanding the world, which may include political agendas, scientific paradigms,
systems of speculative metaphysics, and religious faith. It is emphasized that, although the rejection
of interpretation is impossible, interpretive schemes must be reconciled with real facts and events in
order to “fine-tune” reason and reality. Finally, a separation is undertaken with the conception of J.-
L. Marion, which relies on the deflation of meaning in favor of the given as such, calling into question
the status of man as a being who possesses reason, who discovers reality and constitutes its meaning.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: constitution

value: meaning

value: discovering

value: interpretation

value: givenness

value: Frege

value: Husserl

value: Marion


dc.contributor.author

value: VAVILOV, ANTON

dc.identifier.citation

value: VAVILOV A. ANNOUNCEMENT OF RELEASE OF A SCIENTIFIC MONOGRAPH TIME OF QUESTION. HEIDEGGER AND THE PROBLEM OF METAPHYSICS. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2023, vol. 12 issue 2, pp. 612–616.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.title

filename: 19_Вавилов.pdf