dc.contributor.author

value: Shumkov, Andrei

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shumkov A. A. Formal modeling considerations for dependent clause with vacant subject in some Germanic languages. Scandinavian Philology, 2018, vol. 16, issue 2, pp. 293–307.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Dependent clauses with vacant subject are considered in contraposition to independent
clauses with vacant subject, which refer to interrogative sentences with unknown
subject being sought by means of compulsory interrogative element. The languages
particularly involved are English, Dutch and Swedish. Within the binomiality
idea a formal modeling is undertaken to explain the syntactic nature of the formal particle
in a subject. Main and secondary substantive / verbal sentence parts are assumed
to consist of two parts — a space / time specifier or proto-specifier and a substantive
/ verbal semifinitive. The formal particle in a subject is associated with a strong or super-
strong space specifier. In an independent and dependent interrogative sentence, as
well as in a dependent narrative one, the fixing of a principal substantive semifinitive is
postulated to start with a super-strong specifier. It is proposed that in independent / dependent
clauses the use of the formal particle is stipulated by a possible opposition of
a fixing verbal semifinitive against the pressure of outer space, as well as by informativity
of an interrogative / conjunctive element. For dependent clauses it is also established
that the formal particle in Danish and, sometimes in English, can fill (or accompany)
the vacant strong substantive semifinitive and terminate its being vacant; Swedish and
Norwegian use for this, instead of the formal particle, an adverbial-substantive unit.
Filling the vacant strong substantive semifinitive makes the main sentence parts complete,
and a dependent clause becomes more similar to an independent clause. It confirms
the statement of the binomiality idea that a narrative and interrogative dependent
clause is syntactically «in-between» a narrative independent clause and an interrogative
independent clause. Still, the use of the vacant or non-vacant strong substantive semifinitive
can be stipulated, like in Danish, by the informativity of the conjunctive element. In case of a high informativity of the conjunctive element the strong substantive
semifinitive may remain vacant.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Scandinavian Philology;Volume 16; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: linguistic modeling

value: syntax of Germanic languages

value: dependent clauses

value: null-subject

value: binomiality idea

value: semifinitive


dc.contributor.author

value: Aseeva, Natalia

dc.identifier.citation

value: Aseeva N. A. When the world meets the suburbs: Multiethnic youth slang in Sweden. Scandinavian Philology, 2018, vol. 16, issue 2, pp. 208–218.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The following article deals with a relatively new variety of the Swedish language,
the so-called multiethnic youth language spoken by young people in multicultural
and multilingual urban settings in Sweden. Due to several waves of immigrants and
refugees, this country has become incredibly ethnically, culturally and linguistically
diverse, which, in turn, has led to the fact that young people growing up in multicultural
areas of big cities, such as Stockholm, Gothenburg or Malmö, hear and use a variety of
different languages and styles every day. This melting pot of languages has reflected in a
rather unusual variety of Swedish called the multiethnic youth language, which differs
from common Swedish vernacular in such aspects as pronunciation, grammar, syntax
and vocabulary, more specifically, slang. The following article analyzes the multiethnic
youth slang in comparison to the common Swedish one and describes it in terms of
vocabulary, various sources of loanwords and ways of using its elements in the socalled
“immigrant literature” and song lyrics written by the Swedes with an immigrant
background. It also deals with some of the concepts that are richly represented in the
multiethnic youth slang, as well as some morphological aspects of this variety. Such
sociolinguistic factors as reasons for young people using this particular style of the
Swedish language are also considered in this article.

value: slang

value: multiethnic youth language

value: style

value: sociolinguistic variation

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Bocharova, Yana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bocharova Ya. V. Scandinavian or English? The languages in the Nordic context. Scandinavian Philology, 2018, vol. 16, issue 2, pp. 245–254.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article provides an overview of the use of the Scandinavian languages and
English in the context of the Nordic Cooperation. The article provides an overview of
the history and current status of using the Scandinavian languages and English is given,
as well as the description of the current language situation. The study concentrates
on the topic as viewed by researchers, performing artists, politicians, journalists
and celebrities of the Nordic countries, which confirms the relevance of ongoing
debate about pros and cons of using Scandinavian or English in academic, political
and everyday contexts. The article examines, inter alia, the use of Scandinavian and
English in the Nordic countries in close connection with the institutionalized political
cooperation that took shape in the 20th century. This cooperation is carried out mainly
within the framework of the Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers.
The institutionalization of cooperation resulted, among other things, in adoption of
a number of strategic documents on language cooperation, such as the Declaration
on a Nordic Language Policy and Nordic Language Convention. Since the article is an
overview rather than an empirical study, and taking into account the relevance of the
topic, further empirical research is proposed to identify trends in the attitudes of a wide
range of respondents from the Nordic countries to the use of the Scandinavian and
English languages in professional, cultural and everyday activities.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.subject

value: Nordic countries

value: Scandinavian languages

value: English

value: Pan-Scandinavism

value: language community

value: Nordic Council

value: Nordic Council of Ministers

value: Declaration on a Nordic Language Policy

value: Nordic Language Convention


dc.contributor.author

value: Rubtsov, Roman N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Roman N. Rubtsov. Über den Epigraph zur Satire I von Durs Grünbein (Juv. 3, 235–236). Philologia Classica 2018, 13(2), 316–321.

dc.description.abstract

value:
As an epigraph to his Satires Durs Grünbein suggests the above-mentioned Juvenal’s lines in
his own German translation. He translates morbus as Übel, not as more appropriate Krankheit,
and what is worse, Juvenal’s statement that pain (disease, evil or whatsoever) comes from the
lack of money (inde caput morbi) happens to be of no significance for the German author.
Still, in his comment to the epigraph he insists on the opposite, though not giving any reason
for it hereafter or in his other texts. As Übel Grünbein translates morbus in two more works
i.e. in the essay “Sleepless in Rome” (2001) and, quite logically, in his translation of the third
satire (2010). Whereas for Juvenal the sources of sleeplessness are definitely external (health
problems caused by the discomfort of life in the big city), in Grünbein’s description these
factors become rather metaphysical. Man is bereft of sleep because of his eternal fight against
some demon called properly insomnia “which is more obsessive than any tweedledum” and
“makes of a city-dweller the chronic invalid”. That should be the meaning of Übel. Grünbein
comments that the key motive of his Satire is die Schlaflosigkeit, insomnia, as well as durchwachte
Nacht, vigilia which is lacking in Latin, though Juvenal uses vigilare once in gerund form.
Vigilia comes from emotional disorder for which every city-dweller is inevitably destined,
even if he is not affected by the harmful impecuniousness like Juvelnal’s hero.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philologia Classica;Volume 13; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Grünbein

value: Juvenal

value: german literature

value: reception of antiquity


dc.contributor.author

value: Kostyleva, Tatiana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tatiana V. Kostyleva. Misunderstanding Peter Elmsley (Eur. Medea 151–154). Philologia Classica 2018, 13(2), 312–316.

dc.description.abstract

value:
A brilliant classicist and an editor of Greek tragedians on an altogether firmer footing of firsthand
acquaintance with the manuscripts, Peter Elmsley (1774–1825) left quite a few conjectures
of his own discreetly placed in the margin. While often palmary and deserving to be
promoted into the text, ἀπλάτου in Eur. Medea 151 in the meaning ‘longing for the forsaken
marital bed’ Elmsely imparted to it, sits ill in the broader context and, although accepted by
the majority of editors has, in the course of its life, shifted in the direction of ‘unapproachable’,
‘monstrous’, to mean ‘the bed of death we should not approach’. Often unequivocal when referring
to wild beasts of Heracles’ labours, in subtler contexts, like the one under discussion, it is
often believed to be confounded with ἄπληστος often transmitted by part of the ms. tradition.
In the case of Medea 151, however, the change is unnecessary, since ἄπληστος of LP can not
only offer the meaning ‘insatiable’ referring to ‘marital bed’, but also the fear of the ‘overweening
power’ of the ‘bed of death’ which suits what is the first reaction of the Chorus to Medea’s
haughty desire to be struck by a thunderbolt of Zeus.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.subject

value: Ancient Greek tragedy

value: Euripides

value: textual criticism

value: Peter Elmsley

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Shuvalov, Petr V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Petr V. Shuvalov. „Der rechte Flügel außen, der linke aber innen…“ (Mauric. VI 1/2, lin. 7). Philologia Classica 2018, 13(2), 308–311.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The training of the cavalrymen called Scythian in the 6th book of Ps.-Maurice’s Strategikon
consists in the circular movement of the cavalrymen, “when … the right wing is outside, and
the left inside”. The main purpose of this movement of cavalrymen is “to enclose an appropriate
space” where the supposed enemy stands. But quite strange is the fact that the cavalrymen
ride around the enemy in a clockwise direction: in this type of encirclement, the riders will
turn to the enemy their right side not protected by the shield. There is a parallel locus in the
3rd book which is a condensed summary of the ‘Scythian’ chapter. There is another similar
text in the 12th book, but this time with tactically correct movement of the cavalry, which is
counter-clockwise. At the end of the description of this manoeuvre it is written that this manoeuvre
is in use among the Scythians. To explain this following construction is proposed: the
‘Scythian’ chapter was first copied to XII D (Phase 1); at that time, perhaps, was the text of the
‘Scythian’ chapter with the yet tactically-correct movement of the cavalry; words ἐσώτερον —
ἐξώτερον were changed by their places as a result of the mental error of the copyist (Phase 2a);
words τουτέστιν … διῃρημένα and καὶ οὐκέτι … διαιρεῖν were added perhaps as marginalia
(Phase 2b); the newly revised text of the ‘Scythian’ chapter became source for III. 5 (Phase 3).

dc.subject

value: Strategikon of Pseudo-Maurice

value: textology

value: military tactics

value: Scythians


title: Antiphon Tetralog. 3. 4. 3

dc.contributor.author

value: Takhtajan, Souren A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Souren A. Takhtajan. Antiphon Tetralog. 3. 4. 3. Philologia Classica 2018, 13(2), 303–307.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper deals with the initial phrase of Tetralog. 3. 4. 3: κοινοῦ δὲ τοῦ τεκμηρίου ἡμῖν ὄντος
τούτῳ τῷ παντὶ προέχομεν. Such is the text of the manuscripts. Some scholars have proposed
emendations to it. Evidently, most of them were confused by the proximity of two datives,
τούτῳ and τῷ παντί. Others have defended the text as it stands in the manuscripts. At the
same time, nearly all have regarded the pronoun τούτῳ as masculine and separated it from the
subsequent τῷ παντί: κοινοῦ δὲ τοῦ τεκμηρίου ἡμῖν ὄντος τούτῳ, τῷ παντὶ προέχομεν. I try
to show that the correct interpretation, not involving change of the manuscript reading, was
proposed long ago by Johann Reiske. He regarded τούτῳ as neuter and separated τούτῳ τῷ
παντὶ προέχομεν from the previous part of the phrase: κοινοῦ δὲ τοῦ τεκμηρίου ἡμῖν ὄντος,
τούτῳ τῷ παντὶ προέχομεν. This interpretation makes perfect sense. It adds weight to the end
of the phrase (τούτῳ τῷ παντὶ προέχομεν versus τῷ παντὶ προέχομεν), as τούτῳ “with the help
of the following argument” points to the reason for the superiority of the defense over the prosecution.
If the pronoun τούτῳ is neuter, it is opposed to τοῦ τεκμηρίου. According to this interpretation,
Antiphon opposes two kinds of arguments: those using inferential evidence (τοῦ
τεκμηρίου) and those using direct evidence (τούτῳ). This opposition suits the author of the
Tetralogies just fine. Eduard Maetzner adopted Reiske’s interpretation and demonstrated that
two adjacent datives with different functions, such as τούτῳ τῷ παντί, are common in Greek.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philologia Classica;Volume 13; Issue 2

value: Antiphon

value: Tetralogy

value: interpretation of the Greek phrase

value: Blass

value: Süss

value: Reiske

value: Maetzner

value: arguments from probability

value: direct evidence

dc.title

value: Antiphon Tetralog. 3. 4. 3


dc.contributor.author

value: Baikalov, N. S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Baikalov N. S. ‘“Living the Project of a Century”: The Space of Everyday Life and Housing Mobility of the Builders of the Baikal-Amur Railway (1970–1980s)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 998–1016.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The housing problem was common to all socialist construction projects in Siberia, including the largest
project of the late Soviet period: the building of the Baikal-Amur Railway (BAR). The forced pace of construction
at the facility, as well as privileges and benefits for working in hard northern conditions, led to uncontrolled
migration into the BAR zone. The housing shortage made people look for new forms of “living”: tents, trailers,
barracks, self-made houses, workplaces, and operational buildings. A whole network of cities and towns with
a heterogeneous settlement structure around BAR developed. It consisted of comfortable urban areas for the
accommodation of future railway workers, temporary housing complexes for transport builders, and “nakhalovki,”
squatting housing for people arriving spontaneously. The ousing experience of BARers differed from that of the
late Soviet standards in the organization of everyday life and special practices. In solving housing problems in
BAR settlements, people showed greater initiative and independence. There was a wide range of formal and informal
practices of housing mobility, and most depended on how one arrived to BAR. Organized arrivals of builders
had more common and stable mobility lines. People, who came on their own initiative, had more diverse and
multidirectional ways of housing and rehousing. The predominant factors of housing mobility in Soviet times were
housing quality and changing one’s place of work. In contemporary conditions, the role of economic factors,
such as the cost of maintaining housing, the size of housing plots, and the possibility of farming were increasing.
Temporary and illegally erected dwellings in this situation had a number of competitive advantages, which made
them in demand despite risks associated with a high degree of wear.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article is financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project N 18-49-
030010 р_а and Buryat State University, project N 18-03-0502.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 8; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Baikal-Amur Railway

value: BAR

value: late socialism

value: housing construction

value: living conditions

value: everyday life

value: housing practices

value: social mobility

value: temporary dwellings

value: nakhalovki

dc.type

value: Article


title: Potemkin’s Homer

dc.contributor.author

value: Pozdnev, Mikhail M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Позднев М. М. Гомер Потемкина. Philologia Classica 2018, 13(2), 288–302.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Vassily Petrov (1736–1799) rose from obscurity to become a poet laureate, librarian and private
reader to Catherine the Great through his knowledge of the Classical literature and feeling
for poetic convention. Aiming high and talented (he translated the Aeneis), he was able to set
any event of recent history in the marble of a Pindaric ode producing pieces meant for eternity,
but saw them crumble shortly after Catherine’s death. On evidence of misquoting, Petrov’s
biographers claim that he owed his rise to Grigory Potemkin (1739–1791), who was his peer
back in Moscow. While viewed at a distance (which tends to blur chronology) Potemkin will
ever be the conqueror for the Crown and the man in the life of the Empress, it was Petrov who
actually helped the future favorite to work his way up. They went unacquainted as peers, and
their friendship is due, in large part, to Potemkin’s interest in ancient authors which Petrov
could comment on. The letter quoted by Petrov’s late 19th century biographer I. A. Shliapkin
in support of his vainglorious pretensions proves the opposite: gracefully thanking his victorious
friend, Petrov goes on to praise his passion for Classics: “The hand that smote the Turks
now solaces me with friendly lines! I see the Great Alexander amongst the din of victorious
battle mindful of Homer”. The untrained eye saw Petrov brazen enough to go around calling
himself Homer, while the trite allusion was made to the Ilias compiled by Aristotle to follow
Alexander in his deeds of valour. Potemkin and Catherine expected Petrov to deliver the first
Russian translation of Homer which the poet probably had planned but never accomplished.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philologia Classica;Volume 13; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Vassily Petrov

value: Russian translators of Homer

value: Grigory Potemkin

dc.title

value: Potemkin’s Homer


dc.contributor.author

value: Verniaev, I. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Verniaev I. I. ‘The Reform of Local Court of 1912 in Imperial Dimension: The Making of Common Institutes in Plural Society’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 966–982.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The judicial reform of 1912, which recreated in the inner and western provinces of the Russian Empire
an updated version of the magistrates’ court (mirovoy sud) and liquidated the judicial functions of land captains
and other judicial-administrative instances, is usually studied either in the historic-legal context or as part
of political struggles of the early twentieth century. For the first time, the reform was considered in the context of
managing imperial diversity and strategies of creating common institutions in conditions of heterogeneity (class,
ethnic, confessional, political), both among the population of the empire as a whole and in regional and local
communities. This paper addresses the state of local justice and factors that necessitated reforms, Including
main positions that formed the basis for criticizing the government bill and alternative options for local courts.
Positions in the discussion were related to visions of prospects and ways for integrating the Russian Empire, constructing
common institutions, and nation building. The resulting model was a compromise and hybrid. A number
of developed elements of local courts were in demand after the fall of the empire, even in the Soviet period.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by grant N 15-18-00119 from Russian Science Foundation.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 8; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Russian Empire

value: Local court

value: reform

value: particularism

value: universalism

value: judicial and legal sphere

value: Estate court

value: Ethnic court

value: Magistrates court

value: Common institutions

value: Ethno-cultural diversity


dc.contributor.author

value: Ustyugova, V. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ustyugova V. V. ‘The "Bandit" Film Genre and its Flourishing during First World War’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 983–997.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Films of the criminal genre were widely popular among Russian audiences during the First World War
and on the eve of the Revolution. Viewers of first-screen cinemas were attracted by foreign, French, and American
adventure films, such as “Zigomar,” “Rocambole,” “Fantomas,” “Vampires,” “The New Exploits of Elaine,”
and others. Mass audiences watched “Sonia the Golden hand,” “Vaska Chyrkin,” “Sashka, the seminary student,”
and “Anton Krechet,” with their scenarios based on criminal news. “Stenka Razin,” “Emelka Pugachev,” and
films about typical bandits remained popular. The reasons for the popularity of the criminal adventure genre are
grounded both in the typical Russian pre-revolutionary situation, in urbanization processes, and in the expansion
of the social basis of spectator culture as a whole. The “bandit” film portrays different sociocultural and sociopsychological
needs of the viewers using strong sensations, escapist experiences, and safety. The image of the
social bandit was attractive to lower strata audiences and was likely to show a certain escalation in aggressive
behavior and crime in wartime society. Further, moral narratives of criminal films raised anxiety and expectations
of narrow-minded viewers, since laws of the popular genre were expected to provide inevitable punishment for
the criminals. “Bandit” films were successful business projects in cinematography in its early development, along
with other popular entertainment genres of culture and leisure time practices in modern society. What is more,
in some cases they appeared as аrt projects thanks to their creators’ talents, had an impact on art development,
and represented the spirit of modernity.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: modernity

value: cinema

value: urbanism

value: First World War

value: mass culture

value: criminal genre

value: detective

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Popov, A. D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Popov A. D. ‘The Last Soviet Mega Event: The XII World Festival of Youth and Students in 1985 in Moscow’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 1017–1031.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article characterizes foreign policy and the cultural and diplomatic aspects of the XII World Festival
of Youth and Students (Festival-85) that was held in Moscow from July 27 to August 3, 1985. Based on various
sources, including archival and published documents, press materials, and eyewitness accounts, the author
examines the place and role of this mega-event in Soviet cultural diplomacy in the final stage of the Cold War. The
present projection of the festival program had anti-imperialist rhetoric directed against the USA and other capitalist
countries, aggravated by military-political opposition of the two blocks in Afghanistan and Latin America in the
mid-1980s. In designing images of the past, main attention was been paid to justifying the key role of the USSR
in the victory in World War II and to raising historical parallels between fascism and American imperialism. The
Soviet Union was positioned as the unique center for consolidation of anti-imperialist forces capable of solving
mankind’s global problems, such as the threat of a new world war, uneven and unstable economic development,
and racial, national, and political discrimination. At the same time, freedom of festival communication was limited,
and the Soviet side aimed to avoid discussion of “loaded questions” connected with events in Afghanistan and the
restriction of the rights and freedoms of Soviet citizens. Also, despite the aspiration to show socialism’s absolute
advantages and exclusive merits of the “new Soviet person,” Soviet leaders could not solve several organizational
problems that drew attention of the western press.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project N 16-18-10213).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 8; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: USSR

value: World Festival of Youth and Students

value: mega event

value: cultural diplomacy

value: public diplomacy

value: ideology

value: propaganda

value: Cold War


dc.contributor.author

value: Puchenkov, A. S.

value: Sushko, A. V.

value: Petin, D. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Puchenkov A. S., Sushko A. V., Petin D. I. ‘“Say Everyone That My Journey is Very Dangerous…”: Letters of General A. N. Grishin-Almazov to his Wife (Autumn 1918)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 1058–1073.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University


dc.contributor.author

value: Vorobyev, Grigory

dc.identifier.citation

value: Grigory Vorobyev. Sylvia: Zur Entstehung des wissenschaftlichen Namens der Grasmücke (Arist. Hist. an. 592b22). Philologia Classica 2018, 13(2), 247–264.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article aims at demonstrating that the Latin bird name sylvia used by modern zoologists
originates from the Greek ὕλας, attested in several manuscripts of Aristotle’s Historia animalium
(592b22). Working on his Latin translation of this treatise in the 1450s–1470s, Theodore
Gaza preferred the variant “πυρρὸς ὕλας” to other readings. He rendered πυρρός with
a neologism rubicilla and ὕλας with the word silvia used only as a proper name before. As all
the editions of the Greek text from the 1504 ed. princeps onwards take over Aldus Manutius’
emendation πυρρούλας, the origin of silvia has not been ascertained until now, even though
modern editions have “πυρρὸς ὕλας” in their apparatus. Gaza’s sixteenth-century readers considered
silvia (later mostly spelled sylvia) a synonym of the nearby word rubecula, another
neologism of his coinage, identified arbitrarily since the late fifteenth century with robin redbreast.
That is why in 1769 Giovanni Antonio Scopoli used the word sylvia as the name for his
newly introduced bird genus comprising robin redbreast. In 1800 Georges Cuvier suggested
leaving only the typical warblers in that genus (“typical warblers” is a problematic name, since
also whitethroats and other birds belong to the genus; the German Grasmücken is taxonomically
more convenient), whereas other species, including robin redbreast, were moved to new
genera. Thus, the word silvia coined as an equivalent for the Greek ὕλας (which was perhaps
a scribal error) had been considered a name of robin redbreast for three centuries. Since 1800,
spelled sylvia, it designates typical warblers.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philologia Classica;Volume 13; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: early modern zoological nomenclature

value: Latin neologisms

value: Aristotle’s Historia animalium

value: warblers

value: robins

value: sylvia

value: silvia

value: pyrrhula

value: erithacus

value: rubecula

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Shapovalov, M. S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shapovalov M. S. ‘Foreign Presence in Palestine in Diaries and Notes of Russian Travelers of the late XIX — early XX Centuries’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 951–965.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper is based on the notes of Russian travelers to Palestine in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries and explores the history of foreign presence in the Holy Land at this time, when the flow
of pilgrims from Russia to Palestine greatly increased. Biblical Palestine began to attract representatives of the
clergy, monks, and worshipers as well as representatives of the nobility, intellectuals, writers, artists, journalists,
teachers, and august persons. This long journey — through the outskirts of the empire, the Turkish straits, and
finally Palestine itself — presupposed, first of all, a spiritual and intellectual quest. Therefore, pilgrims often kept diaries and hiking notes, and sent detailed letters to relatives, thus leaving a layer of sources of personal origin.
The most famous of these are notes by E. I. Tarasov, I. N. Bartsikhovsky, E. L. Markov, G. A. Gorbunov, V. Vereshchagin,
N. P. Kondakov, and others. Once in the Holy Land, travelers reflected on the surrounding reality, nature,
and everyday customs of local residents and foreign tourists. A special place in the Palestinian narrative was occupied
by the theme of foreign presence, which revealed itself in the description of the confessional, economic,
political, cultural, and philanthropic activities of European states in the Holy Land. In this connection, the author
sets out to reconstruct the forms of foreign presence and to answer the following questions: What alignment of
forces of the European powers did Russian travelers see in Palestine? Who, in their opinion, posed the greatest
threat to Russian interests in the Holy Land?

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The publication was prepared in the grant research N 15-61-01007 of Russian Foundation of Basic Research
“Palestine in the system of international relations supported at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century: Russian view”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 8; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Palestine

value: pilgrims

value: protestants

value: catholics

value: Holy Land

value: proselytism

value: German colonists


dc.contributor.author

value: Rupasov, A. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rupasov A. I. ‘USSR and the Compelled Refusal of Finland on the Marshall Plan’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 937–950.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article analyzes the reasons that prompted the Soviet Union to pressure the Finnish government
refuse from participation in the Marshall plan. Special attention is paid to the distinct positions of Finnish President
J. K. Paasikivi and the government of Finland headed by M. Pekkala. Business circles perceived the Marshall plan
positively, because it was seen as providing an additional impetus to European integration and to growth of the
European economy. President Paasikivi considered it primarily to be a basis for overcoming the strong influence
of the Soviet Union. However, the government ignored the opinion of the majority faction of Parliament, being
afraid of Moscow’s negative reaction of Moscow; therefore, ratification of the peace treaty by the Soviet side
could be delayed, and calculations to facilitate reparation payments were unrealizable. Finland’s forced refusal
to participate in the Marshall Plan was the first serious obstacle to participating in the process of European integration
that was gradually gaining momentum. Having gained this from the Finnish government, the Soviet side
actually assumed certain obligations that partially compensated Finland for economic losses, but fulfilling the
volume of these for for political goals became a significant burden over time.

value: Foreign policy

value: USSR

value: Finland

value: Marshall plan

value: economic cooperation

value: reparations


dc.contributor.author

value: Kuzmenko, Yury

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kuzmenko Yu. K. Shortening of the original long root vowels in Danish. Scandinavian Philology, 2018, vol. 16, issue 2, pp. 255–276.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The present article is a follow-up to the paper by Kuz’menko Yu. K. (2017) about
the shortening of the long consonants in Danish and in West Germanic languages,
in which author tried to show that the long consonants lost their syllable-initial and
morpheme-final part (fal-la > falə) in order to provide the coincidence of syllable and
morpheme boundaries. The next step in the same direction in the Germanic languages
was the shortening of original long stressed vowels (and the change of the contact type
free (open) > checked (close). This paper deals with the development of checked contact
words in Danish, where the shortening of original long vowels occurs before our
very eyes. The vowel shortening and the development of checked and superchecked
(stød on consonant) contact in Danish can be observed when comparing three different
Danish dictionaries (ODS, DDO and DK) reflecting three stages of this development.
The number of sources of checked contact words in Danish is high, because of the Danish
consonant shift that shifted almost all the original postvocalic consonants, turning
fortis into lenis and lenis into components of diphthongs. Furthermore, the Danish
/ð/ has the same shortening effect on the preceding vowel as approximants [w] and [j].
The change of the contact type and vowel shortening also occurred in English (cf. bow,
eye and book, dead). The shortening of the original long vowels in Danish and English,
which resulted in the increased number of words with the coincidence of syllable and
morpheme boundaries is treated in the article as a result of the functioning of a selfadjusting
language system which can rebuild itself in accordance with a certain task. In
our case this task consists in ensuring a better segmentation of the root morpheme in
text (facilitated by the coincidence of the root with the syllable).

dc.description.sponsorship

value: With the support by grant No. 17-04-00360-OGN (2017–2019) from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Scandinavian Philology;Volume 16; Issue 2

value: Danish

value: English

value: historical phonology

value: change of the contact type

value: shortening of long vowels

value: morphosyllabismus

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Khodjakov, M. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Khodjakov M. V. ‘"Yellow Russia" of the late XIX — early XX Centuries in the Geopolitical Plans of the Russian Military Elite’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 880–897.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the process of the appearance of the concept of “Yellow Russia” in the lexicon
of Russian public figures and publicists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The author analyzes
the geopolitical views of a number of well-known Russian military leaders who proposed the use of various
forms of control over the territory of Northern Manchuria, owned at the time by China, and had provided plans for
the development of the territory of the Russian Far East. Using documents deposited in the fund of the General
Chancellery of the Minister of Finance of the Russian State Historical Archive, the author shows a wide range of
opinions among the country’s top military leaders on plans in the Far East. Despite differences in approaches
and assessments of the situation in “Yellow Russia,” most representatives of Russia's military elite were firmly
convinced that Russia could not give up domination over Manchuria. The author concludes that there was no
clear understanding of what the Russian Far East should represent in the future, among both tsarist administrators
of high rank, and high-ranking military figures. The disunity of the ministries and departments meant that officials
in the capital rarely delved deep into the essence of problems of this region. The weakening of militaristic rhetoric
occurred already during the First World War, which was unfolding unsuccessfully for Russia.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project N 15-18-00135 “The Center and the
regions: state economic policy on the outskirts of the Russian Empire (1894–1917)”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 8; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Yellow Russia

value: Manchuria

value: Far East

value: Chinese Eastern Railway

value: colonization

value: geopolitics

value: military elite


dc.contributor.author

value: Teplyakov, A. G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Teplyakov A. G. ‘"Memoirs of the Security Service Officer" M. P. Shreyder — Unknown Pages of the History of Cheka — OGPU — NKVD’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 925– 936.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article examines an unpublished part of the memoirs of famous security officer M. P. Shreyder,
which were partially published in 1995. Still unknown but extensive fragments of Memoirs of a Chekist provide
exclusively useful data on cadres, business and personal relationships in Cheka departments, and repression,
secret-service work, life, customs, and psychology of Cheka employees. New data concern features of secret-
service work of the OGPU and militia, and details of the author’s participation in confiscating hard currency
from the population. They also report bright portraits of patriarch Tikhon, F. Dzerzhinsky, G. Yagoda, G. Chicherin,
O. Schmidt, V. Mayakovsky, and other historical figures. This memoir provides an opportunity to validate one episode
of M. A. Bulgakov’s Master and Margarita, which appears fantastic and grotesque. Some of Schreyder’s
information is verified against latest sources, and another part provides unique and valuable additions regarding
events and personnel histories both of the NKVD and Soviet society in general, demonstrating how people of
different origins adapted to the specifics of operational work of state security fieldwork. Studying of the Shreyder’s
memoir in its entirety reveals that unpublished fragments contain no less information in comparison with the published
text. The author concludes by arguing for publishing a complete version of Shreyder’s memoirs.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: VChK

value: OGPU

value: NKVD

value: agents

value: currency operations

value: corruption

value: terror


dc.contributor.author

value: Krasnozhenova, E. E.

value: Kulik, S. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Krasnozhenova E. E., Kulik S. V. Stalingrad during the German-fascist Occupation (July 1942 — February 1943), Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 841–853.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the article, archival documents and evidence from contemporaries reveal features of German economic
policy in occupied the Stalingrad Region are presented. All economic resources in the occupied areas
were used to supply the Wehrmacht and German military industry. Therefore, reconstruction work in the city was
carried out only on a scale required for the German army. Local inhabitants were killed in concentration camps or
were subjected to looting and terror. A significant number of able-bodied citizens in these occupied areas were
forcibly removed to Germany. The article presents archival data on damage inflicted on civilians and on objects
of industrial and socio-cultural significance. Material and everyday difficulties of the local population during the
occupation are also illustrated. Among them, the food problem was considerably aggravated and led to massive
deaths, disease, and swelling from malnutrition. German repression contributed to the development in the field
of movement for the disruption of economic, political, and military activities of the fascist invaders. The population
shied away from compulsory registration, avoided compulsory labor, and harbored partisans and Red Army
soldiers in their homes, who committed sabotage. The struggle against the forcible hijacking of the civilian population
to fascist Germany acquired a mass scope. These and other forms of resistance to the brutal occupation
regime became one of the most important prerequisites for the victory of Soviet troops at Stalingrad.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 8; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Great Patriotic War

value: occupation

value: economic policy

value: Stalingrad

value: fascism

value: crimes

value: damage

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Pavlenko, A. P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Pavlenko A. P. ‘Roman Romanovich Levgovd — Officer of the Revolutionary Black Sea Fleet’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 898–911.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores the life and activity in 1917–1918 of Roman Romanovich Levgovd, a staff officer
in the Black Sea Fleet. At the beginning of the revolutionary events of 1917, he was one of the most politically
active officers in Sevastopol. Levgovd was one of the first officers included in the electoral revolutionary body,
the Sevastopol Central Military Executive Committee. He played an important role in the first convocation of the
Sevastopol soviet , was a member of the soviet’s governing bodies, searched through the Crimean estates of
the Romanov family, and resolved conflicts between officers and sailors. He was involved in the confrontation
between the Sevastopol soviet and the Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, A. V. Kolchak, where he defended the
soviet’s position. As a representative of the Sevastopol soviet, he participated in the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets. In the second half of 1917, Levgovd left active political activity. At the beginning of 1918 he joined the Black
Sea Central Fleet and was engaged in manning the crews of ships on new civilian principles. He twice visited
Moscow as part of Black Sea delegations, who tried to influence decisions about the Black Sea Fleet in 1918 and
to prevent the loss of ships. In 1918 Levgovd commanded the Novorossiisk fortified area. Having been captured
by the Whites, he was sentenced to six years of penal servitude for active support of the Soviet authorities. In
1920 he again served in the Red Army. After the Civil War, he was in the military and diplomatic service. He wrote
three short small memoirs and was a victim of political repression (and was shot in 1938).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Levgovd Roman Romanovich

value: Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich

value: Revolution

value: Civil War

value: Black Sea Fleet

value: Sevastopol


dc.contributor.author

value: Dolgova, E. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dolgova E. A. ‘One Biography of the Stalinist Manager: Efim Abramovich Milstein’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, pp. 912–924.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Using materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Scientific Archive of the Russian
Ethnographic Museum, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, the Archive of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, this article reconstructs part of the biography of one “Stalinist” manager, Yefim Abramovich Milstein
(1902–1989). Over time he was a student at the Institute of Red Professors (1929–1932) and then its deputy
director and acting director (1932–1934), first secretary of the party committee in Makhachkala (1934–1936),
director of the State Museum of Ethnography (1937–1941, 1944–1953), senior editor of the Division of Catalogs
(1953–1955), head of the socio-economic literature group of the State Public Library (1955-1969), and, finally, a
pensioner of significance (1969–1989). The restored biography of this “Stalinist manager” makes it possible not
only to characterize this difficult period of Russian history—from 1929 to 1953—through the eyes of a functionary
of the political system, but also to find a personal, individual plan for its reading. The biography of E. A. Milstein was
schematically similar to the fate of other representatives of the party elite in the 1930s and 1940s, yet it demonstrated
the specifics of his personal response to this difficult period of Russian history.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project N 16-31-01079, а2.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 8; Issue 4

value: Institute of Red Professors

value: State Museum of Ethnography

value: E. A. Milstein

value: Administration of science


dc.contributor.author

value: Jas-Koziarkiewicz, Marta

value: Stasiak-Jazukiewicz, Ewa

dc.identifier.citation

value: Jas-Koziarkiewicz M., Stasiak-Jazukiewicz E. Economic tools of media policy for the preservation of media pluralism: An analysis of solutions adopted in Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany and Italy. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2018, vol. 11, issue 4, pp. 415–435.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Media policy makers are looking for safeguards for freedom of expression other than statutory
guarantees. The economic tools of media policy are one of the forms they use. The presented analysis
is based on the assumptions of constructivism. The adoption of this theoretical perspective
is also connected with the authors’ accepting the statement that shared norms, values and ideas
are strengthened, consolidated, worked out, contested and changed in social processes. The
starting point for the adopted research strategy was a case study. The article presents indirect and
direct subsidies supporting media pluralism in Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany
and Italy. All of the analysed countries decided to use this form of media support, but the scope
of assistance provided is different. The media are most strongly supported by France and Austria
while in Italy the level of support can be defined as medium and economic interventions on the
media market are taken to the smallest extent by Germany and the Czech Republic. The analysis
was supplemented by a discussion of the relationship between media ownership and economic
and political elites. The economic and political elite connections with the media, as indicated in
the text, are the best recommendation for countries to use economic forms of supporting media
pluralism.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 11; Issue 4

value: media pluralism

value: media policy

value: indirect and direct subsidies

value: Austria

value: the Czech Republic

value: France

value: Germany

value: Italy

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kislitsyn, Sergey V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kislitsyn S. V. Military and political cooperation of the United States with Finland and Sweden in modern times. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2018, vol. 11, issue 4, pp. 376–389.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The modern U.S. foreign policy is facing a number of challenges. In the context of Europe,
among other things, they can be characterized by the continuing confrontation with Russia
and contradictions with regional allies. For example, Washington’s concern is the development
of independent military-political approaches of the European Union and the creation
of Permanent Structured Cooperation in security and defence spheres (PESCO). Additional
negativity contributes the upcoming exit of the UK from the EU. This set of problems leads
to the need to adjust the existing system of American unions in Europe. Against this background,
the development of cooperation with Finland and Sweden can be very promising for
Washington’s interests. Both countries, while not being members of NATO, tend to focus on
the United States in their foreign policy. At the same time, cooperation with them may contribute
to America’s interests advancing in Europe. Previously, relations with these countries
were not very active, but the changes are becoming more and more obvious. So, in May 2018,
a statement of intent was signed between the United States, Finland and Sweden to develop
cooperation in the military and political domain. In addition, there is an increase in cooperation
within the framework of the organization of the Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO).
The scale of military activities exercised in northern Europe, in which the United
States is actively involved, is also increasing. This article discusses the modern aspects of the
U.S. military-political cooperation with Finland and Sweden. Special attention is paid to the
importance of these countries for the American policy in Europe in the context of modern
transatlantic contradictions, the interest of the U.S. military industrial complex on the European
market and compensation for the Brexit. On the basis of the material studied, the author
makes assumptions about further ways of cooperation between the three countries. The study
was conducted on the basis of official government documents and the positions of Western
and Russian experts.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: US foreign policy

value: Finnish-American relations

value: Swedish-American relations

value: Russian- American relations

value: the Baltic region

value: transatlantic security


dc.contributor.author

value: Rusakova, Maia M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rusakova M. M. The experience of “accumulated disadvantages” among women involved in prostitution. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2018, vol. 11, issue 4, pp. 439–454.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The negative consequences of prostitution include sexually transmitted infections, all types
of violence, psychological trauma and ruined social life. Empirical research demonstrates the
high variability of the negative consequences of prostitution, depending on which group of
women the researchers have turned their attention to. An increase in negative consequences
(“accumulation of disadvantages”) limits future opportunities for conventional development
of trajectory and contributes to the stabilization of the deviant life trajectory. We assumed
that the amount of the negative consequences depends on the trajectory of entering into
prostitution and the actual conditions of being in prostitution. The aim of the study is to assess
the impact of child and adolescent experience of women engaged in prostitution on the
amount of negative consequences they accumulated, considering other factors (such as age
and the circumstances of entering in prostitution and actual conditions of being in prostitution).
Women involved in prostitution (n = 896) in St. Petersburg and Orenburg took part in
the study. The results demonstrated that the amount of the negative consequences is largely
determined by previous events in life, such as the experience of child neglect, early sexual
experience, an early start of alcohol and drugs use, and the actual conditions of prostitution
(with or without organizer). The accumulation of negative consequences is accompanied by
repeated attempts to exit prostitution and the growth of social exclusion of women. The “accumulation
of disadvantages” in prostitution is preventable, if the resources of social protection
systems are mobilized to prevent the involvement of girls in prostitution and to support
women in prostitution.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 11; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: prostitution

value: sex work

value: violence

value: negative consequences

value: cumulative disadvantages


title: Sasha Sokolov and N. Gogol: Character problematisation

dc.contributor.author

value: Baranov, Dmitry K.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Baranov D. K. [Sasha Sokolov and N. Gogol: character problematisation]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 638–650.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Sasha Sokolov in his novel A School for Fools focuses on Nikolai Gogol’s prose (The Overcoat,
Dead Souls). Sokolov inherits some principles of work with the character system from Gogol. In
The Overcoat we can observe how the boundaries between the character and the depicted world
or the narrator’s speech are blurred. Bashmachkin loses his integrity, turning from an independent
hero into an element of a St. Petersburg myth. In Sokolov’s novel we see a similar situation,
for example, in the episode where the protagonist transforms into a water lily. The birth of some
characters of A School for Fools from the speech of the narrator is interpreted as playing with
Gogol’s method. In Dead Souls, the elements that are traditionally considered parts of a hero
(name, actions, characteristics, etc.) often appear in the speech of the narrator, but the hero
himself does not exist in the depicted world. Narrator’s digressions in A School for Fools show
a similar situation. Thus, postmodern features of Sokolov’s poetics are actually associated with
Gogol’s tradition. The origins of Gogol’s character problematisation lie in Evenings on a Farm
Near Dikanka. The loss of semantic integrity by some characters in Gogol’s prose contributes to
the destruction of the boundaries between the narrative instances, and between the real world
and the depicted one. Gogol strove for ambiguity, and Sokolov brings that aspiration to the
limit: Sokolov implies that the main character of his novel “goes out” into an external reality, but
at the same time Sokolov casts doubt on the very possibility of such transition.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 15; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: N. V. Gogol

value: Sasha Sokolov

value: character

value: narratology

value: comparative study

value: postmodernism

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kubyshkin, Anatoliy V.

value: Shramko, Yuliana I.

value: Aliev, Leonid L.

value: Beketov, Alexey A.

value: Ogai, Yury A.

value: Chernousova, Inna V.

value: Fomochkina, Iryna I.

value: Tarimov, Cyril O.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kubyshkin A. V., Shramko Yul. I., Aliev L. L., Beketov A. A., Ogai Yu. A., Chernousova I. V., Fomochkina I. I., Tarimov C. O. The potentialities of enotherapy in the correction of experimental hypoxia’s effects. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine, 2018, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 366–375.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The aim of the work was to study the influence of sparkling wines on the main markers of
hypoxia. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 25 white male rats weighing 180–200 grams (age 10–12 weeks.). Animals of group 1 were control animals and received
drinking water. Animals of the second group received water and were subjected to bloodletting
on the 1st week. Animals of the 3rd group were subjected to bloodletting on the 1st week
and received diluted sparkling wine as drinking water. Animals of group 4 were not subjected
to bloodletting and received diluted sparkling wine as drinking water throughout the experiment.
Sparkling wine was given at a dose of 300 ml of wine per 70 kg of body weight. In the
blood serum, markers of free radical oxidation and markers of inflammation formed in hypoxic
damage were studied. Results: the use of sparkling wines for correction of biochemical
disorders in hypoxia led to the strengthening of antioxidant protection systems: the level of
superoxide dismutase showed an increase of 77 % (p < 0,05) comparing to the group with simulated
hypoxia, the growth of catalase activity by 5 times, the values of trypsin-like activity and
elastase-like activity were lower than the hypoxic level by 20 % (p < 0,05) and 59 % (p < 0,01),
respectively. Conclusion: the use of sparkling red wine in the correction of free-radical and
proteolytic damage, typical for hypoxia, revealed a complex positive effect on a number of
important indicators of antioxidant and antiproteolytic protection of the body. This indicates
the prospects for further experimental and clinical studies in this direction.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Medicine;Volume 13; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: sparkling wines

value: hypoxia

value: free-radical oxidation

value: proteolysis


title: Vladimir M. Markovich: Poetics of thought

dc.contributor.author

value: Virolainen, Mariia N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Virolainen M. N. [Vladimir M. Markovich: poetics of thought]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 535–543.

dc.description.abstract

value:
It is no accident that Markovich’s interest in poetics was combined with the problems of the
history of literature: it was the dynamic component of the work that was utterly important
for him. His view of the artistic structure implied the possibility of different viewing angles
embedded in it, resisting its reduction to unambiguous certainty. Markovich was gifted with
vigilance to “muted”, semantically complicated hints, to the potential, subtextual reality, to
the hidden paradoxicality of the text — to everything that did not allow the subject of examination
to appear as a static system of conditional forms. That is why he did not follow any
specific methodology in his work which — already by virtue of its certainty — aggressively
forms a closed and unfree world. Markovich perceived the artistic text as an ontological rather
than a conditional reality and believed that the reader always needs to perceive the text as a
full-blooded equivalent of reality. In his opinion, such an effect could be achieved only when
the text is as open as the reality itself. He also interpreted the problems of realism from this
perspective. He believed that only second-line literature corresponds to the traditional concept
of realism as a system striving to capture and exhaust the empirical reality in its entirety,
while classical realism builds the system to be “multidimensional, internally mobile and therefore
fundamentally non-closed”. Highly valued by Markovich, paradoxicality lies in his own
works: built on a keen attention to semitones, to a dynamic and not frozen meaning, they offer
the reader the certainty and clarity of the researcher’s thought, undoubtedly purposeful in its
movement. But it is no coincidence that many of his articles, impeccably aligned and verified,
seem to resist this certainty and completeness of thought, by ending with an indication of the
issues that still need to be resolved.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 15; Issue 4

value: V. M. Markovich

value: poetics

value: literary-historical process

value: irony

value: paradox

value: closure

value: openness

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Filonov, Evgeny A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Filonov E. A. [Nikolai Gogol’s The Old-World Landlords: The literary text as a fact of the literary process]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 582–589.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is an attempt to understand the approach to the interpretation of the literary text
as a fact of the literary process, which is characteristic of the works of Vladimir M. Markovich
and has become one of the methodological principles of his “Classics and Avant-garde” seminar.
The material for such theoretical reflection was a specific historical and literary example:
an analysis of Nikolai Gogol’s story The Old-World Landlords. Regarding the text as a fact
of the literary process implies two conditions: firstly, setting the description of the artistic
structure and, secondly, the historicity of such a description. It is the hermeneutic approach
that allows to сombine these two aspects. The analysis of Gogol’s story, undertaken in the article,
includes, on the one hand, a description of its narrative organisation and communicative
strategies and, on the other hand, interpretation of real readers’ reactions in their historical
conditioning. The result of such an analysis, which has its basis in hermeneutically-oriented
historical poetics, cannot be a certain academic interpretation that claims a finite objectivity
and inscribes the text into any historical or literary context (for example, the schemes of academic
literary criticism that have been repeatedly deconstructed, or structuralist typologies).
Its goal and only possible outcome are the explication of the moving and essentially nonclosed
semantic perspective of the text.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: N. V. Gogol

value: literary process

value: narration

value: event

value: perception

value: hermeneutics


dc.contributor.author

value: Markovich, Vladimir M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Markovich V. M. [On the role of Lermontov in Russian culture. Some preliminary remarks]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 527–534.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The following text is a presentation that was held by V. Markovich at the international conference
“The 200th Anniversary of the Birth of M. Lermontov” on October 9th, 2014, at the
Institute of Russian Literature (Russian Academy of Sciences). Comparing the first elegy of the
19th century, “The Country Churchyard” by Zhukovsky, and Lermontov’s poem “I go out on
the road alone …”, V. Markovich argues that the latter is the first poem in Russian culture to lay
down the law of hesitation between two polarities — unbearability and impossibility. Impossibility
is the only possible response to unbearability in the world of text. That is how Russian
cultural dynamics can be described: fluctuation between two historical stages of cultural evolution
finds itself again and again as the main form of mental stability in Russia, the stability of
reappearing conflicts becoming a form of their insolubility. One of the anomalies of Russian
culture starts to show and it can be studied against the background of universal polarities. As
such background we can use the pattern of Mircea Eliade which is based on the antinomy of
two types of worldview and existence, regularly appearing in world history; but this time the
types are synchronous rather than alternating. The first one is “historically oriented”, ”western”
and “modern”, relying on the concept of history progressively moving towards a certain
goal, whereas the second one is “archaic”, “traditional” and “oriental”, determined by the laws
of repeating patterns. Nations are divided into “historic” and “ahistoric”. The former understands
its own existence as history and build history, whereas the latter sees development as a
painful process and tries to escape from its horror and oppression, “constantly returning” to
the original archaic ways. It is impossible to change the type of existence. Therefore, Russian
culture combines two incompatible types, without any prospect of their future synthesis. This
tragic anomaly is ineradicable, and the only possible solution is alternating between its two manifestations: a catastrophic and unbearable one and an under-active and entropic one. The
anomaly of cultural development makes it unpredictable and opens inexhaustible possibilities.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 15; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Lermontov

value: Zhukovsky

value: Russian culture


dc.contributor.author

value: Vidiasova, Lyudmila А.

value: Tensina, Iaroslava D.

value: Vidiasov, Evgenii Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vidiasova L. А., Tensina Ia. D., Vidiasov E. Yu. Perception of the “Smart City” concept by active citizens in St. Petersburg. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2018, vol. 11, issue 4, pp. 404–419.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The concept of smart city development is becoming more relevant all over the world. There
are already few examples of smart cities’ effective construction both in the agglomerations already
existing and started completely from scratch. In this concept, citizens are presented as
the key stakeholders. In Saint Petersburg, smart city projects implementation has started in
2017. The paper presents the results of a pilot empirical study of “smart city’s” perceptions by
active citizens conducted in November 2017. The purpose of the research was to study the
perception of the “smart city” concept by active citizens. To achieve this goal, the use of information
technologies, ways of responding to city problems and expectations from the project
“Smart St. Petersburg” were studied. The survey was conducted using the online survey method,
421 respondents participated in the survey. The obtained data demonstrated a high level of
information technologies presence in everyday practices of city residents, and preference for
using electronic channels when interacting with the authorities (94 %). Citizens estimate the effectiveness
of appeals through electronic portals at 57 %. Awareness of the “Smart city” project
is high and reaches 74,6 % among the respondents. According to citizens’ opinions, smart city
development should begin with the inclusion of citizens in the management processes, as well
as with solving urban problems. In addition, the introduction of smart city services should primarily
focus on overcoming the urban problems: public transport, traffic jams, parking, construction.
In general, the research estimated the prevalence of positive attitudes to the future of
“Smart St. Petersburg” (77 %) among the surveyed citizens.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was performed with financial support by the grant from the Russian Science Foundation
(project №17-78-10079): “Research on adaptation models of the Smart City Concept in the conditions of
modern Russian Society”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 11; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: smart city

value: social adaptation

value: survey

value: information technology

value: active citizens

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Bol’shukhin, Leonid Iu.

value: Aleksandrova, Maria A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bol’shukhin L. Iu., Aleksandrova M. A. [Mayakovsky’s poem A vy mogli by? as a “boundary” text]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 590–604.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses the special position of the poem “A vy mogli by?” in the context of Mayakovsky’s
creative career, concerning the point of his early non-heroic series. In Mayakovsky’s
early poems (“Noč’”, “Utro”, “Port”, “Ulichnoe”, and “Iz ulicy v ulicu”) there is no grand “I”
that is so characteristic of the poet’s writing and that would represent the main source of creative
will. The “boundary” status of “A vy mogli by?” is determined by the fact that the poem
introduces the lyrical hero of Mayakovsky for the first time, and for the first time the strategy
of the art world development in the anthropological terms is defined. In connection with the
“world-building” goal, Mayakovsky’s creative interest in symbolism is comprehended, and the
transformation of symbolist imagery in the process of developing a new poetics is traced. It
is shown that the search for a compositional solution reflects the formation of the lyrical hero
settings. The final version of the text is considered in the aspect of the most important properties
of the poetics of the early Mayakovsky: the recreation of the art world, the image of the
newly created reality simultaneously designs the position of the lyrical hero in the world. Due
to the dynamic principle of composition and boldness of associations, the things familiar to
the eye and ear appear in their own willingness to change. In the result, heterogeneous objects
filling the space become united: this is unity of the face (the face of the universe). The question
about the addressee of the final line and the meaning of the title of the poem is stated: looking
at the face of the universe, “I” (Mayakovsky’s lyrical hero) hopes to find kinship with it in the
act of creation.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 15; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: V. V. Mayakovsky

value: A vy mogli by?

value: boundary text

value: lyrical hero

value: symbolism

value: futurism


dc.contributor.author

value: Bukharkin, Petr E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bukharkin P. E. [The poetry of S. S. Averintsev as an alternative to classical tradition in Russian literature]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 625–637.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The subject of the article is the question of alternatives to classical tradition in the Russian
literature of the late 17th — 19th centuries. Classical tradition is understood as the historically
connected plurality of obviously and absolutely model authors and model texts which are
perceived as aesthetically perfect in absolute degree. Such perfection is determined by the fact
that these model texts reach the final goals of mimesis, which for the classical tradition consist
in viewing the world of ideas and intending to incarnate eidos in the real language, rather
than an imitation of reality. The article studies the poetry of S. S. Averintsev. The analysis of
its thematic, genre and verse dominating features allows to see the peculiar development of
literary trends of late 17th — early 18th centuries in Averintsev’s poetry connected with the
transformation of autochthonous artistic sources which generated a whole range of original
texts, including poetic ones. These works existed as if in two dimensions: that of traditional
literature and that of Western European literature. Such historic correlation made Averintsev’s
poetry an attempt to present the classical tradition in Russian literature as a direct development
of medieval verbal principles in their Moscow variant. A similar position was supported
by philological conceptions of the scholar and was also confirmed by statements of a number
of literary critics, as well as by poetry of O. A. Sedakova, congenial to Averintsev. The article
raises the question of correlation of such perceptions with historical and literary facts: was
Averintsev’s poetry the actualization of the potentials that really existed in Russian literature?

value: Russian literature

value: folklore

value: spiritual verses

value: accentual verse

value: syllabic poetry

value: classical tradition

value: philology

value: S. S. Averintsev

value: O. A. Sedakova


dc.contributor.author

value: Potapova, Galina E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Potapova G. E. [Two different approaches to interpreting The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin: Vladimir M. Markovich and Wolf Schmid]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 570–581.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the comparison of two approaches — by Vladimir M. Markovich and by
Wolf Schmid — to the study of The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin. The comparison is
based on the following criteria: (1) a dynamic examination (Markovich) vs. a static examination
(Schmid); (2) conceptualization: reader vs. author. Within the interpretation proposed
by Markovich, the generation of meaning is consistently transferred to the reader (the “ideal
reader” capable of recognizing pretexts). In Schmid’s model, the generation of meaning ultimately
falls within the competence of the “abstract author”; (3) Markovich searches for the
meaning of a literary work in the dynamic of the “syuzhet” carried out on the “surface of
the text”. Schmid searches for the meaning of a literary work in the “story” (“Geschichte”)
hidden behind the text; (4) The attitude in respect to “innovation” or “traditionality” of the
proposed readings. Since Schmid believes that the “history” contained in the text is not only
(and not so much) manifested in the “overlying” stages of narrative transformations, but is
deliberately obscured by the techniques used at these levels, accordingly, he tends to try to
“discover” some sense, hitherto hidden; hence — the desire for interpretations as unexpected
as possible. Against this background, it may seem that Markovich, following the semantic
twists of Pushkin’s plot, does not discover something stunningly new; however, the feeling of a
“normal state of things” arises in this case not from the lack of novelty, but from the adequacy
of the proposed reading and the interpreted text; (5) Two different concepts of “life-likeness”.
For Schmid, an integral part of life-likeness is the coherence of the concept of characters and
clear psychological motives behind the actions. For Markovich, “life-like” is a limitation of our
knowledge. He emphasizes that our ability to guess what is happening to the souls of Pushkin’s
heroes is almost identical to the real limits of our ability to understand “real-existing living
people”. In addition, the comparison of Markovich vs. Schmid is analysed considering the
general situation in literary criticism in Russia of the late 1980s–2000s.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 15; Issue 4

value: Pushkin

value: narratology

value: history of scientific methods

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kornoukhova, Lyubov A.

value: Denisov, Nicholay L.

value: Emanuel, Vladimir L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kornoukhova L. A., Denisov N. L., Emanuel V. L. Laboratory predictors of the non-alcoholic fatty liver in the persons with abdominal obesity. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine, 2018, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 376–388.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The aim of the study: The study of the metabolic status of 74 clinically healthy patients with
abdominal obesity was performed to determine the most significant predictors of steatosis.
Materials and Methods: The study did not include patients with clinical signs of liver pathology,
manifestations of hypertension, decompensation of atherosclerosis. The diagnosis of
the non-alcoholic fatty liver was established based on ultrasound examination of the liver, as
well as on FibroMax and SteatoScreen indices (BioPredictive, France). Defined the following
indicators: ALT, AST, GGT, total bilirubin, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol,
apoB, apoA, HDL, LDL, fasting insulin were measured by standard laboratory methods after
12-hr fasting. In the course of studies, the following indices are obtained: the relationship of
TG/ HDL; HOMA-IR according to the formula D. R. Matthews; QUICKI on A. Katz; CARO
according to the formula F. Caro; Metabolic Index (MI). Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP)
according to the formulas H. Kahn et al. The Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) is obtained according
to the formulas M. C. Amato et al. Results: The interdependence between the presence
of pathological changes in the liver and early steatosis predictors is determined. The
optimal parameters for preventive diagnostics were selected and validated. The cutoff values
for Index of steatosis in >32 % of hepatocytes (predictor HS32), Metabolic index, and Visceral
adiposity index (VAI) are 0,69 (sensitivity 81 %, specificity 88), 3,0 (sensitivity 76 %, specificity
78 %), and 3,24 (sensitivity 72 %, specificity 82 %) (p < 0,001, respectively).The areas under the
ROC curves (95 % CI) for the parameters are 0,910 (0,837–0,958), 0,843 (0,770–0,900), and
0,784 (0,705–0,851), respectively. The cutoff values for Triglyceride and Total cholesterol are
2,27 (sensitivity 58 %, specificity 96 %), and 6,4 (sensitivity 54 %, specificity 95 %) (p < 0,001,
respectively). We suggest that the cutoff values of these simple methods can be applied to
evaluate hepatic steatosis grade in adults with abdominal obesity.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Medicine;Volume 13; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: obesity

value: non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL)

value: рreventive medicine

value: biochemical markers

value: prenosological


title: Role of gene polymorphism of the renin-angiotensin system components in development of cardiovascular diseases, excess body weight and obesity in inhabitants of the Adyghea Republic

dc.contributor.author

value: Muzhenya, Dmitriy V.

value: Tuguz, Aminat R.

value: Lysenkov, Sergey P.

value: Takushinov, Rustem A.

value: Ozheva, Raziet Sh.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Muzhenya D. V., Tuguz A. R., Lysenkov S. P., Thakushinov R. A., Ozheva R. S. Role of gene polymorphism of the renin-angiotensin system components in development of cardiovascular diseases, excess body weight and obesity in inhabitants of the Adygea Republic. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine, 2018, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 344–354.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The aim of the study was to study the polymorphisms of the AGT (Met235Thr; rs699), ACE
(Ins/Del; rs4646994) and AGTR1 (A1166C; rs5186) genes associated with both CVD risk and
obesity in the Republic of Adygea. Materials and methods. Polymorphisms (rs699, rs4646994,
rs5186) are investigated by the single nucleotide polymorphism method (SNP) using allelespecific
primers in the SNP-express test systems of NPF Liteh with electrophoretic detection
of results. Distribution of frequencies and associations of AGT, ACE, AGTR1 gene mutations
has been analyzed in control group (donors, n = 143) of young men and girls at the age
of 22.32 ± 5.4 years without hereditary burden and clinical manifestations of cardiovascular
disease, as well as at patients (n=46; 54.26 ± 12.2 years) of the Cardiological Department of
the Adyghe Republican Clinical Hospital. Experimental data have been analysed by statistical
methods using the SPSS Statistics 17.0 program. Results. A group of patients with the
verified diagnoses of heart continuum diseases (DWC), show a statistically significantly increased
frequency of mutant 1166C locus (p = 0.00003; OR = 3.77 (2.22–6.38)) and pathological
homozygous C1166C genotype (р = 0.00002; OR = 10.36 (4.69–26.22)) of AGTR1 gene.
No reliable distinctions have been revealed in a distribution of Met235Thr (AGT), and Ins/
Del (ACE) alleles in the examined groups of donors and patients at inhabitants of Adyghea
Republic, as well as no correlation relationships have been identified between frequencies of
Met235Thr, Ins/Del, and A1166C polymorphisms and obesity. Minor 1166C polymorphism
of the AGTR1 gene is associated with heart continuum diseases and can be used as an informative
predictor of cardiovascular diseases for the formation of risk groups, especially
among persons of young age. The absence of associations between Met235Thr, Ins/Del and
A1166C allelic variants of genes and dyslipidemia points to need of the analysis of some other
AGT, ACE and AGTR1 gene polymorphisms obtained as a result of research in the Adyghea
Republic.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: cardiovascular diseases

value: gene polymorphisms

value: renin-angiotensin system

value: molecular genetic markers


dc.contributor.author

value: Kuznetsov, Semyon V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kuznetsov S. V. Iatrogenic crimes committed in the field of health care, and a special approach to the production of forensic medical expert research. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine, 2018, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 419–429.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents an integrated approach to the forensic assessment of the medical facts of
inadequate medical care. The purpose of the taken out initiative provisions is an increase of efficiency
of production of forensic medical examinations of rendering medical care both in the
structure of Investigative committee of the Russian Federation and in other judicial and expert
institutions including the state. As one of the possible ways to solve this problem is the author’s
procedure and methods of production of forensic expert research on iatrogenic crimes. On
the basis of the stated provisions, possible ways of improving the organisation of forensic activities
are proposed. A strong rationale explaining why the structure of the Investigative committee
of the Russian Federation when applying for the service in preference to experts with
a wide profile (that has two or more related competencies), which can overlap their activities
in several areas. Clearly demonstrated that these employees are capable of a comprehensive
understanding of the problems lie in the biomedical plane of specialised knowledge, that allows
applying the expertise available to the expert on the basis of the official need dictated
by a specific investigative task. This approach is successfully used for more than four years in
practice in the forensic division of the department of criminology of the Main investigation
department of the Investigative committee of the Russian Federation in Saint Petersburg and
the division of criminalistics investigation department of the Investigative committee of the
Russian Federation in the Leningrad region.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Medicine;Volume 13; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: forensic examination

value: disadvantages of medical care

value: defects of medical care

value: causation

value: harm to the health

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Grigorieva, Elena N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Grigorieva E. N. [V. Markovich’s special seminar “Classics and Avant-garde”. Methodological grounds]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 544–551.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In order to delineate the methodological grounds of Vladimir Markovich’s “Classic and Avantgarde”
seminar and his scholarly approach as a whole, we analyse one literary theme that is
connected to studying Gogol. In Yuri Lotman’s “The Issue of Artistic Space in Gogol’s Prose”
(1968) we find structuralism generally tends to describe a particular text as a manifestation of
the more general principles of a literary work per se. Yuri Mann’s “Gogol’s Poetics” (1978) is
a classical typological description of forms performed on Gogol’s prosaic works. The chosen
principles are strictly adhered to: focusing on a certain aesthetic category, the scholar follows
its transformation within the boundaries of the studied system. In the preface to his monograph
“Gogol’s Petersburg Tales” (1989), published twelve years after Mann’s work, Vladimir
Markovich obviously follows the tradition of the formalist-structuralist literary theory, while
defining the peculiarities of the analysed text. But granting equal rights to analysis, intuition
and reader’s sensitivity in encompassing the fullness of text’s meaning, he allows practices
characteristic to the opposing hermeneutics school. The author records the “oddities”
of Gogol’s poetics and juxtaposes them with a broad literary context. Markovich constantly
“checks” the obtained results against the readers’ reception, appealing both to the mentality
of an implicit reader, reconstructed from Gogol’s texts, and to real readers — Gogol’s contemporaries,
whose perceptive abilities are shaped by a certain cultural and historical period.
Thus, the practices of receptive aesthetics enter the field of research methods. Against the
background of Yuri Lotman’s and Yuri Mann’s studies it is possible to outline the unique attitude
of Markovich, which integrates structural analysis, principles of receptive aesthetics
and hermeneutical divination. Such methodological openness provides for greater internal
dynamic, while aspiration to comprehension turns every research into a hermeneutic reading
of the text, not exhaustive but discovering new layers of meaning in Russian classic literature.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 15; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: V. M. Markovich

value: Yu. M. Lotman

value: Yu. V. Mann

value: N. V. Gogol

value: structuralism

value: reception aesthetics

value: hermeneutics

value: divination


dc.contributor.author

value: Belyak, Gavriil N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belyak G. N. [Text-in-text and the paradoxes of set theory]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 618–624.

dc.description.abstract

value:
V. M. Markovich believed that the meaning-generating “truth of the paradox arises and can exist
only in the oscillation between two (or several) opposing truths”. Referring to Yu. M. Lotman,
he wrote that a text can be perceived by the reader as an equivalent of reality only if it can not be
reduced at any level “to a united, comprehensive and complete system”. Markovich refers to Lotman
pointing out the paradoxical nature of the relationship between teхt and language. A text
is written (coded) in a certain language, and at the same time the language (code) is contained
in the text itself. The composition “text in the text” is a variation of such paradoxical structure.
Using works of M. Bulgakov, V. Nabokov, A. Bitov and S. Nosov as examples, the article shows
that with such a composition the nested structure only seems to be an element of the text, while
at the same time it can contain the whole as its own element. Therefore, this means that text as a
whole contains itself as its element. In set theory, a set that includes itself as its element is called
reflexive. It is one of the most well-known paradoxes of set theory that is connected with the
properties of reflexive sets, namely the Russell paradox, built on the coincidence of the message
and the code. Since the scientific discourse assumes that the message should be different from
the code, the discovery at the beginning of the 20th century of a whole series of such paradoxes
led to the creation of new axiomatic systems in which the construction of reflexive sets was not
allowed. The construction of reflexive sets in the framework of an artistic text that is inadmissible
for an exact science becomes a dynamic meaning-generating structure.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: paradox

value: realism

value: composition

value: set theory

value: semiotics


dc.contributor.author

value: Egorova, Ksenia V.

value: Zhamlikhanov, Nadir H.

value: Mallin, Dmitry A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Egorova K. V., Zhamlikhanov N. X, Mallin D. A. Effect of chronic nasopharyngeal infection on the physical development of children. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine, 2018, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 355–365.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article considers the factors affecting the physical development of children, identifies
the indicators of the physical development of children with chronic nasopharyngeal
infection according to the tables of A. V. Mazurin. The article also reflects the following
pattern: children with chronic foci of infection (chronic tonsillitis, chronic nasopharyngitis)
have changes in physical development indicators (length, body weight), functional
indicators (spirometry, dynamometry), which makes it possible to conclude that these foci
have direct effects on the physical development of children. Also identified risk factors in
children with delayed physical development and chronic nasopharyngeal infection. These
include frequent exacerbations of acute respiratory infections and sore throats, leading to
even greater changes in the tissues of the Pirogov-Valdeyer lymphoid ring and the further
formation of a chronic focus of infection. Revealed a significant number of disorders of the
sexual development of children with chronic tonsillitis compared with the control group.
Girls with chronic tonsillitis and boys with chronic nasopharyngitis had the greatest lag
in sexual development. In girls, the lag in the formation of WPP was detected more often
in 12–13 years, in boys, starting at the age of 14. Consequently, children with chronic
nasopharyngeal pathology are among the group at high risk of becoming reproductive
health, which requires timely preventive measures.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Medicine;Volume 13; Issue 4

value: otorhinolaryngology

value: physical development

value: microflora of the nasopharynx

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Stukalin, Gleb D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Stukalin G. D. Sufism and yoga: A dialogue between religious sects of Northern India in the 16th century. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2018, vol. 10, issue 4, pp. 500–509.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper is devoted to the analysis of the mutual influence between Sufism and the local
religious cults in Northern India. It has been shown that the connections between different
religions in Medieval India were quite intense. The major focus is the legacy of the 14th to 16th
centuries’ poets belonging to the Chishtiyya brotherhood, whose works allow to see the result
of the centuries-old coexistence of different religions in India. Particular attention is paid to
the role of adherents of hatha yoga, the Naths, in the formation of the brotherhood doctrine.
Evidence of the exchange of ideas can be found in a multitude of diverse sources related to
both the Sufi environment and the Nathian one, such as the Fawaid-al-fuad, a collection of
statements by an important religious figure Nizamuddin Awliya, the poems written by members
of the Chishtiyya, and the modern collection of instructions for members of the Nath
community. The result of the contacts between the two communities is most comprehensively
manifested in the work of Malik Muhammad Jayasi, a Sufi poet of the 16th century, who demonstrates
a high level of awareness in yogic practices and the symbolic system of Nathism. In
“Padmavat” and his other works one can see the use of the “twilight language” coding instructions
to yoga practitioners. One can not deny the importance of analyzing interfaith relations,
since some connections between the Sufi brotherhood and the Nath community remain even
today.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 10; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Sufism

value: Nathis

value: India

value: Jayasi


dc.contributor.author

value: Li, Hongxia

value: Tong, Hua

value: Liu, Guang

dc.identifier.citation

value: Li Hongxia, Tong Hua, Liu Guang. The significance of the October Revolution of 1917 to China. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2018, vol. 11, issue 4, pp. 455–463.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The October Revolution of 1917, which occurred 100 years ago, not only changed the direction
of Russian society, but also was an important historical event in the 20th century that changed the fate of the Chinese people. Firstly, the Russian Revolution accelerated the spread
of Marxism in China. Before the Revolution, Japan was the main channel of Marxism dissemination
mainly by Chinese students in Japan, who were bourgeois reformists or anarchists with
a limited understanding of Marxism. After the October Revolution, Russians became the main
channel for Marxism spreading into China, and Chinese students studying in Russia became
the main force. Under the leadership of East Asian Secretariat of Communist International
Mr Zhang Ximan translated all the Party and Government construction documents of Soviet
Union, such as the Constitution of Russian Communist Party and provided reference for the
establishment of the Communist Party of China and transformation of the Kuomintang by
Sun Yat-Sen’s g. Secondly, the revolution inspired Chinese Marxists to create the Communist
Party of China and set up a new China, in the Mao era, we should thank him for making the
Chinese people stand up and achieve the first step of the Chinese Dream of rejuvenation of
the Chinese nation. Thirdly, Marx’s theory of leaping over the capitalist Crafting Gorge and
Lenin’s thought about the backward transition of the country to socialism provided enlightenment
to China’s reform and opening-up, in the time of Deng Xiaoping we should thank him
for making the Chinese rich, and realize the second step of Chinese dream of rejuvenation of
the Chinese nation. In the era of Xi Jinping, the Chinese believe that the third step of Chinese
dream of rejuvenation of the Chinese nation strong enough will realize, and prove the correctness
of the path of October Revolution.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 11; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: October revolution

value: Marxism

value: Chinese Dream

value: the Crafting Gorge

value: Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

value: NEP

value: Reform and Opening

dc.title

filename: 05-Li Hongxia.pdf


dc.contributor.author

value: Bolshev, Aleksandr O.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bolshev A. O. [The paradox of Petkevich (on the peculiarities of the semantic structure of the memoir book by T. V. Petkevich Life is an Unpaired Boot)]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2018, 15 (4): 651–658.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The object of consideration is the autobiographical work of Tamara Petkevich Life is an Unpaired
Boot. Specifically, we are talking about the paradox which constitutes the basis of the
image of the heroine-narrator’s father — Vladislav Petkevich. This follower of the Communist
idea, who was characterized by exceptional moral purity, was sadistically cruel towards his eldest
daughter Tamara: he beat her with a whip for no reason. The attempts of this confessional
book’s author to find any rational and logical reasons for whip executions failed. This kind of
mysteries remaining unresolved is extremely rare in the genre of memoir literature. The paradoxes
can only exist on the periphery of the autobiographical text and are not directly connected
with the main line of the traceable life. The young autobiographical character, a participant
of reproduced events, may be ignorant of the logic of his own fate, but the sophisticated
author-narrator looking into these events closely through the depth of time clearly sees their
fundamental essence. This is true especially for authors who like T. Petkevich went through the Stalinist prisons and camps. As a result, the memoirs of T. Petkevich detect “the progressive
(procedural) determination”, which, according to Gary Morson, constitutes a foundation
of such classics as Eugene Onegin by A. Pushkin, The Idiot and Demons by F. Dostoevsky. The
factor of demiurgic uncertainty of the authors plays an important role in each of these books.
Behind the inability of the Petkevich’s heroine to unravel the mystery of the irrational cruelty
that her kind father expressed towards her, we find authentic (and not fictional) author’s anxiety.
Obviously, it is this particular life-likeness that has led to the resulting impact of the book
on the reader.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 15; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: T. V. Petkevich

value: autobiography

value: fate

value: paradox

value: cruelty

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Quintern, Detlev

dc.identifier.citation

value: Quintern D. Arabic traces in Alexander Humboldt’s Kosmos and Central Asian geographies. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2018, vol. 10, issue 4, pp. 424–435.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Alexander Humboldt ranks among the scholars of Weimar Classicism who not only
appreciated Arabic contributions to the universal heritage of sciences but revived a long lost
cosmological and universal understanding of sciences, tracing back to flourishing periods of
the Abbasids from early 9th century onwards. A universalistic approach to historical layers
of sciences follows long-term developments, retracing historical layers in sciences’ history
while overcoming outdated Eurocentric concepts of periodization (middle ages, modernity
etc.). The Abbasid Era under Caliph Ma’mūn in the first third of 9th ACE with Baghdad at
its center introduced an Early Enlightenment reaching finally Middle Europe. Scientific
classifications were approved, interdisciplinary, experimental sciences enhanced and scientific
travelling flourished. Alexander Humboldt not only reflected upon Arabic contributions to
the universal heritage of sciences but followed up Arabic universalism himself, applying it
during his scientific travelling. The Humboldtian approach combined scientific traveling with
interdisciplinary observations, determinations (geographic coordinates), and classifications
from the very beginnings onwards. When traveling Central Asia in 1829, he especially showed
an interest to Arabic contributions in the field of geography and cartography. Humboldt had
not only studied Arabic sources on Central Asia but compared historical coordinates with
his own measurements. The source studies of Fuat Sezgin (1924–2018) enable nowadays
to comprehend the important contributions of Arabic-Islamic geography and cartography,
and while contextualizing the rich fund historically, Eurocentric distortions in the history of
science, here geography and cartography, losing their relevancy.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 10; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Alexander Humboldt

value: Arabic geography

value: Arabic cartography