dc.contributor.author

value: Łopatecki, Karol

value: Boldyrew, Aleksander

dc.identifier.citation

value: Łopatecki K., Boldyrew A. Meanders of the Polish Military Revolution — Standardization of Cavalry Units. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 464–489.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The objective of the article is to show the phenomenon of the internal standardization of the
units of the Polish cavalry in the 16th century. The references to this process, during which the
diversisty of arms and equipment of soldiers was abandoned, are scarce in descriptive sources
and are only reflected in normative acts. The only type of sources which enables to reconstruct
the combat potential of units is inspection (rejestry popisowe). Consequently, the process of
specialization of units and of formation of different types of cavalry was basically marginalized.
In the Crown, as late as the 1530s, cavalry rotas were very diverse. They consisted of lancers,
Polish winged hussars (later: hussars) and light cavalry combined in various proportions. This
state of affairs is connected with three factors. Firstly, the units of Permanent Defense (obrona
potoczna) in their structure referred to Mass Mobilization (pospolite ruszenie). Secondly,
provisions of law were not used for standardizing the arms and armor; on the contrary, at least
by the 1530s they stimulated the internal diversification. Thirdly, the Crown professional units
were internally divided into towarzyszes and pocztowys, which prompted the diversification
of armament inside a unit. The text shows the changes which occurred in the 1540s and 1550s,
and brought about a situation in 1557, when the rate of standardization was as high as 82.93 %.
The transformations were dynamic but were not top-down planned reforms, representing
instead a bottom-up initiative of rotmistrzes.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was written as part of the research project of the National Centre for Science SONATA,
no. 2016/23/D/HS3/03210 titled “The military revolution as a modernization factor in the public finance
and state organization of the Polish-Lithuanian state in the comparative perspective”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: tactics of the 16th century

value: types of Polish cavalry

value: military law

value: rejestry popisowe (inspection registers)

value: military reforms

value: military revolution in the Crown


dc.contributor.author

value: Bátora, Jozef

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bátora J. The Region of Caucasus and Central European-Carpathian Territory in the Final Eneolithic and the Bronze Age (a Contribution to the Transfer of Technologies and Knowledge). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 531–548.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article shows that the cultures in the Middle Danube/Carpathian territory were not just
peripheral cultures of the developed Aegean-West Asian cultures, but also the western periphery
of the Eurasian steppe region. From this aspect, the cultural-historical development in this
area was influenced and associated with the cultural-historical development in the Caucasian
and Northern Pontic regions as well. This is confirmed by several artifacts of the Caucasian
character in the territory of Central Europe. First of all, we can mention single-edged copper
axes, whose oldest exemplars in Europe come from the North Caucasus (the Maykop and
Novosvobodnaya cultures). With the arrival of the Yamnaya culture, technology of their production
emerged in the Northern Balkans and Central Europe along the Danube, through the
Northern Pontic region. Their oldest exemplars in this territory are the Baniabic type axes.
There are also weapons or tools; and jewellery which is represented by earrings of the so-called
of Transylvania type associated mainly with the Únětice, Košťany and Otomani cultures in
the Carpathian-middle Danube region. Their prototypes can be found in the North Pontic
region — Yamnaya culture. The remaining cultural contacts between Central and Eastern
Europe in the Middle Bronze Age are confirmed by the dagger of the Srubnaya type from
Sklabiňa in Central Slovakia. The existence of contacts between the Caucasian region and the
territory of Central Europe as late as the final Bronze Age is proved by the finds of Cimmerian
character. As a pars pro toto example, a dagger of the Kabardino-Pyatigorsk type from Malý
Cetín in southwest Slovakia can be mentioned.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article was prepared with the support of the Foundation VEGA as the projeсt no. 1/0100/19.
I would like to express my gratitude to Viera Teibusova for participating in the translation of the article.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Middle Danube

value: Carpathians

value: Northern Pontic region

value: North Caucasus

value: Eurasiа

value: Final Eneolithic and Bronze Age

value: cultural contacts

value: new technologies

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Romański-Cebula, Sławomir

dc.identifier.citation

value: Romański-Cebula S. Catholic-Orthodox Relations in Poland during the Pontificate of John Paul II. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 504–515.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is an attempt to analyze mutual relations of two biggest Churches in Poland: Catholic
Church, which has had a historically and demographically dominant position, and the
biggest minority Church — Polish Orthodox Church. The time of the pontificate of Pope John
Paul II (1978–2005) was a period of intense inter-religious and ecumenical dialogue. There
were many meetings among representatives of both Churches. On the basis of the reports
from the above-mentioned meetings, statements of hierarchs of both Churches, and official
documents, the author presents the history of mutual relations pointing out both hardships
and successes in the ecumenical dialogue. One of the obstacles worth mentioning in the religious
dialogue is Uniatism. It constituted the most relevant barrier for the dialogue in Poland.
Antagonisms perpetuated throughout centuries have evoked negative emotions until now.
However, theological problems were much easier to solve. There had been other successes
achieved in this field: the agreement on theological understanding of sacraments, along with
indicating the dominating role of the Eucharist, and the mutual recognition of baptisms. The
Catholic-Orthodox dialogue in Poland placed in a wider international context of inter-religious
relationships can be evaluated as burdened with difficulties but developing, with its
historical peak during the pontificate of John Paul II. Despite the barriers which still exist, it
has to be stated that many significant matters have already been solved. Numerous undertaken
incentives have survived and have become a starting point for further efforts. However,
favourable conditions are needed.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Polish Orthodox Church

value: Catholic Church

value: John Paul II

value: ecumenical dialogue


dc.contributor.author

value: Krylova, Ekaterina

value: Strygina, Ksenia

value: Khlestkina, Elena

dc.identifier.citation

value: Krylova, E., Strygina, K., and Khlestkina, E. 2021. Structural organization of TFL1-like genes in representatives of the tribe Phaseoleae DC. Bio. Comm. 66(2): 85–108.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The type of stem growth is one of the key features in determining plant architectonics.
Stem growth type is an economically important trait. It interconnects
with stem length, flowering duration, yield, resistance to lodging, and suitability
of mechanized cultivation. Mutations in the TFL1 gene and its homologs have
been demonstrated to change meristem indeterminacy across genera. The aim
of this work was to characterize and compare the structural organization of TFL1-
like genes in representatives of the tribe Phaseoleae (pigeonpea Cajanus cajan,
soybean Glycine max, common bean Phaseolus vulgaris, adzuki bean Vigna angularis,
mung bean V. radiata, and cowpea V. unguiculata) based on in silico analysis,
including analysis of nucleotide sequences, predicted elements in promoter regions,
predicted amino acid sequences, putative functional domains and 3D protein
structures. We investigated TFL1 (one gene for adzuki bean, four copies for
soybean, two copies for other studied species), ATC (two copies for soybean, one
gene for other investigated species), and BFT (two copies for soybean, one gene
for other studied species) gene family members found in whole-genome sequences
databases available for representatives of the tribe Phaseoleae. The presence
of duplicated copies for all genes in soybean may be a result of the last genome
duplication event during the evolution of this species. Duplication of TFL1 gene to
two copies in most of studied species of the tribe Phaseoleae is probably accompanied
by the maintenance of the functional state of these genes. The exception
is VrTFL1.2 of V. radiata, which likely had lost its functionality. This work broadens
the existing data about the number of gene copies, their structural divergence
and evolution, and the expected functional differences. This information will be
important for understanding the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the
maintenance of indeterminacy in the growth of the shoot apical meristem, as well
as in the control of the transition to the reproductive phase of plant development.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The part of the present work
devoted to analysis of VuTFL1.1 and
VuTFL1.2 genes was supported by a Saint
Petersburg State University grant (Pure
ID 62228741). The part of the work devoted
to phylogenetic analysis, analysis of
nucleotide sequences, predicted elements
in promoter regions, predicted amino acid
sequences, putative functional domains
and 3D protein structures of TFL1, ATC, BFT
was prepared within the framework of
the state task “Genomic and postgenomic
technologies for searching for new genetic
markers of economically important traits
and new allelic variants of agriculturally
valuable genes in the gene pool of cultivated
plants and their wild relatives” (VIR project
No 0481-2019-0001).

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Biological Сommunications;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: ATC

value: BFT

value: Cajanus

value: Glycine

value: Phaseoleae

value: Phaseolus

value: Vigna


dc.contributor.author

value: Koptseva, Elena

value: Sumina, Olga

value: Kirillov, Pavel

value: Egorov, Alexandr

value: Pechkin, Alexandr

dc.identifier.citation

value: Koptseva, E., Sumina, O., Kirillov, P., Egorov, A., and Pechkin, A. 2021. Plant species diversity in urban areas of Northwest Siberia. Bio. Comm. 66(2): 129–143.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The flora of two towns and two settlements in the northern taiga and foresttundra
of Northwest Siberia (Russia) are considered. Urban species lists are
limited (61–119 vascular plant species) and mainly consist of native species with
a predominance of perennial herbs. Various urban functional zones (industrial,
residential, recreational, vegetable patches) differ by species composition, and
this difference increases in the course of city development. In the industrial
zone, vegetation composition is closer to the native flora, because of the low
number of adventive species. Maximal diversity is due to decorative plants, cultivars
and southern weed distribution, and is typical to residential neighborhoods.
Species diversity increases mainly because of woody plants introduction.
Alien species are represented generally by a small number of individuals.
The severe climate and poor soils limit their abilities to spread in the Far North.
Urbanization forces the reduction of aboriginal biodiversity, but in northern
areas where native species have the adaptive advantage, this effect is minimal.
Changes in flora since 1995 were analyzed in the town of Novy Urengoy
(Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia). Plant diversity increased by about
20 % in all functional zones, although some alien and natural species were not
recorded in 2018.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was financially
supported by the Russian Foundation
for Basic Research–Yamal (Project No 19-
416-890002) and the State Contract of the
Department of Science and Innovation of
the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District
No 01-15 / 4 “Study of the processes of
adaptation of deciduous and coniferous
species in the Arctic and subarctic climatic
zones, reclamation of disturbed lands”
and the grant of Saint Petersburg State
University No 28612627 “Urbanized
ecosystems of the Russian Arctic: dynamics,
state and sustainable development”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: urban environment

value: plant diversity

value: urban functional zones

value: urban vegetation

value: Arctic zone of Russian Federation

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Peregudov, Aleksandr V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Peregudov A. V. Financial Standing of Officials of the Special Gendarme Corps. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 377–403.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article focuses on the level of prosperity of the ranks of the Special Gendarme Corps and
its trends during the post-reform and late imperial period. It carries out comparative analysis
of several categories of gendarme employees and identifies disparities in their financial standing.
There were more than a dozen basic and supplementary allowances, which were both
permanent and temporary and were paid for by the Treasury. During the period under review,
there was the growth in the monetary income of gendarmes, which enabled them to see themselves
as being superior to people of other socio-professional categories such as senior and
mid-ranking army officers and police officers. This thesis implicitly confirms that bribery was
not widely spread among gendarmes. However, there was impoverishment among the gendarmerie
personnel because they did not have any other source of income besides service-related
earnings. This made them rather vulnerable, resulting in revitalization measures of social
support of gendarme employees. A characteristic feature of material provision for gendarmes
during the period under review was a widening gap between allowances for the officers and
lower ranks. Gendarmes of lower ranks usually had big families and therefore were often in
want for money. In other words, they had a lower standard of well-being. As a result, many
of them being unable to support their families had to leave the Special Gendarme Corps and
search for other livelihoods. Partially, they managed to improve their predicament by using
alternative sources of income such as renting out, subsistence farming and service-related odd
jobs. However, these sources were not widely available.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: gendarme

value: allowance

value: prosperity

value: standard of well-being

value: Russian Empire


dc.contributor.author

value: Korolev, Alexander S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Korolev A. S. To the Explanation of the Annalistic Tolkoviny. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 348–363.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The “tolkoviny” mentioned in “The Tale of Bygone Years” (“Povest’ Vremennych Let”) about
Oleg’s campaign against the Greeks in 907, can be taken as a characteristic given by the chronicler
to the participants of the campaign. It is not clear who this characteristic applies to, although
there is a tendency to apply it to the Tivertsy. There is extensive scholarship devoted
to the meaning of the word “tolkoviny”. There are many options offered. The most common
meaning is “allies” or “translators” (currently the latter is considered preferable). In the context
of the information about the relationship between the Rus’ and the Slavs in the famous work
of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, it can be suggested that the chronicle sheds a new light on
the nature of these relations. Meanwhile, the word “tolkoviny” is unique. Besides the story
about the campaign of Oleg in the chronicle, a similar word is used only in the “Igor’ Tale”. The
author of the article suggests that the search for the meaning of the word “tolkoviny” should
be stopped, and it should be admitted that there is an error in the text made in the early chronicles,
and then repeated many times later. Instead of “tolkoviny” in the original source, the
explanatory word “tolkovaniye” was inserted somewhere, which got into the main text in the
process of rewriting. The purpose of the phrase inserted after the list of the Slavs-participants
of the campaign of Oleg, (without “tolkoviny”) was simply to draw the reader’s attention to
how the Greeks called part of the Slavs “Great Scythia”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Ancient Rus’

value: Eastern Slavs

value: chronicles

value: Povest’ Vremennych Let

value: tolkoviny

value: Tivertsy

value: Uliches


dc.contributor.author

value: Smirnov, Ilya P.

value: Vinogradov, Dmitry M.

value: Alekseev, Alexander I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Smirnov, I. P., Vinogradov, D. M., Alekseev, A. I. (2021). Spatial relationships of the local community (the case of the village Pronino, Vesiegonsky district, Tver region). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 66 (2), 236–251.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to topical issues of the study of population migration at the local level.
On the example of a specific rural settlement — the village of Pronino, Vesyegonsky district
— the spatial relations of the rural community are considered. The article gives a comprehensive
description of the village of Pronino over the past 150 years. The influence of the
geographical factor on the development of the settlement is estimated, specialization is analyzed,
and trends in demographic development are considered. A relationship is established
between the evolution of the functions of a settlement and the change in its population.
Based on the data from field studies, the real ties of local residents with other settlements
and regions are analyzed. Most of the inhabitants of Pronino are natives of the village and
the surrounding settlements. A completely opposite picture is observed in the distribution
of Pronino inhabitants’ children who move. Most of the children moved to St. Petersburg
or Vesyegonsk. In recent years, migration trends have changed, and more and more children
of local residents choose the regional capital — Tver. The geography of subscribers of
the virtual community of the village of Pronino in the social network VKontakte largely
reflects the real spatial relations. Most of the community’s subscribers live in St. Petersburg;
in second place, the district center, Vesyegonsk; in third place, Tver. A comparison of field
research data and data from social networks allowed us to conclude that the virtual mobility
of the rural population has spatial trends almost the same as real ones. Particular attention
is paid to the seasonal migration of the population, using a survey of summer residents
who identified their permanent residence and the main reasons for choosing Pronino. The
survey data confirmed the hypothesis that the target users of the “distant summer cottages”
are natives of these settlements.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The study was supported by the RFBR (project No. 18-011-00725).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Earth Sciences;Volume 66; Issue 2

value: population migration

value: community migration history

value: spatial relationships of the population

value: rural areas

value: virtual mobility

value: inter-metropolitan space

value: summer residents

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Bochkarev, Vadim S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bochkarev V. S. Archaeology at the Crossroads between the Humanities and Natural Sciences. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 516–530.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In this study archaeological sites are defined as objects comprised of two major components.
One of them is regarded as culturological, and the other one — as natural-historical. The
first component is mainly represented by the artefacts, and thus it supplies cultural-historical
information, examination and interpretation of which is one of the primary tasks of archaeology
as a discipline of the humanities. The second component includes eco-facts, nature-facts
and so-called cultural-natural objects. All оf them have natural origin or were shaped under
a strong influence of the natural environment, which makes it reasonable to deem this second
component the basis for natural-scientific repository of archaeology. It provides materials
for geological, palaeobotanical, palaeozoological, chemical and other researches. It must be
strongly emphasized that such knowledge without a cultural-historical context has no purpose
or focus. This article demonstrates that the natural-historical component is an integral
part of any archaeological site. It is inseparable from the culturological component. A vivid
material embodiment of the link between the two is provided by the cultural layer. Essentially, it is impossible to meaningfully examine the two components in isolation — independently of
each other. As a result, the actual material archeologists work with, its content and character
place archaeology at the crossroads between the humanities and natural sciences. It is hoped
that in the future it will develop as a multi-disciplinary subject with a prevalence of the humanitarian
dimension.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study had been supported by the Federal Scientific Research Programme of the State Academy of
Sciences, project no. 0184-2019-0004.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: essence of archaeological sites

value: cultural-historical and natural-historical components of archaeological sites

value: archaeology as a multi-disciplinary subject


dc.contributor.author

value: Кorochkova, Olga N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Кorochkova O. N. Information Achievements of Prehistory in the Panorama of Archaeological Cultures in the Urals and Western Siberia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 549–566.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Our focus is the type of responses the population of the taiga zone of the Urals and Western
Siberia gave to cognitive challenges, as well as dynamics and rhythms of information breakthroughs
of the Stone-Early Iron Age. The existence of multi-directional migration corridors
indicated formation of an extremely diverse anthropological, linguistic and cultural composition
of the taiga pioneer population, thus creating natural communication barriers in the context
of severe inter-group competition for resources. Against this background, in the Neolithic
(7th–5th millenniums BC), a practice of building fortified settlements, hill-forts, and “sacrificial
hills” became widespread — and that was not typical of hunters and fishermen. Erection of
those complex and labor-consuming structures required mobilization of a significant number
of people, as well as resources and expertise, and contributed to group consolidation in a new
territory. It was that type of dramatic disruption that occurred at the turn of the 3rd and 2nd
millenniums BC. Considerable changes in the way of life of the taiga population came as a
direct result of the “metallurgical revolution”. The development of independent metallurgical
centers in the Middle Urals traditional ideas about the inability of the population of the
appropriating lifestyle to adopt transformative strategies. The northernmost regions became
another watershed in the region. The turn of the Eras was marked by development in reindeer
herding, which was accompanied by a series of discoveries in the fields of food production,
transport development, communications, trade, and symbolic activities. Archaeological data
directly indicate the formation of adequate responses and information breakthroughs to the
cognitive challenges of the high latitudes of Eurasia, and explain the variety of forms of socio-
ideological adaptations and evolutionary alternatives.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project No. 18-09-40011 “Ural and
Western Siberia in the archaeological retrospective: most important discoveries, rhythms, phenomena, and
the paradoxes of development” и state assignment FEUZ-2020-0056.

dc.subject

value: taiga

value: Stone Age

value: Bronze Age

value: Iron Age

value: information breakthroughs

value: cognitive challenges

value: symbolic activities

value: fortifications

value: metallurgical revolution

value: reindeer herding revolution


dc.contributor.author

value: Gracheva, Yulia E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gracheva Yu. E. Public Schools of Dorpat District in the Beginning of the Reign of Emperor Alexander the First. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 364– 376.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The purpose of the article is to show the nature of the relationship between Emperor
Alexander I, professor of the University of Dorpat Georg Friedrich Parrot and members of
the Ministry of Public Education in the process of discussing the reform of parish schools
in the Dorpat educational district at the beginning of the 19th century. Professor Parrot
became the author of a project on the establishment of parish schools in the district, and his
close friendship with the king made it possible to hope for the approval of his ideas by the
minister. However, having received the initial support of the emperor, the Dorpat professor
faced resistance from some members of the Main Directorate of Schools who did not want
to amend the decisions which had already been adopted, and then the military conflict with
France became a serious obstacle to the implementation of the planned transformations. Over
the course of two years, Parrot had made changes to the text of the draft three times, but could
not achieve the final consent of Alexander I. The author comes to the conclusion that Parrot’s
desire to get special conditions and partial state maintenance for parish schools of the Dorpat
district was unfeasible given the context of the protracted war and the worst financial crisis.
The article introduces into scholarship an unpublished correspondence between the emperor
and the Dorpat professor, which significantly supplements the idea of the reforms of public
education in the first decade of the 19th century.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research in the framework
of project No. 20-09-00162 “Emperor Alexander I and Professor G. F. Parrot: discussions on the ways
of reforming Russia”.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Emperor Alexander I

value: Professor G. F. Parrot

value: Ministry of public Education

value: Dorpat school district

value: parish schools

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Rodionova, Oxana P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rodionova O. P. Features of Chinese Animalistic Prose on the Example of Gerel-Сhimeg Black Сrane’s Novel Black Flame. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 137–160.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the themes, images, and artistic features of the animalistic novel Black
Flame (2006) by the Chinese writer of Mongolian origin Gerel-Сhimeg Black Сrane’s. The
general and comparative analysis of the novel not only reveals the peculiarities of the author’s
individual style, but also characterizes the general trends in the development of animalistic
prose in China and abroad. Respect for the laws of nature, as well as the theme of love and devotion
of an animal to man, run through the entire novel Black Flame as red threads. A characteristic
feature of the work is the combination of scientific and artistic styles. Such qualities of
the writer as truthfulness and subtle understanding of animal psychology are also remarkable.
Among the features of Black Crane’s artistic style, one can note the poetic language enriched
with original metaphors and epithets. Instead of the usual narration of the characters’ actions,
Gerel-Chimeg focuses on the physical and mental sensations evoked by these actions and transmitted to the readers. The writer does not humanize animals, nevertheless, he manages to
penetrate their inner world through the use of a rich arsenal of smells, sounds and even tactile
sensations. Today, Gerel-Chimeg is an original and iconic figure among Chinese writers of
this genre. The article emphasizes that animalistic literature of such a level plays an important
role both in the study of the wild world as well as in the education of humanity in people. The
novel Black Flame not only enriches our knowledge of nature and animals of northern and
western China, but also evokes a powerful emotional response from the readers.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 13; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Gerel-Chimeg Black Crane’s

value: Black Flame

value: animalistic literature

value: children’s literature

value: Chinese literature


dc.contributor.author

value: Klyuev, Sergey A.

value: Semenova, Valeria N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Klyuev S. A., Semenova V. N. The Results of New Research in the Tigray Region, Ethiopia: Three Rock-hewn Churches of Kola Tembien as Historical Sources. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 161–186.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the results of research focused on three rock-hewn churches, which
are not well-represented in literature, in Kola Tembien of the Tigray region in Ethiopia. Fieldwork
was carried out with the financial support of the Russian foundation for Basic Research.
Trips to the site were conducted in the autumn of 2019 and 2020. The problems of dating and
typology is the focus of this research. In the article, three churches are described — Mikaʼel
ʽAddi Kawa, Abunä Fäqadä Amlak in ʽAdi Śərä and Maryam Degol Chako. Special reference
is made to the architectural ties of these three monuments with others of the region in order
to reveal the possible mutual influence of architectural constructions and some decorative
elements. Information on these churches has not been published since the time of cooperative
research by Ruth Plant and David Buxton in the 1970s. Particular attention in the article
is paid to the churches Abunä Fäqadä Amlak inʽAdi Śərä and Maryam Degol Chako as they
have very rich paintings on canvas dating from the middle of the XX century. These paintings
are valuable not only as art objects of Christian Ethiopia, but also as important sources of the
cultural and political history of Tigray. Unfortunately, the preservation of these paintings in
the studied churches raises concerns. The article presents new authentic material on the described
churches. Photographs of the interiors are published for the first time. In addition, on
the basis of the iconographic and architectural analysis, a number of hypotheses by the author
are presented for further discussion and verification. It is worth noting the possibility of reconstructing
the previous basilica rock-hewn churches into centric structures by building the
interior the walls.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: rock-hewn churches

value: Christian architecture

value: Christian East

value: Ethiopia

value: Tigray

value: Tigre

value: Tәgray

value: East Africa

value: monumental painting


dc.contributor.author

value: Gerasimov, Igor V.

value: Akel, Yaser H.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gerasimov I. V., Akel Ya. H. Medical Terms in the Arabic Manuscript Kitāb al-mi’a fi al- ṭibb (“Hundred Books on the Skills of Medicine”) by Abu Sahl Isa b. Yahya al-Masihi (the 11th Century). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 197–211.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is based on the manuscript “Hundred books on skills of Medicine” by Abu Sahl
al-Masihi from the collection of the Oriental Department of the Gorky Library of St. Petersburg
State University (Ms. O 667). The author of this written monument was regarded as the
teacher of Ibn Sina (Avicenna). The text of Abu Sahl al-Masihi is an encyclopedic medical
treatise of the XI century. It consists of one hundred “books”, each of which is a separate and
independent chapter dedicated to a specific problem of theoretical or practical medicine. The
article presents an analysis of Arabic medical terms found in the table of contents to the first
book. They can be divided into four categories: borrowings from other languages, obsolete
terms, terms found in the Qur’an, and terms with Arabic roots. The authors of the article cited
fragments of Quranic texts as an illustration of the early origin of some terms for physiological
states. The medical knowledge and traditions of the Arabs played a decisive role in the development
of Arab-Muslim medieval medicine. Medical terms of the Arabs, introduced into
scientific circulation in the early Middle Ages, are actively used in modern Arabic. The results
of the lexical analysis of medical terminology from the first “book” of the treatise reflect the
scale of the phenomenon called Arab-Muslim medieval medicine.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 13; Issue 2

value: medical treatise

value: Arab-Muslim medieval medicine

value: Kunnash

value: Arabic medical terms

value: history of Arabic medicine

value: Abu Sahl al-Masihi

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Perminova, Vera A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Perminova V. A. Problems of the Historical Past in Japanese-Taiwanese Relations during the Chen Shui-bian Administration (2000–2008). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 293–307.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Taiwan, which was ruled by the Japanese Empire from 1895 to 1945, still remains one of the
few regions whose inhabitants do not emphasize the negative aspects of the colonial period.
Discussions in Taiwanese society about the problems of the historical past traditionally are
represented by two issues: the question of sovereignty over the Diaoyudao/Senkaku islands
and the demand from Tokyo of an apology and compensation for Taiwanese “comfort women”.
Moreover, both of these problems, even if they appeared on the domestic political agenda,
were never acute and did not have a significant impact on the development of traditionally close Japanese-Taiwanese relations. Questions of the historical past, as a rule, represented
only one part of the larger discussions regarding the national identity of the islanders and
the search for models of further development of Taiwan. All these aspects of the “Taiwanese
approach” to issues related to the problematic past came into full play during the presidency
of Chen Shui-bian (2000–2008). During this time, Tokyo and Taipei maintained a rather high
level of political contacts and encouraged cooperation between Japan and Taiwan despite the
actualization of the “comfort women” issue, which became the baseline for new discussions
about the colonial past and the role of Japan in developing modern Taiwan. The article discusses
the approaches of Taiwanese authorities in 2000–2008 to the interpretation of Japan’s
war-time past and colonial period of Taiwan history in the context of development of relations
between Tokyo and Taipei.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation (Grant no. 19-18-00017 “Problems of the
historical past in Japan's relations with the countries of East Asia and Russia. Lessons for Russia”).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Taiwan

value: Japan

value: Republic of China

value: “comfort women”

value: problems of the historical past

value: foreign affairs


title: From Power of Bonds to a Medieval State

dc.contributor.author

value: Goubanov, Ilya B.

value: Khlevov, Alexander A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Goubanov I. B., Khlevov A. A. From Power of Bonds to a Medieval State. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 451–463.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Two fundamentally different phases of social development in archaic Scandinavia can be identified.
Judging by the fact that the long house of frame construction of the patrilocal extended
family, who had been keeping an oðal for generations, emerged in the early Scandinavian
Bronze Age around 1800 BC and existed for three millennia, including the so-called “Viking
Age”, it is possible to assume that the traditional Scandinavian society of bonds had existed
all this time until 1179–1180 in Denmark. The odel system had developed; this land was inherited
by males and passed down from generation to generation. Often three generations of
relatives — the head of the oðal with his wife and his adult sons with their wives and children
as well as numerous household members and house slaves — lived under the same roof in a
long house with central rectangular hearths along the axis. The king had the right to call out
militia of bonds, which under the leadership of its leaders — strong and wealthy bonds — was
quite capable of resisting the king’s not large squad and often dictated terms to it. The kings
were chosen at þings — assemblies of armed men of districts where legal issues were settled.
The formation of early medieval states in Denmark took place in the last quarter of the 12th
century. The king Valdemar and Bishop Absalon after a period of the so-called “civil wars”
supported by professional heavy cavalry defeated the militia and disarmed bonds, who were
now assigned only agriculture work, taxes to the crown and the church and service to the new
feudal lords.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was written with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project
No. 20-09-00173 “Danish historical sources of the XII–XIV centuries. Research and translations”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: óðal

value: ancient Germans

value: Scandinavian archeology

value: traditional structure of society in Scandinavia

value: Old Scandinavian dwelling

value: long house

value: militia

value: squad

value: medieval state

dc.title

value: From Power of Bonds to a Medieval State


dc.contributor.author

value: Maksimov, Fedor E.

value: Andreicheva, Ludmila N.

value: Kuznetsov, Vladislav Yu.

value: Grigoriev, Vasily A.

value: Petrov, Alexei Yu.

value: Levchenko, Snezhana B.

value: Marchenko-Vagapova, Tatyana I.

value: Baranova, Nadezhda G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Maksimov, F. E., Andreicheva, L. N., Kuznetsov, V. Yu., Grigoriev, V. A., Petrov, A. Yu., Levchenko, S. B., Marchenko-Vagapova, T. I., Baranova, N. G. (2021). Age and chronostratigraphic position of lacustrine-bog deposits in the Chernaya River basin in the north of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra according to the results of their 230Th/U- and 14C-dating. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 66 (2), 289–309.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The main goal of this study was to elucidate the chronostratigraphic position of the sediments
of lacustrine-bog stratum from the Ch-14 section located in the sub-latitudinal sector of the
Chernaya River in the north of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra. This study presents data on their
numerical age and time of their formation, obtained by the parallel 230Th/U and 14С dating of
organic-rich layers. According to the results of spore-pollen analysis obtained earlier, the lacustrine-
bog sediments were attributed to the Byzovaya (Middle Valdai) interstadial, together with
the lake and alluvial deposits from the Ch-3 and Ch-4 sections in the same sector of the Chernaya
River. The 230Th/U and 14C age data are in good agreement with each other, especially for
the lower boundary of the lacustrine-bog sediments of the Ch-14 section. The time range of the
lacustrine-bog stratum accumulation is estimated to be approximately 13.7–13.3 to ~12.0 thousand
years ago. Thus, its formation (10.5–6.5 m layer) did not occur in the Middle Valdai, but
in the Late Valdai time from the beginning of Allerød to the beginning of the Younger Dryas
cooling. It has been suggested that a certain delay of late glacial climatic events took place in
the Bolshezemelskaya tundra compared with their age-related estimation by the Greenland isotope-
oxygen stages. For the first time, the isochronous approximation approach was applied to
obtain the 230Th/U age of such young terrestrial organic-rich deposits. Earlier this approach was
usually used in dating similar sediments not younger than MIS-3. The geochronological results
presented in this paper allow us to recommend the 230Th/U method for determining the age of
late glacial organic-rich deposits and climate events correlated with them.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Earth Sciences;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Bolshezemelskaya tundra

value: buried organic-rich deposits

value: uranium-thorium (230Th/U) and radiocarbon (14С) dating methods

value: Late Glacial climate events

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Chernetsov, Nikita

value: Nikishena, Inna

value: Zavarzina, Natalia

value: Kulbach, Olga

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chernetsov, N., Nikishena, I., Zavarzina, N., and Kulbach, O. 2021. Perception of static magnetic field by humans: a review. Bio. Comm. 66(2): 171–178.

dc.description.abstract

value:
We review the scientific data available on the ability of humans to perceive static
magnetic fields with intensities comparable to the intensity of the natural geomagnetic
field. It is currently assumed that birds have at least two independent
magnetoreceptory systems. Various authors have reported the existence of the
sensory ability to perceive the Earth’s magnetic field and to use it for spatial
orientation in different species of mammals. The question of whether this ability
exists in humans has been raised repeatedly. During the past 40 years, serious
scholarly titles have published the results of behavioral studies on humans’
ability to perform homing to their home range by magnetic cues, of the ability
to point towards a certain magnetic compass direction, and claims of magnetic
modulation of the ability to discriminate weak light flashes. Several research
groups have tried to find out whether brain bioelectric activity responds to
changes in the stationary magnetic field. Cortical activation following changes
in the static magnetic field, which suggested transduction of the changes in
the Earth’s magnetic field into neural responses, was found by analyzing eventrelated
synchronization/desynchronization. However, no behavioral manifestation
for the putative magnetoreception in humans is evident. All attempts to
detect behavioral responses to magnetic field changes in humans have been
less than convincing.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The work of N. Chernetsov
was supported by grant 16-14-10159
from the Russian Science Foundation.
The work of I. S. Nikishena was
performed in the framework of research
project AAAA-A19-119101890066-2.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Biological Сommunications;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: magnetic field

value: magnetoreception

value: sensory system

value: humans


dc.contributor.author

value: Onishchuk, Olga

value: Kurchak, Oxana

value: Chizhevskaya, Elena

value: Simarov, Boris

value: Provorov, Nikolay

dc.identifier.citation

value: Onishchuk, O., Kurchak, O., Chizhevskaya, E., Simarov, B., and Provorov, N. 2021. Supply of acetyl-CoA to N2-fixing bacteroids: insights from the mutational and proteomic analyses of Sinorhizobium meliloti. Bio. Comm. 66(2): 124–128.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Rhizobia represent a diverse group of gram-negative bacteria capable of fixing
atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with leguminous plants. Mechanisms of
symbiotic efficiency are important to study not only to reveal the “fine tuning”
of the host–symbiont supra-organismal genetic system emergence, but also to
develop agriculture with minimal environmental risks. In this paper we demonstrate
that among seven genes whose inactivation by Tn5 insertions results in
an increased efficiency of rhizobia (Sinorhizobium meliloti) symbiosis with alfalfa
(Eff++ phenotype), six genes are involved in the metabolism of small molecules.
One of them (SMc04399) encodes for acetate-CoA transferase catalyzing the
formation of acetyl-CoA from acyl-CoA. Since acetyl-CoA is required for operation
of the Krebs cycle, providing ATP for symbiotic N2 fixation, we suggest
that a significant portion of this coenzyme utilized by bacteroids is provided
by the plant cell supporting the energy-consuming nitrogenase reaction. Proteomic
data analysis allow us to reveal the lability of enzymatic pathways which
are involved in bacteroids in the production and catabolism of acetyl-CoA and
which should be modified to obtain the Eff++ phenotype. This phenotype was
developed also after inactivation of NoeB protein which is involved in the hostspecific
nodulation and is characterized by an elevated production in wild type
S. meliloti bacteroids, suggesting a multifunctional role of noeB in the symbiosis
operation.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by
Russian Science Foundation, Grant 19-16-
00081.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Sinorhizobium meliloti

value: symbiotic efficiency

value: metabolism of small molecules

value: acetyl CoA, acetate-CoA transferase

value: transposon (Tn5) mutagenesis

value: proteomic analysis


dc.contributor.author

value: Izotov, Alexander V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Izotov A. V. Crisis formation in Russia’s relations with the European Union and the Western community: Prospects for changes. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2021, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 139–155.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the current crisis in relations between Russia and the European Union
(EU) which is part of a more global crisis in the relations between Russia and the Western
community that can be analyzed in terms of the Russian-Western “cool war” concept. Firstly,
the main trends in relations between Russia and the EU since the early 1990s are analyzed
within three main dimensions of their interactions (economic interdependence; political values
and institutions; foreign policy dimension) in the context of relations between Russia and
the Western community. The article then examines how the current crisis and its key factors
(relations between Russia and the EU in their common neighborhood; mutual sanctions regimes
established by Moscow and Brussels against each other; transformation of the relations
between Russia, the EU and its member states as a result of the crisis) are analyzed and discussed
by the Western and Russian academic and expert communities. Specific attention is
paid to the issues and problems that are prioritized by Russian and Western scholars, how they
have been studied, how the scholars and experts reveal the causes and consequences of the
relevant aspects of the current crisis in the EU-Russia relations in the context of a more global
confrontational stagnation in the relations between Russia and the Western community. Conclusions
are made regarding prospects for any changes in the current crisis of EU-Russia relations,
and the factors that could stimulate or limit these changes are outlined.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 14; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Russia

value: European Union

value: Western community

value: crisis

value: sanctions

value: EU-Russia common neighborhood

value: cool war

value: cold war

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Opekunov, Anatoly Yu.

value: Janson, Svetlana Yu.

value: Opekunova, Marina G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Opekunov, A. Yu., Janson, S. Yu., Opekunova, M. G., Kukushkin.S. Yu. (2021). Mineral phases of metals in industrial sediments of St. Petersburg rivers with extreme pollution. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 66 (2), 267–288.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The aim of the research was to determine the patterns of distribution of metals and their main
mineral phases in technogenic bottom sediments of St. Petersburg watercourses in conditions
of extreme pollution. The objects of research were the Yekaterinofka, Okhta, Krasnen'kaya,
Smolenka, Karpovka and Chernaya Rechka Rivers. Bottom sediments of urbanized rivers
are characterized by abnormally high concentrations of metals and metalloids (TMM). The
maximum metal content established in river sediments corresponds to ore concentrations:
Cu — 0.487 %, Pb — 5.54 %, Co — 0.129 %, Cd — 0.0439 %, Ba — 6.32 % and Zn — 0.818 %.
According to the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), TMMs are characterized from moderate
and severe pollution (Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, As) to extremely severe (Cu, Cd, Sb, Hg). The rivers
have their own geochemical specialization of bottom sediments: the Okhta River is characterized
by the highest concentrations of Ba, As, Sb, Zn and Hg; the Ekaterinofka River —
Cr, Co, Mn, Pb, Cd; Smolenka River — Cu; Red — Fe, V, Sc; Chernaya Rechka River — Ni.
Based on the method of the main components of factor analysis, paragenetic associations are identified that indicate the main sources of pollution: the production of batteries using
Sb-Cd-Pb-Co-Mn (Yekaterinofka River) and Ni (Karpovka River), paints and varnishes using
Ba-Hg-As-Zn (Okhta River) and metal processing Cu-Cr (Yekaterinofka, Smolenka and Chernaya
Rechka Rivers). Scanning electron micrographs studies showed a variety of authigenic
minerals, among which barite, hematite, magnetite, goethite are of primary importance. The
amount of barite formed is proportional to the concentration of Ba in the sediments. There
are metal sulfides, framboidal pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena. An important feature of
early diagenetic changes in the composition of sediments under extreme pollution conditions
of the studied rivers is shown — the formation of native metals (Fe, Pb) and aggregates of
complex composition (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu). This is probably one of the significant mechanisms of
the flow of metals under conditions of sustainable technogenesis.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Moscow, Russia), grant
No. 19-05-00508.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Earth Sciences;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: metals and metalloids

value: paragenesis of metals

value: sedimentation rate

value: authigenic minerals

value: mineral aggregates


dc.contributor.author

value: Yun, Sergey M.

value: Pakulin, Vitaly S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Yun S. M., Pakulin V. S. Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European states within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative and the ‘17+1’ mechanism. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2021, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 241–253.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Belt and Road initiative (BRI) is a large-scale geo-economic project which is an integral
part of China’s contemporary foreign policy. The foundation of this project is the vast network
of trade and transport communications by land and sea that encompasses countries of the
Eurasian continent as well as Africa. The European destination is a key link of the project:
most of the transit ways of the BRI lead to the EU and European countries. The Central and
Eastern Europe region (CEE) occupies a special place in China’s strategy of the implementation
of the Belt and Road initiative: the countries of this region are located on the main trade
routes from China to the most developed European countries. Moreover, the CEE countries
are in dire need of investment and infrastructure development. In 2012 China launched a multilateral
cooperation mechanism with 16 CEE countries (in 2019 the number of participants
increased to 17 due to the accession of Greece). This article aims at analyzing the structure
and functioning of the mechanism, key areas of activity within the framework of the Belt and
Road initiative, and the problems and prospects of cooperation between China and the CEE countries. The main hypothesis of the work is that China uses the ‘17 + 1’ mechanism as a
tool for establishing bilateral cooperation with selected countries of the region. Such an approach
evokes criticism from the CEE states, as well as EU institutions. The current situation
shows that China needs to make adjustments to its strategy for the implementation of the BRI
initiative in the region. The authors used legislation and materials from official websites of EU
institutions, China and the CEE countries’ government agencies, statistical data and analytical
papers by international organizations, as well as material from news agencies.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 14; Issue 2

value: China

value: Central and Eastern European countries

value: Belt and Road

value: 17+1 mechanism

value: integration projects


dc.contributor.author

value: Denisenko, Ivan A.

value: Lunina, Oksana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Denisenko, I. A., Lunina, O. V. (2021). Late Quaternary displacements along the Zunduk fault according to ground-penetrating radar and morphostructural analysis (northwestern coast of Lake Baikal). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 66 (2), 374–395.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article considers the results of GPR studies of the Zunduksky fault section activated between
the Cape Oto-Khushun and the Zunduk River, activated in the late Quaternary. The
aim of this work is to clarify the kinematic type, determine the vertical displacement amplitudes,
and dip angles of the Zunduksky active fault activated in the late Quaternary, as well
as determine the maximum magnitude of the earthquake that could occur as a result of the
activation of the fault. The work was carried out by OKO-2 GPR with a shielded antenna
AB-90 and ABDL-Triton. In addition to the main method, morphostructural analysis of the
ledge was used. As a result of the work performed, it was found that the Zunduksky fault in the
Late Quaternary was activated under tectonic extension with predominant fault displacement
kinematics. The one-act vertical displacements along the seismic fracture change from SW to
NE from 6.9 to 1.6 m. When the Late Quaternary ledge of the Zunduksky fault formed, the
plastic component of the displacement had a certain value, the contribution of which is from
18 to 78 % of the total displacement. Paleo-earthquake magnitudes calculated from the maximum
vertical displacement are Mw = 7.3 and Ms = 7.5.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Earth Sciences;Volume 66; Issue 2

value: Zunduk fault

value: georadar

value: vertical displacement

value: Baikal rift zone

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Zaslavskaya, Natalia G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zaslavskaya N. Appointment of the European Commission as an indicator of European integration development. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2021, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 182–200.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the evolution of the European Commission appointment procedure in
the context of the institutional balance between the Council of the EU, the European Parliament and the European Commission. The growing influence of the European Parliament on
the appointment of the Commission and the nomination of its President is described as an indicator
of the development of integration because it demonstrates how the EU supranational
institutional system moves closer to the institutional systems of nation states. The European
Parliament has gained power similar to national parliaments. The European elections’ results
are taken into account during appointment of the European Commission. Despite remaining
existing differences between the EU institutional system and national institutions, the author
attempts to apply the Sartori concept in order to examine the dynamics of the EU institutional
balance. As Sartori described, interaction between parties in national parliaments and governments
and gradual transformation towards party government, similar tendencies could
be found on the European level. The analysis of the theoretical interpretations, legal basis and
practical experience of the European Commission’s appointment enables the author to determine
the increased role of the European Parliament vis-à-vis other institutions and the growing
importance of the European parties. The current procedure demonstrates a shift from the
technocratic functional approach to an ideological approach leading to a growing importance
of European politics.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 14; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: European integration

value: EU institutions

value: European Union

value: European Commission

value: European Parliament

value: European party


dc.contributor.author

value: Bagdasaryan, Vardan E.

value: Baldin, Pavel P.

value: Resnyansky, Sergey I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bagdasaryan V. E., Baldin P. P., Resnyansky S. I. Messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly as a Source of Studying the Historical Policy of Russia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 421–437.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the historical representation of the highest state
power in modern Russia (the level of the president) by examining the texts of the presidential
messages to the Federal Assembly from 1994 to 2020. As a key research method, content analysis,
both semantic and quantitative, was applied. Fragments of messages containing an appeal
to events, phenomena, personalities of the past and the historical process as a whole have been
examined. The quantitative analysis has revealed the number of usages of the word “history”
and the total textual quantity of historical references in the messages. The thinkers of the past
quoted by the Presidents associated with various ideological connotations have been considered
as a special indicative position. The generalized content analysis data is accumulated in
the table in the article, which has the potential for further independent use in studying the
dynamics of power discourse in Russia. The results of the study enable to confirm the fact of
the paradigm shift in the perception of history at the highest state level in Russia lying in the
transition from the liberal version of the theory of modernization to a nationally conservative
approach similar to the theory of civilizations. Three Presidents of the Russian Federation —
B. N. Yeltsin, D. A. Medvedev and V. V. Putin — despite the coincidence of positions on several
issues of interpreting the past, presented different visions of the historical process in the texts
of the messages. The integration of the current policy into the general outline of history is
characteristic of all the messages, which points to the preservation of the tradition of historiosophical
perception of the state activity in the Russian Federation, in spite of different versions
of historiosophy. The transformation of historical politics in Russia is an indicator of the ideological
inversion of the Russian state as a whole, the transition from a liberal to a nationally
conservative model. The attitude of the authorities to the history reveals the potential of using
axiological vectors of the current policy as a means of reconstruction.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: ideology

value: public policy

value: national memory policy

value: historical representation

value: content analysis

value: theory of modernization

value: national conservative approach

value: Yeltsin

value: Medvedev

value: Putin


dc.contributor.author

value: Akimova, Ekaterina Yu.

value: Azimov, Pavel Ya.

value: Serebryakov, Nikolay S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Akimova, E. Yu., Azimov, P. Ya., Serebryakov, N. S. (2021). Geological position and mineral composition of kyanite amphibolites of the Chupinskiy paragneiss belt (Belomorian province of Eastern Fennoscandia). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 66 (2), 310–330.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Lyagkomina occurrence of kyanite amphibolites (the Belomorian Province of the Fennoscandian
Shield) is confined to an amphibolite boudin among kyanite-garnet-biotite and
garnet-biotite gneisses of the Chupa Sequence. The main rock types at the Lyagkomina occurrence
are meso- and melanocratic garnet-kyanite amphibolites with large kyanite (more
than 1 cm in length) and kyanite-garnet amphibolites with small kyanite. There are also leucocratic
garnet-biotite-amphibole-plagioclase rocks with kyanite, melanocratic epidote-staurolite-
amphibole rocks, zoisite plagioclasites with staurolite and kyanite. The country gneisses
around the boudin were metasomatically altered: quartz disappears in kyanite gneisses, and
amphibole appears in garnet-biotite gneisses. Calcic amphiboles in the kyanite amphibolites
are represented by high-alumina tschermakite; biotite — by intermediate-alumina phlogopite;
garnet belongs to the pyrope-almandine series with a high grossular content. Plagioclases
have an intermediate and basic composition. Intermediate plagioclases are common
in kyanite amphibolites without staurolite and in kyanite amphibolites with staurolite rims,
while the basic plagioclases are found in staurolite amphibolites. Many rocks are characterized
by reaction structures, representing the change of the mineral assemblages. Metasomatic
zoning has been reconstructed in the occurrence with a regular sequence of the mineral
assemblages: Hbl + Grt + Pl + Qtz ± Bt (garnet amphibolite)  Hbl + Grt + Pl + Ky + Qtz ± Bt 
Hbl + Grt + Pl + Ky ± Bt  Hbl + Grt + Pl + Ky + St ± Bt  Hbl + Grt + Ky + Pl + St + Czo ± Bt 
Hbl + Grt + Pl + St + Czo ± Bt  Hbl + St + Czo + Pl ± Bt. In the described series, the alumina
content increases and the Mg content of the main rock-forming minerals decreases, and desilication
of the rock occurs. The described mineral zoning was formed during metamorphism
as a result of the reaction between the initial amphibolite and fluid flow in the shear zone (i. e.,
at synmetamorphic metasomatism). Petrological and isotope data indicate that the Lyagkomina
kyanite amphibolites are genetically related to the occurrences of corundum-bearing rocks
in the Belomorian Province of the Fennoscandian Shield.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
Study was carried out with State Task Project of the IPGG RAS (NIR FMUW-2021-0002 and
FMUW-2019-0013) and supported with RFBR (grant No. 17-05-00265).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Earth Sciences;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Belomorian province

value: metasomatism

value: kyanite

value: staurolite

value: amphibolites

value: corundum- bearing rocks

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Delva, Kirill I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Delva K. I. (2021). The demographic dynamics of youth cohorts of St. Petersburg during the period of educational migrations. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 66 (2), 192–211.

dc.description.abstract

value:
One of the key sources of the population of cities in the world and Russia is population migration
with subsequent “fixation” in a big city for permanent residence. However, the question of
the distribution of young generations after the completion of education within cities has been
studied rather poorly, especially in the Russian-language literature. This situation is due to the
infrequent appearance of socio-demographic statistics for such a study at the intraregional
level. This paper seeks to fill this gap; it considers the intra-urban dynamics of a number of
youth cohorts born in 1986–1995 in St. Petersburg for the period of 2002–2015. The article
determines the amount of inflow of the studied youth cohorts into the city and city districts
during the period mentioned above. It was revealed that during the period of educational
migrations, the districts of the city experience a different increase in the number of youth
cohorts; however, the territorial structure of the growth of young people in both studied generations
remains stable. Also, the paper proposes a typology of city districts by the size of the
inflow of a group of youth cohorts to the city districts and the real estate market, expressed
in the cost of housing in the districts and in terms of housing commissioning. An attempt to
explain the reasons for the differences in the growth of youth cohorts born in 1986–1990 in
the districts of the city showed that the increase is associated with the introduction of new
housing and does not have a direct relationship with prices in the real estate market.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: youth

value: St. Petersburg

value: city districts

value: geodemographic situation

value: real estate market

size: 3 MB


dc.contributor.author

value: Tyumentsev, Igor O.

value: Tupikova, Nataliya A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tumentsev I. O., Tupikova N. A. A Letter from an Unknown Person with a List of the Tushino Embassy to the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 644–654.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The events of the Russian Time of Troubles are insufficiently studied due to the destruction of
Russian archives during the hard times and in the Moscow fire of 1626. The state archives in
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were not accumulated. Upon finishing their careers,
statesmen took documents to their private collections, which were then shared by the heirs.
The search for these documents and their introduction into scholarship have now accelerated
due to the digitization of archival materials and their online publishing. A document entitled
“Spis przedstawicieli Rosji przysięgających wierność Zygmuntowi III” by Polish archivists
has become available on the Platforma Cyfrowa Biblioteki Kórnickiej resource, which lists
26 senior ambassadors from 259 members of the embassy of the Tushino boyars to the Polish
king. Until recently, historians have had assumptions about the composition of this embassy
on the basis of indirect data from other sources. The document published below, despite the
distortion of the names, contains direct references to the members of the Tushino Embassy.
The comparison of the data in this document with the information about lands granted to the
Tushino boyars and nobles by the king in February — July 1610, available in the Lithuanian
Metrica, enables to establish with high accuracy the personalities of the leaders of “the men
of Tushino” who swore allegiance to the king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund
III Vasa. The embassy in question was an important stage in the formation of the project
of installing a foreign prince Vladislav to the Russian throne, which led to the creation of a
third center of power in the country.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 2

value: Source studies

value: history of the Troubles

value: Polish and Russian diplomatic documents

value: personalities of the Tushino embassy to King Sigismund III


dc.contributor.author

value: Marinin, Anton V.

value: Sim, Lidiya A.

value: Bondar, Ivan V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Marinin, A. V., Sim, L. A., Bondar, I. V. (2021). Variation of the stress-and-strain state of the Vuoksi Fault Zone area (Vyborg district). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 66 (2), 396–412.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The stress-and-strain state of the rock massif and the kinematic type of faults of the Vuoksi
fault zone (Karelian Isthmus) for the latest stage of tectonic history were determined by field
tectonophysical methods. The main information was obtained from geological stress/strain
indicators, which were mostly represented by measurements of minor faults and slickensides
with kinematic information (the direction of relative displacement) on the fault plane. Near
the Vuoksi fault zone, systems of faults with an orientation close to the strike of this regional
fault structure are observed. Most widespread are strike-slip faults, whereas faults with normal
or reverse displacement make up less than a quarter of the total number of faults. The STRESSgeol
software based on the method of cataclastic analysis was used to restore stress-and-strain
state. The variable orientation of the principal stress axes was determined in the studied area.
The two main directions of maximum compression are NE-SW (to ENE-WSW) and NW-SE
(to WNW-ESE). The axes of the maximum deviatory extension are subhorizontal and are
directed in the NNE-SSW and NW (to WNW-ESE) direction. The intermediate axis often
occupies a sub-vertical position. The horizontal shear stress state type prevails for the entire
zone, and lateral shear displacements are also characteristic of this fault zone. This stress state
type of the studied part of the Baltic Shield is significantly different from the stress state type
of orogenic belts, where, along with horizontal shear stress state type, the situation of horizontal
compression stress state type dominates. The obtained variability of the directions of
maximum compression in the studied area can be preliminarily correlated with the previously
identified zone of “unstable tectonic stresses” of the East European Platform.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was carried out with the financial support of the state task IPE RAS.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Earth Sciences;Volume 66; Issue 2

value: Baltic Shield

value: Vuoksi fault zone

value: Inostrantsev Caves

value: tectonic stress

value: stress regime

value: tectonic pattern

value: slickenside

value: fault

value: tension gash

value: joint set

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Merkushev, Sergey A.

value: Nikolaev, Roman S.

value: Luchnikov, Andrey S.

value: Kutergina, Galina V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Merkushev, S. A., Nikolaev, R. S., Luchnikov, A. S., Kutergina, G. V. (2021). Transport and infrastructure aspect of urban environment transformation in millionaire cities of Russia (on the example of railway transport in Perm). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 66 (2), 212–235.

dc.description.abstract

value:
One important field of modern complex research is the study of urban area transformation processes
under the significant influence of changes in transport infrastructure, including railway
infrastructure. Using the comparative method and the method of integral scoring, the authors
of the article have evaluated how well suburban railway transport is developed in 14 millionaire
cities of Russia. A special focus is on Volgograd, Krasnoyarsk, Samara and Kazan, which are
all similar to Perm in terms of territorial and planning characteristics. One trend in organizing
urban traffic is to develop off-street and high-speed transport (including railways), which
is particularly important to Perm as the city is stretched along the Kama River. In the article we
reveal that Perm has a high potential for increasing the role of railway transport in urban traffic
organization. However, that potential is not fully reached because of the unsystematic approach
to managing suburban railways at the regional and municipal levels; this has negative budgetary,
financial, spatial and temporal consequences. The authors state that the project to eliminate the
railway line from the station “Perm II” to the railway stop “Motovilikha” initiated by the regional
authorities has negative consequences. It worsens the integral indicator characterizing the level
of suburban railway transport development in the center of Perm Region and makes commuting
longer and less comfortable for passengers. Also, it makes public transport in Perm less effective
in terms of the city budget. The project will force people to use private cars and will make the
city transport system less rational. Although the authorities state that the railway line hinders the
integration of the Kama river embankment into the urban space, the authors of the article have
not found sufficient evidence in support of that argument.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was funded by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 17-78-10066)
“Optimization of the transport and logistics system of Russia and the regions as an instrument of sustainable
development”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: transport and logistics infrastructure

value: passenger logistics

value: millionaire cities

value: city management

value: transformation of the urban area

value: budget efficiency

value: subsidization of urban transport


dc.contributor.author

value: Ponomarev, Jean D.

value: Doroshkevich, Anna G.

value: Prokopyev, Ilya R.

value: Chebotarev, Dmitry A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ponomarev, J. D., Doroshkevich, A. G., Prokopyev, I. R., Chebotarev, D. A. (2021). Geochemical characteristics of magnesiocarbonatites from Muostalaah apatite occurrence and Birikeen apatite deposit (Aldan-Stanovoy shield, South Yakutia, Russia). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 66 (2), 349–373.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Apatite-bearing ore occurrence Muostalaah and phosphate deposit Birikeen are magnesiocarbonatite
complexes of the Seligdar type, located within the Nimnyrskaya submeridional metallogenic
domain in the Aldan-Stanovoy shield in South Yakutia, Russia. This study presents
geochemical characteristics of carbonatites and adjacent apatite-bearing silicate rocks of the
Birikeen apatite deposit and Muostalaah apatite occurrence. Comparison of these complexes
with the Seligdar deposit and other magnesiocarbonatite complexes of the world was made.
Based on the chemical analysis of the petrogenic components of the Muostalaah and Biriken
carbonatites, it was concluded that these rocks belong to magnesiocarbonatites, similar
to the magnesiocarbonatites of the Seligdar deposit. The chondrite-normalized REE spectra
of magnesiocarbonatites and apatite rocks are characterized by LREE enrichment relative to
HREE with average La/Yb(cn) ratios of 45 and 100 for the Muostalaah and Birikeen rocks, respectively. Most of the REE patterns are within the field of the world magnesiocarbonatites.
The trace-elements abundances of carbonatites and apatite rocks record negative Nb, Pb, Sr,
Zr, Hf and Ti anomalies and Th, U and REE enrichment. Сoncentrations of Th, U, Zr, and Hf
are characterized by a wide spread of values. The trace-element patterns of the Birikeen and
Muostalaah carbonatites are generally similar to the patterns of the world magnesiocarbonatites,
including Seligdar rocks. Based on the results of isotopic studies of the Sm/Nd and Rb/
Sr systems, it was concluded that the primary melts for the Muostalah and Birikeen carbonatites
were formed from a long-lived enriched mantle source that separated from the depleted
mantle in the Late Archean.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
Geochemical and isotope-geochemical studies of magnesiocarbonatites of the Muostalaakh ore
occurrence and the Birikeen deposit were carried out at the expense of the RSF project 19-17-00019, the
study of silicate rocks was carried out at the expense of the research project 0330-2016-0002.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Earth Sciences;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: magnesiocarbonatites

value: Aldan-Stanowoy shield

value: enriched source

value: Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics

value: REE composition of rocks

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Shikov, Anton

value: Tsay, Viktoriya

value: Fedyakov, Mikhail

value: Eismont, Yuri

value: Rudnik, Alena

value: Urasov, Stanislav

value: Sherbak, Sergey

value: Glotov, Oleg

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shikov, A., Tsay, V., Fedyakov, M., Eismont, Y., Rudnik, A., Urasov, S., Sherbak, S., and Glotov, O. 2021. The application of Nanopore sequencing for variant calling on the human mitochondrial DNA. Bio. Comm. 66(2): 109–123.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The emergence of long-read sequencing technologies has made a revolutionary
step in genome biology and medicine. However, long reads are characterized
by a relatively high error rate, impairing their usage for variant calling as a part
of routine practice. Thus, we here examine different popular variant callers on
long-read sequences of the human mitochondrial genome, convenient in terms
of small size and easily obtained high coverage. The sequencing of mitochondrial
DNA from 8 patients was conducted via Illumina (MiSeq) and the Oxford
Nanopore platform (MinION), with the former utilized as a gold standard when
evaluating variant calling’s accuracy. We used a conventional GATK3-BWA-based
pipeline for paired-end reads and Guppy basecaller coupled with minimap2
for MinION data, respectively. We then compared the outputs of Clairvoyante,
Nanopolish, GATK3, Longshot, DeepVariant, and Varscan tools applied on longread
alignments by analyzing false-positive and false-negative rates. While for
most callers, raw signals represented false positives due to homopolymeric
errors, Nanopolish demonstrated both high similarity (Jaccard coefficient of
0.82) and a comparable number of calls with the Illumina data (140 vs. 154)
with the best performance according to AUC (area under ROC curve, 0.953) as
well. In sum, our results, despite being obtained from a small dataset, provide
evidence that sufficient coverage coupled with an optimal pipeline could make
long reads of mitochondrial DNA applicable for variant calling.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Biological Сommunications;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: next-generation sequencing

value: Oxford Nanopore

value: Illumina

value: variant calling

value: mitochondrial DNA


dc.contributor.author

value: Kowalsky, Daniel

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kowalsky D. The Spanish Republic’s Diplomatic Mission to Moscow during Civil War. Part 2. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 490–503.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Spanish Civil War played a unique role in the Soviet Union’s geo-political strategies in the
second half of the 1930s. The conflict marked the first occasion that Moscow participated in
a foreign war beyond its traditional spheres of influence. But Soviet involvement in the Spanish
war went far beyond the sale of armor and aviation to the beleaguered Spanish Republic.
While Moscow organized and supported the creation of the International Brigades, on the
cultural front, the Soviets sought to roll out a broad program of propaganda, employing film,
poster art and music to link the destinies of the Slavic and Hispanic peoples. If scholars have
succeeded in recent years to rewrite the history of many components of Soviet participation
in the Spanish Civil War, diplomatic relations between the Republic and Moscow remain an
unexplored theme. This is the conclusion of a two-part article that explores declassified, unpublished
official documents, as well as memoirs, newsreels, private letters and the press, to
offer the first narrative history of the Republican embassy in Moscow. In part one, the diplomatic
rapprochement between the USSR and Spain in 1933 was explored as a prelude to the
exchange of ambassadors following the outbreak of the civil war in summer 1936. The posting
of the young Spanish doctor Marcelino Pascua to a newly recreated Moscow embassy was then
examined in detail, up to the end of summer 1937. In the second part, the successes, failures
and denouement of Pascua’s mission are set against the backdrop of the Republic’s dwindling
fortunes in the civil war.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 2

value: Spain

value: USSR

value: Spanish Civil War

value: Joseph Stalin

value: diplomacy

value: Moscow

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kolotaev, Yury Y.

value: Kollnig, Konrad

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kolotaev Y., Kollnig K. Political influence of online platforms: YouTube’s place in European politics. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2021, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 225–240.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Social media platforms are today one of the primary means of political expression and campaigning.
The growing entanglement of politics with the online sphere raises interest in how
these new types of media shape the social and political reality. While previous research tends
to focus on Twitter and Facebook, limited works exists on the political influence of YouTube.
This is even though YouTube is the second-most visited website and provides unique ways of
engaging users and disseminating political messages through the combination of rich communication
functionality with immersive audio-visual media content. Unfortunately, the influence
of social media platforms such as YouTube on politics is difficult to analyse, due to a
lack of transparency and qualitative data. Independent researchers and the public have limited
ways to access meaningful statistics about the video service. This article derives a taxonomy
to classify YouTube’s ways of political influence from a case-study-driven analysis of YouTube
in the European political landscape. The authors’ taxonomy aligns with traditional theoretical
concepts from the media effects theory, particularly framing, priming and agenda-setting. A
brief discussion of the current regulatory landscape in the EU is provided, and gaps are highlighted
that might need improvement. The authors conclude by considering the question of
whether YouTube is a political actor.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 14; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: YouTube

value: social media

value: online platform

value: European Union

value: content moderation

value: political content


title: Looking for Arabia Nova

dc.contributor.author

value: Bukharin, Mikhail D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bukharin M. D. Looking for Arabia Nova. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 2, рp. 438–450.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The administrative structure of the Roman Empire is still not fully understood. Some questions
remain unanswered due to the unique nature of historical sources. A number of notions
are mentioned only once or in a very unclear context. For example, the notion of “New Arabia”
(ἡ νέα (ἐπαρχεία) Ἀραβία) is raised in a several papyri of the 2nd and 4th century AD. The explanation
for the earlier documents is clear: the newly created province of Arabia is mentioned
there. A letter P. Oxy 50. 3574 (beginning of the 4th century AD) is a much more complicated
example of such denomination. Scholars believe that it refers to a province although Roman
sources do not mention any province called “Arabia”, except for the one created in 106 AD under
Trajan. In fact, “New Arabia” in P. Oxy 50. 3574 does not allude to a newly created province
(ἐπαρχία) around Eleutheropolis instead of the former nomos Arabia in Egypt or in Idumaea,
as is assumed in contemporary studies. “New Arabia” in this document most likely refers to
τοπαρχία (“district”, normally, a part of a nomos). The borders of this τοπαρχία had changed
several times, and it moved from Lower to Upper Egypt. The enigmatic notion of “ἀπὸ ὁρίων
Ἐλευθεροπόλεως τῆς Νέας Ἀραβείας” maybe interpreted that the “New Arabia” did not refer
to the city of Eleutheropolis but rather to its borders: “…from the Eleutheropolis — the border
of New Arabia”. Whether Eleutheropolis lay inside or outside this border, remains an open
question. “New Arabia” cannot be connected with information of Laterculus Veronensis or
Tabula Peutingeriana either.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was written in the framework of the project “Greco-Roman maritime trade between Africa
and South Arabia in the southern Red Sea” of the German Archaeological Institute.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Roman Arabia

value: province

value: administrative structure

value: Egypt

value: papyri

value: Eleutheropolis

value: Oxyrinchos

dc.title

value: Looking for Arabia Nova


dc.contributor.author

value: Bekusova, Viktoria

value: Fatyykhov, Ilyas

value: Amasheh, Salah

value: Markov, Alexander

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bekusova, V., Fatyykhov, I., Amasheh, S., and Markov, A. 2021. Heterogeneity of the barrier properties of the colon in rat. Bio. Comm. 66(2): 160–170.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The incidence of colorectal cancer in different parts of the large intestine is not
the same, as tumors more often appear in the distal part of the colon compared
to the proximal one. The purpose of this study was to investigate heterogeneity
of the barrier properties of the colon and clarify the effects of Prostaglandin
E2 and interleukin-1beta on its different parts. An in-depth analysis of short circuit
current, transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular permeability
for sodium fluorescein in Ussing chambers showed that the proximal part of
the colon was less permeable compared to the distal one and the substances
had different effects on the parameters of permeability in different parts of the
colon. We suppose that heterogeneity of the barrier properties of the colon and
various effects of their regulation by local molecular agents may determine different
incidence of pathologies in the colon.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was sponsored by
the Grant of RFFI (20-04-01050).

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Biological Сommunications;Volume 66; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: rat

value: colon

value: heterogeneity

value: prostaglandin E2

value: Ussing chamber

value: short circuit current

value: transepithelial electrical resistance

value: intestinal permeability

value: barrier properties

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Mishko, Alisa

value: Sundyreva, Maria

value: Stepanov, Ilya

value: Efimenko, Sergey

value: Plotnikov, Vladimir

value: Nenko, Natalia

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mishko, A., Sundyreva, M., Stepanov, I., Efimenko, S., Plotnikov, V., and Nenko, N. 2021. Isolation of high-quality RNA from plant seeds. Bio. Comm. 66(2): 144–150.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the major fruit tree crops, but it
hasn’t been well-studied as a breeding object for molecular investigations. It is
important to develop reliable and rapid methods that allow the preparation of
plant material for future research. We introduce a quick and simple method for
isolating high-quality RNA from lipid-rich apple seeds (M. domestica cv. Golden
Delicious). Our method does not employ highly toxic reagents, because we exclude
phenol, 2-mercaptoethanol and others. The chemical composition of the
extraction buffer is simple and has a minimum level of toxicity. We showed
that, in chaotropic conditions (i.e., with lithium chloride-urea), silica (SiO2) can
bind with the lipids and RNA will remain in the solution. The extracted RNA was
of high quality and we successfully used it for synthesizing cDNA and RT-PCR.
The protocol developed by us can be useful for researchers working with RNA
extraction from plant seeds.

dc.subject

value: Malus domestica

value: seeds

value: RNA

value: lipids

value: silica

value: RT-PCR


dc.contributor.author

value: Grigoryev, Victor N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Grigoryev, Victor N. 2021. “Information technology in the investigation of riots”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 334–355.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The use of information technology is a cross-cutting actively developing element in the
method of investigating mass riots, which in modern conditions acts as a factor in the success
of this work. The article reveals the features of the criminal prosecution of riots using information
technology. The main areas of using automated data banks and information retrieval
systems in the investigation of mass riots are determined. Domestic and foreign possibilities
of using information technologies in the organization of investigative work, in accounting
and control over the materials of criminal cases on mass riots, in fixing the circumstances
of crimes and in proving them are shown. The structure of the program for making and
supporting the decision to create a specialized investigative group designed to work in emergency
conditions is determined. As part of such a group, it is proposed to immediately organize
its own information center with its own databank of episodes and persons, taking into
account the primary materials on the facts of riots using the programs intended for this. For
the formation of information about the general situation of mass riots, special mathematical
models for the study of space-time patterns are intended. Recommendations are formulated
to survey a large area and recreate a unified picture of disturbances using quadcopters. To
determine the involvement of a person in riots, it is recommended to compare data from
various electronic sources, such as email correspondence, electronic documents and mobile
communication log files, the history of search queries in web browsers, cards and payment
systems, etc. The modern judicial practice of proving participation in mass riots using, along
with photo and video materials, the corresponding fragments of records also placed in electronic
means is assessed.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: riots

value: crime investigation methodology

value: information technology

value: organization of the investigation

value: fixation of riots

value: proving riots

value: automated data banks

value: information retrieval systems


dc.contributor.author

value: Lipina, Tatyana A.

value: Shapoval, Yuliya V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lipina T. A., Shapoval Yu. V. Religious education in Kazakhstan: The challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 2, pp. 352–368.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores the impact of distant learning and digital technologies on the educational
process in theological education institutions, as well as on religious and educational practices
at religious organizations in the context of the quarantine restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic
in Kazakhstan. The research methodology consisted of semi-structed interviews with organizers and participants of distant learning, clergy, focus group method, and the analysis
of digital resources. The study included religious educational institutions representing Islam,
Orthodoxy, Catholicism, as well as their religious education for believers. The authors conclude
that the pandemic has accelerated the process of digitalization of religion in Kazakhstan,
as well as the sphere of religious education. Based on Heidi Campbell’s religious-social shaping
approach to technology, the authors claim that the reflection of the experience gained in
distance learning by its participants expresses the process of coordinating the application of
media technologies to religious education in order to legitimize their use in the Kazakhstani
context. The research data reveals an ambiguous and mainly negative attitude toward distance
learning among respondents which lead to the spreading of the discourse about the difficulties
and limits of using new technologies for religious education with its traditional pedagogy,
teaching methods and type of religious authority. The experience of education practices in a
distance format illustrated by the case study of the course on reading the Qur’ an also revealed
the limits of its application, since believers are looking not only for religious knowledge, but
also psychological support and spiritual guidance.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: religious education

value: coronavirus

value: mediatisation

value: digitalisation

value: distant learning

value: new technologies

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Shaposhnikov, Lev E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shaposhnikov L. E. Philosophical and pedagogical views of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Kirill (Gundyaev). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 2, pp. 338–351.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyses the historical and philosophical views of Patriarch Kirill and his evaluation
of modern Western philosophy, formed in the era of postmodernism. A distinctive feature of
that time is the blurring of the criteria that define the border between good and evil. According
to the Patriarch, this approach is caused by the absolutization of a person’s freedom, considered
beyond the context of one’s responsibility for the actions performed. As a result, the
philosophy of liberalism justifies the rejection of the Christian commandments, since they are
claimed to suppress one’s personal freedom. Thus, the Patriarch emphasizes the importance
of preserving the “Christian dimension” of a person’s behavior. The present work pays special
attention to the Patriarch’s conceptualization of the Russian philosophical tradition, which
is views as an important means to preserve national identity. Representatives of the Russian
religious renaissance (S. N. Bulgakov, N. A. Berdyaev, V. V. Zenkovsky and others), reflecting
on the understanding of the Church, society, personality, were able to meet the challenges of
the time and satisfy questioning believers. The article focuses on the Patriarch’s ideas related to
educational issues and reforms. It is posited that educational innovations should be based on
Russian traditions, namely on the fundamentality of education. In this respect, it is essential
to realize that when introducing the unified state examination procedure as a universal system
of students’ assessment, pedagogues need to amend educational plans in order to include
the development of learners’ fundamental skills and knowledge. The Patriarch is opposed to
the technocratic approach to education because the goal of education is reduced only to the
formation of the skills necessary for work. He agrees that school graduates should possess certain
competences related to their career, but they should know Russian history, literature, and
culture at a sufficient level. The Patriarch’s aspiration to preserve the unity of education and
upbringing as a unique feature of the Russian educational process is accentuated.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: tradition

value: philosophy

value: liberalism

value: the Church

value: education

value: upbringing

value: pedagogue

value: reform

value: national