dc.contributor.author

value: Kashchina, Zhanna E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kashchina Z. E. (2021) Personalization as a trend in the development of corporate reporting. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 37, iss. 4, pp. 656–681.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the problems of the financial reporting methodology associated with the
discrepancy between its new forms and the information needs of stakeholders. The purpose of
the study is to examine the hypothesis about the existence of an interest of economic participants
in financial reporting, focused on individual information requests of specific counterparties
of the reporting companies, in the form and content that new technologies can achieve.
To show the current trend of individual reporting format for a specific user, the concept of
personalized reporting is used. The theoretical basis for this study was the work of Russian
and foreign authors devoted to the current crisis of public corporate reporting on possible
options for the development of its practice, as well as studies on the degree of compliance of
traditional forms of financial reporting with the level of development of new technologies. The
practical basis for this study was the materials of a survey of the top management of more than
300 Russian companies, and the requests of counterparties received by these companies for
providing them with personalized reporting. The methodology for conducting this research
was based on the works of a number of foreign authors who have conducted similar studies
in recent years. The research has confirmed the hypothesis put forward. Conclusions are
drawn that the use of new integrated communications in accounting can significantly improve
the quality of information provided to stakeholders. It should be stressed that, personalized
reporting can be a supplement or alternative to new financial reporting. Attention is drawn
the need to rethink the accepted methods of financial reporting, as well as to study the main
changes in its practice.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 37; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: accounting

value: financial reporting

value: data

value: stakeholders

value: personalization

value: information

value: new technology

value: development

value: crisis


dc.contributor.author

value: Vorontsovskiy, Alexey V.

value: Vyunenko, Lyudmila F.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vorontsovskiy A. V., Vyunenko L. F. (2021) Forecasting economic development taking into account several turning points: Indicators, model calibration, simulation computations. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 37, iss. 4, pp. 513–545.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article considers the possibility of constructing forecasts for macroeconomic indicators
taking into account the turning points in their dynamics trends. The calculations are
performed on the base of a discrete approximation for the constraints of a simple economic
growth stochastic model using the Monte Carlo method. In the first part, the authors analyze
the problems of justifying turning point indicators and show that there is no single approach
to their definition. Changes in GDP, oil prices and other indicators often serve as such indicators.
In the second part, the authors propose to relate turning points to a change in the
value of one of the numerical parameters of the growth model under consideration — the
capital depreciation rate. To determine the parameters of the model, a special calibration procedure
is proposed, based on solving the optimization problem according to the criterion
of the minimum discrepancy between the average calculated and actual trajectories of GDP
and Consumption over the calibration period. In the third part, experimental simulations
are performed taking into account turning points according to the data of the economies of
Finland, Cyprus and Japan. Three turning points are allocated for Cyprus and Japan, and one
for Finland. Forecasts of the GDP and Consumption dynamics for these countries at current
and constant prices of 2010 are constructed. For all three countries under consideration, the
results of simulations show that indirect accounting of turning points by amendment of the
capital depreciation rate allows significantly improving the quality of forecasts based on the
average calculated trajectory, taking into account the specified confidence interval for the selected
forecast period.

value: forecasting of macroeconomics

value: stochastic growth models

value: discrete approximation

value: turning point indicators

value: capital depreciation rate

value: model calibration

value: simulation

value: GDP

value: consumption

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Zakariyaev, Zamir Sh.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zakariyaev Z. Sh. Arabic-language Epigraphy of Mosques in Lezgin Villages of Akhty District of Dagestan (Inscriptions of 11th–18th Сenturies). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 542–568.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The author of this article presents some results of the author’s study of the Arabic-language
epigraphy of old Lezgin mosques in the Akhty District of the Republic of Dagestan. The
mountainous Akhty District inhabited by Lezgins is located in the far south of Dagestan
and Russian Federation, near the Main Caucasian ridge. The inscriptions of mosques are
an important part of the district’s rich epigraphic heritage. The method of continuous study
of epigraphic monuments made it possible to identify many Arabic-language inscriptions
in different settlements, and also in abandoned rural settlements in hard-to-reach mountainous
areas. The author considers not all epigraphic monuments of mosques, but only
some of them. Many of them are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
In addition, a new updated interpretation of some inscriptions already known to science
is proposed. The translation of the inscriptions is accompanied by scientific commentary.
Chronologically, the inscriptions cover the period from the 11th–12th centuries to the end
of the 18th century. The epigraphy of this chronological period is found on the walls of only
some villages in the Akhty District. A portion of the inscriptions considered are dated. To
determine the time of undated inscriptions, the method of dating by paleographic features
of writing is applied. In terms of genre, the epigraphic monuments of mosques consist of
building and benevolent inscriptions, excerpts from Quranic Verse. The discovery of Kufic
inscriptions from the 11th–12th centuries on the walls of mosques indicate that the most ancient
mosques in the villages of the Akhty District have a millennial history. The geography
of Kufic inscriptions found indicates the early spread of Islam even in the most remote and
hard-to reach places in southern Dagestan. The location of the inscriptions, which for a long
time were considered not preserved, has been established. Among them is the oldest dated
building inscription in Arabic on the territory of Russia — from 563 AH (1167/68). After the establishment of rural communities in the Samur district of Dagestan in the beginning
of the 17th century, the construction or repair of mosques was carried out, mostly either by
the communities or by the representatives of the local Muslim elite.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 13; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Dagestan

value: Lezgins

value: Akhty District

value: Arabic-language epigraphy

value: mosques

value: Kufic inscriptions


dc.contributor.author

value: Bakirov, Asylbek A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bakirov A. A. Ancient Images and Plots of the Epic of Manas. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 498–518.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The problem of the emergence and development of the Kyrgyz heroic epic of Manas has attracted
the attention of scholars since the very beginning of the study of this unique memorial.
The first researchers in the 19th century, Kazakh scientist Ch. Ch. Valikhanov and academician
V. V. Radlov, pointed to the antiquity of the Kyrgyz epic and expressed their thoughts about its
composition and existence. The question of the composition and development of the epic of
Manas on the basis of research on its plot, images and ideas was explained by scientists of the
20th century, such as V. M. Zhirmunsky, P. N. Berkov, S. M. Abramzon, R. Z. Kydyrbaeva, etc.
However, the question remains relevant today. There is still no consensus among scholars as to
the time of the epic’s origin and its main stages of development. The author of this article aims
to continue the study of the genesis of the epic of Manas and attempts to establish the historical
conditions that gave rise to the heroic epos as a new type of art and determined its further
development. The author considers and analyzes the most ancient plots and characters of the
epic of Manas, the formation and development of which largely predetermined the nature of
epic creativity in subsequent eras. The subject of analysis is mainly the image of the protagonist
and the most important themes of the archaic epic: the hero’s struggle with monsters,
heroic matchmaking, and the fight against raids. All material, when possible, is considered in
a comparative-historical perspective, in comparison with the epic work of Turkic peoples of
Southern Siberia and Central Asia.

dc.subject

value: nomadism

value: archaic epic

value: epic hero

value: image of a monster

value: clan system


dc.contributor.author

value: Daudov, Abdulla Kh.

value: Rostovtsev, Evgenii A.

value: Sidorchuk, Ilya V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Daudov A. Kh., Rostovtsev E. A., Sidorchuk I. V. Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky and St. Petersburg University. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1100–1116.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the famous Russian scientist, the founder of Russian and world virology
Dmitry Ivanovsky (1864–1920). Despite the attention to his biography and scientific legacy,
researchers largely limit themselves to the already known sources, whereas some important
episodes and problems of the scientific biography of Ivanovsky remain unexplored. The relevance
of this article lies in the focus on such aspects of his biography, among which is his place
and role at St. Petersburg University. On the basis of a wide range of sources, many of which
are introduced into the scholarship for the first time, the article reconstructs different stages of
Ivanovsky’s activity at St. Petersburg University (as a student, as a master’s student, as a university
teacher). Special attention is paid to the relationship between Ivanovsky and his colleagues
at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. One of the
subjects considered in the article is Ivanovsky’s forced resignation from St. Petersburg University
in 1901. The scientific and personal fate of Ivanovsky clearly reflected the peculiarities and
difficulties of pursuing a scientific career at St. Petersburg University, which was the center of
the Russian science with exceptionally high formal academic requirements supported not so
much by the government as by the professorial corporation. The authors convincingly show
that the period at St. Petersburg University became a key one in the scientific career and life
of D. Ivanovsky.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Dmitry Ivanovsky

value: Faculty of Physics and Mathematics

value: botany

value: virology

value: Saint Petersburg University

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Lyakhovich, Anastasia V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lyakhovich A. V. Emergent Poetry of Northern Nigeria within Digital Space. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 484–497.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The author of this article presents an analytical study of a poetry forum at kanoonline.com,
which targets Northern Nigerian readership. The forum reflects emerging literature as it sets
out to shape its own standards of literary creativity, transmission, circulation, as well as communication
reality and perception in cyberspace. Poetic texts are created in a digital medium,
a means that presents itself as an inexhaustible source for the rapid circulation and unlimited
distribution of texts. The emergence of a text as a digital unit ensures the immediacy of its
communication to an audience, which simultaneously generates intensive reader feedback.
Based on an analysis of selected topics, the author discusses metatextuality as being the essential
nature of a digital text. The posting of a text, which is obviously a completed product of
individual creation, serves as a starting point for a further creative process. The agent of this
textual reworking is the audience which generates different interpretations of a given literary
piece. What we witness is a switch from an individual creative process to an impersonal
collective deconstruction, a process engendering metatexts. Most of the abovementioned forum’s
experimental poetic formations can hardly be captured, identified, comprehended or
interpreted well in terms of both content and form for several reasons. The shape of virtual
texts may be viewed as awkward, chaotic, and confusing. And the contents of the texts, while
definitely reflecting African modernity, on the other hand, is determined by subjectively portrayed
day-to-dayness, freely displaying open mundane experiences in a fragmentary and
momentary way. Forum poetry — poetic creation, performance, publication, reading, and
perception altogether — within the virtual space has an explosive effect, which is unpredictable,
uncontrolled, chaotic and momentary. Moreover, poetic content often makes a strong
reference to certain immediate and fragmentary environments of African everyday life which
are most urgent and alive at the very time of creation, performance and perception. Thus,
capturing virtual texts within this broad context — the context of author/reader interaction, communication and creation — enables one to read both the content and formal properties
inherent in the genre of web-forum poetry.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 13; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Northern Nigeria

value: digital literature

value: forum poetry

value: creative writing in cyberspace


dc.contributor.author

value: Kozharnovich, Maryna P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kоzharnovich M. P. (2021). Mediatization of medical discourse: Modes, attributes and risks. Media Linguistics, 8 (4), 421–437.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the context of the broad mediatization of public life, medical discourse finds its realization
not only in scientific, professional, sphere but also in the media space. The mediatization of
scientific knowledge contributes to its popularization, the dissemination of reliable professional
information, an improvement in the quality of the information space and, as a result, an
increase in the medical literacy of the mass addressee. However, at the same time, the mediatization
of medical discourse carries the risk of spreading some destructive social practices.
The auhtor of this article summarizes the main theoretical aspects of communication in the
context of global informatization of the communicative space. Special attention is paid to the
concept of mediatization and its theoretical understanding in modern linguistic works. Two
main ways of implementing medical discourse in the media space are considered: through
the inclusion of a professional from the field of medicine into the media and through the
media implementation of a professional medical text. The purpose of this study is to identify
and analyze the attributes of mediatization of a professional medical text in the space of mass
communication, to characterize the level of symmetrization in the presentation of medical
material by means of media language and ways of perceiving a media-medical text by the
addressee. The study was carried out within the framework of the discursive-interaction approach
to the analysis of media communication. Texts from Slovak media resources were used
as empirical material. Based on the linguistic analysis of the medical text in its media implementation,
it can be concluded that there is significant content and linguistic transformation
of scientific discourse in the media space. This is due to the mediatization of the medical text,
when the personal function comes to the fore, and the information is presented in a manner
of advertising. The wide informatization of the communicative space allows the addressee
(heterogeneous in their knowledge, experience, ideas, goals) to directly participate in the subsequent
interpretation of the text, which leads to the active participation of the layperson in
the process of forming the information space. As a result, the choice and dissemination of
often destructive social practices is directly affected.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract no.
APVV-18-0176.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Media Linguistics;Volume 8; Issue 4

value: mediatization

value: medical discourse

value: media discourse

value: media-medical text


dc.contributor.author

value: Avdonin, Vladimir S.

value: Meleshkina, Elena Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Avdonin V. S., Meleshkina E. Yu. E-Government: From service technologies to a new management paradigm. Political Expertise: POLITEX, 2021, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 341–359.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes conceptual approaches to the development of e-government. The factors
that contribute to its successful development are identified. Two examples (Estonia and Germany)
show the influence of a different combination of these factors. The successful development
of e-government requires a combination of a number of various factors, including characteristics
of political institutions, political actors, and political culture. The development of e-government
entails changes in these aspects of political life and, more broadly, changes in the nature of public
administration and participation. In turn, the specifics and pace of these changes also depend
on the unique combination of factors. The authors show that significant economic resources and
strategic planning at the state level are not sufficient explanatory factors for the successful development
of e-government. Important circumstances may include the relatively small size of the
state, the perspective vision of political actors, the coincidence of the interests of public and private
structures, readiness to reform the management system, the creation of conditions for institutional
cooperation, and coordination of interested actors. The authors conclude that prospects
for further research in the field of e-government development are related to the study of unique
national sets of factors that explain features of e-government models and their evolution.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Political Expertise: POLITEX;Volume 17; Issue 4

value: public administration

value: e-government

value: political actors

value: political representation

value: political participation

value: state

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Radikov, Ivan V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Radikov I. V. Russia’s National Security Strategy 2021: Continuity and development. Political Expertise: POLITEX, 2021, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 371–386.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The author analyzes the content of the new National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation,
compares it with previous documents on national security, and determines its compliance with
requirements of the law “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation.” 1 The article highlights
the main features of the modern model of ensuring national security: the inseparable relationship
and interdependence of national security and socio-economic development of the country; a focus
on the factor of force and commitment to the use of political means; emphasis on the need to
ensure civil peace and harmony in the country; recognition that preservation and multiplication of
the people and human development is the highest national priority; and orientation to strengthening
the role of the state as a guarantor of security. The author considers the recognition of national
interests as the main object of national security to be the main innovations of the Strategy. The
article determines the validity of assessing the current state of Russian national security given in
the Strategy. It is emphasized that strengthening Russia is taking place against the background
of new threats to national security that have a complex and interrelated nature. In conclusion,
National Security Strategy 2021 is a basic document in the field of strategic planning for the development
of the national security system; its content meets the requirements of the federal law
“On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation”; and taking into account the transformation of
external and internal factors, it preserves its fundamental foundations, and creatively develops
and complements them.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: national security

value: strategy

value: national interests

value: threats to national security

value: national priorities


dc.contributor.author

value: Norman, Boris Iu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Norman B. Iu. (2021). On the pragmatic aspects of the use of relative adjectives (based on newspaper texts). Media Linguistics, 8 (4), 379–390.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to studying the pragmatics of using relative adjectives in media discourse.
Relative adjectives pose a serious problem for Russian lexicography. Their lexical meaning depends
on the generating stem of the noun (cf. лесной from лес, кирпичный — from кирпич,
пламенный — from пламя), but it does not always coincide. The article examines two questions,
illustrated with examples from newspapers and magazines in Russian. The first question
is related to the behavior of relative adjectives in the syntactic structure of an utterance. These
words are actively involved in various transformations (reorganizations) of the phrase in inner
speech. Examples are expressions such as проходной балл (passing score), онегинская
строфа (Onegin stanza), чеховское ружье (Chekhov’s gun), вертолетные деньги (helicopter
money), etc. The mobility, dynamism of this grammatical class of words represents a significant
benefit (bonus) for the journalist. It is shown that the mechanisms of metaphor and
metonymy are involved in the processes of syntactic transformation. The second question is
the acquisition by relative adjectives of additional pragmatic shades of meaning due to the
ideological attitudes (principles) of the speaker. These definitions acquire evaluative (axiological)
semantics, which can be used, among other things, for the purpose of manipulating the
reader. With the help of these adjectives, a positive or negative image of a concept is formed.
Many such expressions originated in the Soviet era (пламенный борец, порочная практика,
гнилая буржуазия), but their range continues to expand today (вегетарианский период,
санкционные меры, материнский капитал, силовые министерства). The combination of
relative adjectives, as well as their pragmatic connotations, require reflection in lexicographical
publications.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was supported by Act 211 of the Government of the Russian Federation, contract no.
02.A03.21.0006.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Media Linguistics;Volume 8; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: relative adjective

value: metaphor

value: metonymy

value: pragmatics

value: connotation


dc.contributor.author

value: Neverov, Kirill A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Neverov K. A. Issues of digitalization of civic participation in developing countries: “Government as a platform” in Latin America. Political Expertise: POLITEX, 2021, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 360–370.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article examines “government as a platform” as based on civic participation in the context
of digitalization of public administration in developing countries, concretely for the example of
Latin American countries. The main thesis of the study is the following: the institution of participation
is the basis for constructing “government as a platform” due to deep foundations of
Web 3.0 technology, which encourage participation and have a collaborative nature. The author
focuses on factors for classifying countries “developing.” These factors are both positive and
negative: level of urbanization, Internet penetration, and globalization are positive factors, while the economic factor, political factor, level of corruption, and existing political culture are negative.
Latin American countries were selected as empirical cases as falling under the criteria as
developing countries, and as a region in which one can find both highly developed countries
in terms of digitalization and lagging behind in terms of applying digital technologies to public
administration and public policy. The author concludes that “government as a platform,” the
design of which is based on civic participation, is attractive for developing countries of Latin
America because it can help overcome such problems as corruption and social and political
exclusion, can increase the level of democratization, and can make political culture more civil
and proactive.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Political Expertise: POLITEX;Volume 17; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: government as a platform

value: digitalization

value: Latin America

value: public administration

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Stanojević, Dobrivoje Ž.

value: Mirkov, Lidija Ž.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Stanojević D., Mirkov L. (2021). The style of the Serbian media (2010–2020) — the language of the crisis. Media Linguistics, 8 (4), 461–471.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The societal crisis’ influence on the crisis of the language in contemporary Serbian journalism
is prevailing. Words have been increasingly framed into inappropriate content. Homonyms
are gradually becoming the only way to debate and give second opinions. Globalizing vocabulary
with fashionable phraseology, manipulative rhetoric and the artificial realignment of
language serve as the basis of rhetorical and stylistic research presented in this work. Casual
populist political speeches and sensationalistic topics in Serbia are in the centre of events,
even though they are easily forgotten. An apparent lack of creativity in language results in
the glorification of a globalizing rhetorical model. This leads to a sort of recycling of language
patterns and a pathetic usage of metaphors in everyday life, hence the apparent emergence of
a new kind of sensationalism. Different linguistic matrices obsessively repeat themselves in
the same rhetorical frame. Therefore, the language of journalists is increasingly reduced to the
form and the form is reduced to the void. In this article, the analysis of the contemporary use
of stylistic knowledge by media professionals will be conducted within a sample of one year of
broadcasts during 2019–2020, prior to the pandemic. The authors explain the methodology
of the research by describing the theoretical approach and the methods used to substantiate
the hypothesis. The research aims to show the gradual change of media language during
the current professional, economic and moral crises. A vast majority of media have a common
inherited loss of truly free expression. Instead of free relations, a plethora of excessive
self-censorship and hidden advocacies and connections is being extended. This appears to be
a certain eternity or bad infinity of the shadows in the media.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: media

value: stylistics

value: media language

value: Serbia

value: sensationalism


dc.contributor.author

value: Mironov, Boris N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mironov B. N. The Peasants of the St. Petersburg and Moscow Provinces after Abolition of Serfdom. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1041–1062.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the condition of the peasantry in the St. Petersburg and Moscow provinces
in 1850–1890 against the background of the development of 50 provinces of European
Russia as a whole. The aim is to test the adequacy of the concept of the agrarian crisis of the
post-reform village, which occurred as a result of the unfair reform of the 1860s predatory
towards peasantry. The article criticizes the dominant concept of the Soviet historiography,
which is regarded as controversial in modern scholarship. The first part of the article assesses
the dynamics of the standard of living of the peasantry based on the traditionally used data:
firstly, on production factor and sources of income, and the degree of sufficiency of peasant
incomes for normal life and, secondly, on anthropometric indicators. The analysis of anthropometric
data is preceded by a methodological introduction, which explains the theoretical
foundations of using the body length data and the technique and procedure of processing
primary information to obtain an adequate picture. Special attention is paid to the interpretation
of the results of anthropometric analysis, which poses a difficulty to classical historians.
The analysis of traditional and anthropometric indicators characterizing the condition of the
metropolitan peasantry of the capital and 50 provinces of European Russia leads to the conclusion:
in 1861–1890, the standard of living of peasants in the capital provinces had improved,
moreover, to a larger extent compared to European Russia as a whole. The agreement of the
results of economic and anthropometric analysis enhances the reliability of the conclusion
about the improvement of the welfare of the Russian peasantry during the first 30 years after
the peasant reform.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by grant No 19-09-00365 from the Russian Foundation for Basic
Research “Comparative analysis of the economic and social consequences of the February 19, 1861 reform
in metropolitan provinces”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

value: abolition of serfdom

value: the standard of living of the peasantry

value: St. Petersburg and Moscow provinces

value: European Russia

value: traditional indicators of the welfare of peasants

value: historical anthropometry

value: the second half of the 19th century


dc.contributor.author

value: Ryzhenkova, Tamara A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ryzhenkova T. A. The Ottoman-Mamluk War of 1516–1517 as Described by the Egyptian Historian Ibn Zunbul. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 569–587.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The author of this article focuses on the 16th century work “The End of the Temporary Dynasty
and the Rise to Power of the Ottoman Dynasty” by the Egyptian historian Ibn Zunbul
Al-Rammal (“History” by Ibn Zunbul) and the events of the Ottoman-Mamluk war of 1516–
1517 described in it. This book is the author’s most significant work. It is written in an artistic
style and recounts the defeat of the penultimate Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri in the war
with the Ottoman ruler Selim I and the subsequent occupation of Syria and Egypt by the Ottomans.
In the work, Ibn Zunbul takes the greatest interest in two topics. First, he examines the
causes of the conflict, which broke out between Selim I and Qansuh al-Ghuri and led to the
collapse of the Mamluk empire. Second, Ibn Zunbul pose the question why the Mamluks lost
the war against the Ottomans. Despite his undisguised admiration for the fighting qualities
of the Mamluks as knights, their combat tactics and courage, he is forced to admit that they
could not resist the firearms of the Ottomans, which they had been actively using for many
decades. Ibn Zunbul’s “History” is one of three works in Arabic written by contemporaries
that detail the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. The author attempts to define the significance of
Ibn Zunbul’s work as a source in the history of Egypt in the first half of the 16th century.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 13; Issue 4

value: Ottoman Empire

value: Mamluks

value: Mamluk Sultanate

value: Egypt in the 16th century

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Peretyatko, Artyom Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Peretyatko A. Yu. Evolution of Demographic Studies of the Don Host in the Late Imperial Period. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1063–1083.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Demographic processes on the territory of the Don Host Oblast (until 1870 — Land) have
been studied since the beginning of the 19th century. Therefore, in modern national historiography
this topic is considered well researched, and scholars usually do not address it purposely,
providing results obtained by pre-revolutionary authors. However, a deeper exploration
of the situation reveals that pre-revolutionary authors pointed out serious inaccuracy of
the Don statistics. In this paper, for the first time in historiography, it is shown that as far as in
the 1860s a prominent statistician N. I. Krasnov highlighted the anomality of the Don statistics
and suggested it should be verified via comparison with the experience of world statistical
science. But the majority of authors of the second half of the 19th century asserted that the
experience of world statistics was inapplicable to The Don Host believing that the regional
statistics had to reflect and describe the data but not to analyse it. The paper also shows that
due to such an approach the study of the Don demography of the second half of the 19th century
has been brought by to a dead end. National historians rely on initially inaccurate data,
moreover, its verification by traditional historical methods is impossible. However, the French
mathematician N. Bonneuil with the help of the Russian demographer E. V. Fursa developed
a mathematical-statistical model to reconstruct demographic processes in the period in question.
The article concludes that from a historical point of view this method is also sufficiently
reliable, and its application by historians will allow the latter to significantly clarify the features
of demography of the pre-revolutionary period.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: demographic research

value: the Don Host Oblast

value: Don Cossacks

value: stochastic optimization

value: Lotka — McKendrick population model


dc.contributor.author

value: Zavyalova, Olga I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zavyalova O. I. Alphabets in the History of the Chinese Language. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 604–618.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Various phonographic variants of script, both for Chinese and for the neighboring languages
using Chinese characters, had been created long before contacts with the West and the appearance
of any Romanization systems in the region. Two official alphabets, the ʼPhags-pa and the
Yìsītìfēi (Istīfā) scripts, and likely the nonofficial Arabographic Xi ˇа ojī ng writing system were
introduced for the Chinese language already in the period of the Mongol Yuan dynasty. A syllabic
character-based ‘women’s script’ Nǚshū was invented for the Southern Hunan Tǔhuà
dialects at the turn of the Ming period or evidently much earlier. Modern information technologies
and the possibilities of computer typesetting, in particular, have inevitably changed
even the official character texts written in Standard Chinese. To a greater extent, these changes
are known to have affected the language of the computer-mediated communication with its
often unusual forms of Latin spelling for Chinese words. In many cases, however, Chinese
Internet users and primarily speakers of various dialects prefer to use even for the all-China
lexicon not only Latin variants, but also phonetically borrowed characters. Thus, they follow
the centuries-old traditions of nonofficial texts including those in the medieval Báihuà vernacular
language with its numerous phonetically or semantically borrowed characters from
official Literary Chinese.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Chinese language

value: Chinese dialects

value: Chinese alphabets

value: Nǚshū

value: ʼPhags-pa script

value: Yìsītìfēi (Istīfā) script

value: Xiǎojīng (Xiǎoérjīng) script

value: Internet language


dc.contributor.author

value: Starostenko, Eleonora V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Starostenko E. V. Military Chaplaincy in the Russian Army during the First World War. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1084–1099.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the service of chaplains in the Russian army in 1917. The Institute of
Chaplains was established in response to the growth of revolutionary propaganda in the army.
The process of introducing a position and responsibilities imposed by official instructions
are analyzed in the article. The main duties of the chaplains involved conducting talks and
speaking to the soldiers. The article provides data on the appointment, transfer and dismissal
of priests from the position of a chaplain. The most competent and experienced clergy were
employed. However, in some armies this position was vacant for a long time, while in others
there was a turnover of priests. The article also describes activities of the chaplains in the
armies and expands on interaction with regimental priests. The observations of the chaplains
enable to conclude about the decline in the spirit of the military clergy. The subject of the
speeches, its compliance with the instructions of the protopresbyter are considered. The article
focuses on the issue of the attitude of soldiers to chaplains and their speeches. It ranged from
benevolence to explicit discontent and aggression. Although contemporaries praised the work
of the military clergy, the reports reflected a less positive perception. Some chaplains did not
fulfill the duties assigned to them; they allowed evasion from service in demoralized military
units, familiarity with officers. The work of conscientious priests could not bring about serious
results in the current social and political situation. The article was prepared on the basis of
archival materials not previously published.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: military clergy

value: the office of the Protopresbyter of Army and Navy priesthood

value: army preachers

value: the First World War

value: February revolution

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Sobakina, Irina V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sobakina I. V. Models of Nomenclature Clichés for the Translation of Bus Stop Names. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 588–603.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The preservation and expansion of the functioning sphere of the national languages of Russia
is a requirement of modern times. Translation plays an important role in this, while, due
to systemic discrepancies, literary and customary norms of the language occupy a dominant
role. Translation is highly developed in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), works of oral folk art,
fiction, some texts of the official business style are being translated, and the theoretical foundations
of translation are being developed. Nevertheless, microtoponyms as an object of study
of the private theory of Russian-Yakut translation have not been sufficiently studied, which
determined the aim of the current study — the analysis of the phonetic, lexical and grammatical
features of the models for creating nomenclature clichés in the modern Yakut language
based on the materials of the translation of bus stops into the Yakut language. The work is an
attempt, for the first time, to consider models for translating microtoponyms, in particular,
the names of bus stops. The subject of the study was deliberately chosen: when sound accompaniment
in the Yakut language was introduced in the capital’s transport routes, the public
was outraged at the quality of the translation of the names of bus stops, which determined
its editing. The material is the second translation, made by staff at the Institute of Humanities
and Social Sciences of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, edited by
teachers of the department of stylistics of the Yakut language and Russian-Yakut translation
of the NEFU named after M. K. Ammosov. The methods of continuous sampling, comparative
and descriptive methods were used. The names of bus stops reflect important information
about the history and culture of the locality. The stops in Yakutsk are named according to the
objects in close proximity to the stops: territorial zones, streets, less often historical events and
dates. The analysis has shown that the translation of bus stops names is primarily aimed at an easy perception by the recipient. Phonetic methods of translation are present: transliteration
and transcription in combination with equivalent substitution, addition, amplification;
lexical ones are represented by equivalent and adequate substitutions, tracing, concretization,
generalization, addition, amplification and explication; grammatical — by permutation and
replacement.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 13; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: models

value: translation

value: microtoponyms

value: national languages of the Russian Federation

value: language norms


dc.contributor.author

value: Aoqier, Alateng

value: Yakhontova, Natalia S.

value: Yampolskaya, Natalia V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Alateng Aoqier, Yakhontova N. S., Yampolskaya N. V. Oirat Manuscripts in the Cabinet for Collecting, Cataloguing and Publishing Old Books of Ethnic Minorities in Ürümqi (Part One). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 530–541.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The authors of this article present a summary of the unpublished catalogue of Oirat manuscripts
and xylographs preserved at the Cabinet for Collecting, Cataloguing and Publishing
Old Books of Ethnic Minorities, the National Affairs Committee of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous
Region (Ürümqi), compiled by the keeper of the collection Do. Galdan. The fund
contains around 400 books that have been collected among the Mongolian population of the
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region since 1984. The Catalogue compiled by Do. Galdan
is a list of 397 entries structured according to the order of shelfmarks: the items are neither
classified by topic nor indexed, which does not allow to search for a particular text inside the
collection. Therefore, classifying and grouping the items is the principal task pursued in this
article. Its main focus is a thematic index to the upcoming catalogue. The index is preceded by
commentary that introduces the classification of texts and notes the highlights of the collection.
The texts were classified based on their titles and the descriptions of their content provided
by Do. Galdan in his draft catalogue. The overall number of surviving Oirat manuscripts
is limited, and the value of the materials preserved in Ürümqi is beyond dispute. What makes
this collection exceptional is its local and popular character which reflects the tradition of
text-related practices spread among the Oirat population of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous
Region in the 20th century.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research and CASS as part of research
project No 20-512-93002 “Literature of the Clear Script as a cultural heritage of Russia and China”.

dc.language.iso

value: en

value: Oirat literature

value: Clear Script

value: todo bičiq

value: Zaya paṇḍita

value: manuscript collection

value: ethnic minorities


dc.contributor.author

value: Yefremov, Yefrem A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Yefremov Ye. A. Influence of the Multiethnic Environment on the Diasporic Identity of Koreans in Kazakhstan. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 519–529.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The author of this article examines the phenomenon of diaspora and diasporic identity, conditions,
and factors influencing the transformation and development of identity in a multiethnic
society in Kazakhstan. Diasporic identity is a multifaceted phenomenon characterized by its
dynamism. Kazakhstani Koreans (ethnonym — “Koryo Saram”) are integrated into the multiethnic
society of modern Kazakhstan and it can be argued that the overwhelming majority
of them are urbanized. This factor determines the high rate of acculturation, which leads to
the transformation of the traditional Korean community. The author also analyzes the relationship
between ethnic and diaspora identities. The characteristic forms of manifestation of
ethnic identity, as well as methods for preserving and manifestation of the ethnic identity of
the Korean diaspora in Kazakhstan, are analyzed. A diaspora is not a diaspora by default —
initially, it is a group that is in an amorphous state, which can develop into a diaspora, provided
that its construction is based on ethnic consciousness. The community of Koreans in
Kazakhstan is not ethnically closed. As a result, the nature of the phenomenon of diasporic
identity was determined and the forms of manifestation of the diasporic identity of Koreans in
Kazakhstan were identified. The diasporic identity of Koryo Saram — a construct of various
identities, which are based on a common cultural basis and are superimposed on the identity
of representatives of the multiethnic society of Kazakhstan — is a “borderline” phenomenon:
on the one hand, representatives of the diaspora are focused on the preservation of their ethnic
and cultural identity, or “otherness” in relation to the ethnic majority; on the other hand, the
situation of long-term residence and adaptation to new socio-cultural conditions determines
the process of socialization and the formation of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s civic identity.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 13; Issue 4

value: diasporic identity

value: ethnic identity

value: diaspora

value: multiethnicity

value: identity markers

value: Koryo Saram

value: Koreans of Kazakhstan

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Giusti, Maria Teresa

dc.identifier.citation

value: Giusti M. T. Italian Militaries in the USSR during the Second World War. Objectives of the Campaign and Negotiations in the Post-War Period. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1190–1205.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Italy’s participation in the war against the USSR was dictated by at least three reasons: the
common ideology which Mussolini and Hitler shared; Mussolini’s aspiration to revise the European
order in the Mediterranean area, to the detriment of France and Great Britain; the goal
of supplying Italy with the Russian raw material. The article examines the behavior of the Italian
troops towards the Soviet war prisoners and the local population during the occupation
from July 1941 to winter 1942–1943, which also depended on these reasons. Since 1944 some
countries occupied by Italian forces, such as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, had started asking
the Italian government for the extradition of Italian alleged war criminals to be judged by
local courts. In 1944, on the grounds of the reports produced by state and local commissions,
the list of alleged war criminals in response to the USSR’s requests was limited to ten militaries
who had been repatriated after the defeat. Initially the USSR was intransigent, but afterwards
began changing its tune, and finally Moscow proved less adamant in its accusations. This new
attitude was connected to negotiations on handing over of Soviet citizens who stayed in Italy
after the end of the war. This was most likely a contributing factor in persuading the Soviets to
relax their demands on the matter of alleged Italian war criminals. The strategy was successful
and, according to the Yalta conference, many Russian and Soviet citizens, who had left the
Soviet Union, against their own will were handed over to the Soviet authorities facing a very
uncertain fate.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Great Patriotic War

value: Italian occupation

value: fascist regime

value: war criminals


dc.contributor.author

value: Tanshina, Nataliya P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tanshina N. P. François Guizot: The Historian in Politics. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1161–1176.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The purpose of the article is to analyze the role of intellectuals in the political life of France
based on the study of the views and state activities of the famous French historian and political
figure François Guizot (1787–1874). The author examines the relationship between the
historical views of Guizot, his understanding of the main problems of French and European
history, his public and state activities during the Restoration (1814–1830) and the July Monarchy
(1830–1848). The theme of the intelligentsia in power is most vividly revealed through
the personality and activities of F. Guizot. He was more than just the leading politician of
the July Monarchy. He enriched such fields of knowledge as history, pedagogy, constitutional
law, sociology, political science. Similarly to many of his contemporaries, Guizot pursued
two careers at the same time: scientific and political. However, Guizot’s failure as a politician
overshadowed Guizot as a scientist. The article concludes that history and politics have always
been closely intertwined for Guizot. Guizot searched in the past for answers to questions pertaining
to modern France. Guizot saw history as a direct continuation of politics. In doing
so, Guizot took into account not only the lessons of the past. He formulated his concept of
French leadership in Europe and built a theoretical framework for his foreign policy based on
knowledge of history. In addition, the article concludes: turning to the historical heritage of
France and Europe for Guizot was important not only from a practical point of view, but also
from the point of view of morality and education. For him, the history of the development of
civilization was the history of the moral improvement of mankind.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was prepared in the framework of the project “The intellectual elite in the political life
of Europe (exemplified by professional historians)” supported by the Center for Advanced Social Research
(grant of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 075-15-2020-908).

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: François Guizot

value: intellectuals

value: the restoration of the Bourbons

value: July Monarchy

value: French Revolution

value: liberalism

value: orleanism


dc.contributor.author

value: Novotný, Lukas

dc.identifier.citation

value: Novotný L. Sudeten German Party Complaint to the League of Nations and the Situation of the German Minority in Czechoslovakia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1177–1189.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The ethnic problem had never before been such a pressing issue at the international level as it
was in the initial post-war years, in particular, in the areas of Central and Southeast Europe.
Based on post-war negotiations, the idea of international protection of national minorities was
born, which was closely connected with the system of peace treaties concluded with defeated
states. The submitted study uses unpublished sources of Czechoslovak (National Archives
in Prague, Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Prague) and British (National
Archives in Kew) provenance, published sources and specialist publications to look at the
complaints of national minorities to the League of Nations during the 1930s; specifically —
at the petition of the Sudeten German Party in Czechoslovakia in 1936, which concerned
an instruction from the Ministry of National Defence to companies intending to apply for
state contracts about the ethnic composition of their employees. It uses this example to
demonstrate the instrumental nature of Sudeten German Party policy, showing that it did not
represent a real attempt at improving the living conditions for the German minority in the
First Czechoslovak Republic but rather was a deliberate effort to increase the visibility of the
political entity and to internationalize the issue of the cohabitation of Czechs and Germans in
interwar Czechoslovakia. The study also demonstrates that another objective of the Sudeten
German Party was to attract attention from Great Britain, which had been avoiding significant
engagement in Central Europe.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Czechoslovakia

value: Great Britain

value: ethnic minorities

value: League of Nations

value: complaints

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Drozdowski, Mariusz R.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Drozdowski M. R. Political Reasons for Khmelnitsky Uprising from the Perspective of the Polish-Lithuanian Nobility. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1149–1160.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses the political reasons for Khmelnytsky uprising in the opinions of the
nobility of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The outbreak of the Cossack insurrection
led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky at the beginning of 1648, which immediately involved broad
strata of the Ukrainian society and quickly transformed into a national liberation war, caused
terror among noblemen. An additional factor influencing the mood of the nobility was the
growing awareness of Khmelnytsky’s political ambitions, whose realization posed a deadly
threat to the current political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This article
is largely devoted to discussing the views of the nobility on the subject of political motives
encouraging the Cossacks to armed resistance against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,
which fundamentally influenced its assessment of the nature of the uprising. Detailed analysis
of correspondence, seimiks’ resolutions (lauda) and instructions as well as certain fictional
and journalistic sources is provided. The article emphasizes that there was a conviction among
the nobility of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the political motives of the Cossack
uprising. This conviction was mainly based on the news about Khmelnytsky’s aspirations to
separate Ukraine and to build an independent state entity referred to as the Russian Principality.
Understanding by the gentry of the emancipatory aspirations of the insurgents had a
huge impact on the nature of the Commonwealth policy the towards events in Ukraine in the
second half of the seventeenth century.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: nobility

value: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

value: Ukraine

value: Cossacks

value: Khmelnytsky Uprising


dc.contributor.author

value: Rybar, Lukas

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rybar L. Habsburg-Safavid Diplomacy: Nicholas von Warkotsch and Haji Khosrow in Moscow. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1132–1148.

dc.description.abstract

value:
During the 16th century, several European states were regularly engaged in forming an anti-
Ottoman alliance. The goal was to cooperate in the elimination of the Ottoman power and
expansion in Europe. In addition, traditional European members of the anti-Ottoman league
(the Papal State, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, the Venetian Republic) were counting
on the help of the Eastern empires such as the Tsardom of Muscovy (Russia) and the Safavid
Persia. In connection with this policy, Habsburg-Safavid diplomatic relations continued to develop.
In the second half of the 1580s and 1590s, the Tsardom of Muscovy began to play an important
mediating role in the context of Habsburg-Persian relations. An illustrative case is the
presented study, which deals with the missions of Habsburg envoy Nicholas von Warkostch
and the Safavid (Persian) envoy Haji Khosrow to the court of the Russian Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich
in 1593. This issue is examined against the background of a broader international
politics and diplomacy in the second half of the 1580s and the beginning of 1590s. Regarding
their missions to the Russian tsar, both envoys took advantage of their mutual presence at the
Muscovite court and through the mediation of Boris Godunov managed to arrange a meeting
where they negotiated the possibility of the formation of an anti-Ottoman alliance. The analysis of the preserved archival and published documents concerning the above-mentioned
missions reveals the goals and attitudes of all negotiating parties (Habsburgs, Persia, and Muscovy)
in relation to the creation of an anti-Ottoman alliance.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was supported by the research grant No. 18-78-10052 “The Documentary History of the
Russian Strand of Safavid Diplomacy (1501–1722)” of the Russian Scienсe Foundation.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

value: diplomacy

value: anti-Ottoman alliance

value: 16th century

value: Tsardom of Muscovy

value: Habsburg monarchy

value: Safavid Empire


dc.contributor.author

value: Morgunova, Nina L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Morgunova N. L. Metal Production and its Role in the Cultural Genesis of the Volga- Urals Population during the Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1248–1269.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper presents a review of data on metal production within the Kargaly mining district
in the South Cis-Urals and describes its relationships with the beginning of the cultural genesis
of the Iamnaia culture within the Volga-Ural region. The Cis-Urals copper products have
original morphology and technology in comparison with those from the Maykop center of
metal production as well as metal products from western centers of the Iamnaia culture. Raw
materials for the Cis-Urals center of metalworking were sourced from the Kargaly copper ore
field, which is located near the modern Orenburg city. Kargaly masters developed a number
of unique techniques in obtaining and processing not only copper, but also meteoritic iron.
Diverse assemblages of metal products recovered from archeological sites of Iamnaia culture
in the Cis-Urals include unique tools and weapons with specific features that have no analogies
in other metal processing centers of that epoch. Metallurgy and production of copper
items had an important role in the economy of the Iamnaia culture from the early (Repino)
to the late (Poltavkinskii) stages. Its origin was probably connected with copper production
techniques developed by the Volga population of the Eneolithic Period under the influence of
the Balkan-Carpathia regional center. To a much lesser extent, the development of the Kargaly
mining-metallurgical district was associated with connections with the Maykop culture. The
morphology of metal products and metallographic data indicate that small groups of Cis-
Urals craftsmen migrated to the Trans-Urals and Southern Siberia during the advanced stage
of the Iamnaia culture.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: metal production

value: Volga-Ural region

value: Iamnaia culture

value: culturogenesis

dc.type

value: Article


title: Ancient Mines of the South Urals

dc.contributor.author

value: Svistunov, Viacheslav M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Svistunov V. M. Ancient Mines of the South Urals. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1317–1333.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents the intermediate results of a historical research, whose purpose is to determine
the distribution of ancient mining operations (Chud mines) in the South Urals. Travel
journals of the participants of academic expeditions of 1768–1774 — P. S. Pallas, I. I. Lepekhin,
N. P. Rychkov and I. P. Falk — were taken as published written sources. The unpublished
written sources mainly include archival documents from the period of owning mineral rights
in Russia in 1739–1782 stored in the archives of Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk. It was established
that the copper mines of the 18th century were seasonally subdivided into “summer
pits” and “winter mines”. The extraction of copper ore in winter was common, which allows
extrapolating it to earlier periods of mining in the South Urals. A distinctive feature of ancient
underground mining operations is the vaulted character of adits, while similar mines of the
18th century are characterized by rock tunneling “under the support structures”. The “summer
pits” of both periods without archeological exploration and archival documents do not have
singular features. It was also established that the geography of the location of ancient mountain
mines is not limited to the area of occurrence of cuprous sandstones of the Cisural area.
Following the study by Grigory Spassky, the article states that ancient mining developments
in the form of exploration pits and mines are in abundance in the Southern Trans-Urals. They
stretch along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains in a narrow strip from the Krasnokhty
and Shartymka rivers to the left bank of the Ural River and go to the Mugodzhar region.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: сhud mines

value: copper mines of the 18th century

value: Kazan

value: Orenburg mining authorities

value: mountain allotments

value: copper smelters of the South Urals in the 18th century

dc.title

value: Ancient Mines of the South Urals


dc.contributor.author

value: Kolesnik, Alexander V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kolesnik A. V. Flint Processing in Donbass during the Chalcolithic. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1296–1316.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the Neolithic, the Donbass was finally formed as one of prominent European centers for
extraction and primary processing of raw flint. The formation of such a large economic area
with its particular production specialization was determined by the mineral wealth of the region
and its plentiful deposits of high-quality Upper Cretaceous flints. The most complex sites
of mining in terms of organization and specialised workshops on primary flint splitting date
back to this period. As far as mining in the southern Donbas of the time is concerned, there
emerged adits for flint extraction in the layer of limestone (Shirokoie). The mine workings
were made in the form of wide horizontal chambers along the slope with separate entrances
and transport and ventilation apertures. The mining was carried out with horn tools and adzes
with metal wedge-shaped inserts. In the Chalcolithic, workshops for production of bifaces
(Krasnoie) and a specialized settlement of flint craftsmen (Vasilyevskaia Pustosh) emerged
in the North-Western Donbass. A variety of techniques for primary splitting and making of
stone tools, characterized by a distinct cultural context, was used in these workshops. For the
production of plates, large blanks of lithic cores with one platform and two longitudinal edges
with two-sided processing that converge at the base were used. The most complex technologies
for lithic cores splitting and tools processing are associated with the so-called Novodanilovsky
cultural complex. The article contributes to the series of publications on the development of
the Donetsk center for mining and primary processing of flint in the Stone Age.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Donbass

value: Chalcolithic

value: raw materials strategies

value: workshops

value: adits for flint mining

value: lithic cores


title: The Abashevo Culture

dc.contributor.author

value: Kuz’mina, Ol’ga V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kuzmina O. V. The Abashevo Culture. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1206–1229.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to a brief description of the Abashevo culture. This culture emerged in
forest areas of Eastern Europe at the end of the Middle Bronze Age. Abashevo monuments
date back to the 22nd–19th centuries BC. It was the culture of cattle herders and metallurgists.
The Abashevo culture is represented by barrow cemeteries, settlements, hoards and random
finds. This article analyzes the funeral rites of the Abashevo culture. Several types of vessels
are distinguished in the ceramic material, and their ornamentation is described (elements,
motifs, composition, style). The article presents a typology of metal, bone and stone artifacts
(weapons, tools, adornments, symbols of power). The Abashevo culture is represented by two
local variants — in the Middle Volga (two territorial groups are known here — on the right
and on the left banks of the Volga) and and in the South Ural. The origin of the Abashevo
culture, most likely, had the character of transformation. It was based on cultures with Central
European roots and local, Eastern European cultures. The end of the Abashevo culture is
associated with the emergence of the Seyma-Turbino cultural group in Eastern Europe. The
confrontation between the Abashevo and Seyma-Turbino military units led to the withdrawal
of the Abashevo culture from traditional territory. In the new cultural environment, under the
influence of the southern Ural variant of the Abashevo culture, Sintashta culture was formed.
Pokrovka culture was formed under the influence of the Middle Volga variant of the Abashevo
culture. Therefore, a significant role of the Abashevo culture in the formation of the
Volga-Ural cultural genesis centre is evident.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

value: Abashevo culture

value: Middle Bronze Age

value: typology

value: absolute chronology

dc.title

value: The Abashevo Culture

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Batasova, Anzhela V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Batasova A. V. Metal Casting Equipment in the Bronze Age Burials in Europe. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1230–1247.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the finds of foundry implements in the Bronze Age
burials in Europe. In addition, it revises criteria for identifying burials of metalworkers. In
all probability, complexes where the professional sphere of the buried is represented only by
tools associated with metal work and by those with a full set of tools suitable for work should
be attributed to those of metalworkers. As a result of comparison of aspects and dynamics
of this phenomena, common and specific characteristics of Eastern Europe, on the one side,
and Central and Western — on the other, have been revealed. Burials with casting equipment
in Europe first emerged in the Late Aeneolithic Age and existed in the Early Bronze Age. In
the Middle Bronze Age, this tradition was widespread in the south of Eastern Europe, especially
among the Catacomb cultures. In Central and Western Europe, in contrast, burials
of metalworkers are almost totally absent in the Middle Bronze Age. Casting equipment in
the funerary context emerged anew in Central and Western Europe in the Late Bronze Age.
However, these finds are mostly located in the burial grounds and are connected with the burials.
In Eastern Europe, only one Late Bronze Age complex with casting equipment is known.
Nevertheless, in Transural region, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan they existed in the same
period. These complexes are very different from the Middle Bronze Age burials of metalworkers.
Overall, discrepancies in the development of this phenomenon in the eastern and western
European regions are related to their cultural development in the course of the Bronze Age.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: burials with manufacturing equipment

value: burials of metalworkers

value: metal casting equipment

value: East European Bronze Age

value: Bronze Age of Central and Western Europe


dc.contributor.author

value: Bessudnova, Marina B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bessudnova M. B. The Ambassador’s Report of Zakharia Meyer on the Trip to Moscow. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1349–1378.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article contains a translation and an original text of the report of Ratmann of Lübeck,
Zhachariah Meyer, about his diplomatic trips to Moscow in 1586–1587. The document is
stored in the Archives of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (Archiv der Hansestadt Lübeck) and
has not been published so far. On behalf of a magistrate of Lübeck Meyer visited the court of
Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich in Novgorod and Pskov. In the context of the transformation of the
Hanseatic League, which took place in the second half of the 16th century, in order to retain
the status of its head, Lübeck needed to take a leading position in the supply of Russian export
products to the Western European market. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to reject
commercial and diplomatic mediation of the Hanseatic cities of Livonia, which during the
Livonian War fell under foreign rule, and carry out its own program set out in the pamphlet
“Kürtzer Bericht…” of 1571. Meyer’s report, which includes the German text of the letters
patent from Fyodor Ioannovich to Lübeck in 1586, the translations of the tsar`s letters to the
governors of Novgorod and Pskov, and Meyer`s petitions, testifies to the successful start of
this program. The report, among other things, contains information about situations in the
trading courtyards of Novgorod and Pskov, in particular, about their relations with the city
administration. Their lack of self-government and administrative dependence on the Russian
authorities distinguished the Lübeck courtyards from the Hanseatic offices in their heyday.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was prepared in the framework of the project 19-18-00183 supported by the Russian Science
Foundation “Economic, political and socio-cultural communications of Russia and the Baltic Area in
the 15th–17th centuries based on archival collections of Tallinn, Lübeck, Berlin and St. Petersburg”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: Hanse

value: Lubek

value: Zakharia Meyer

value: trade yards

value: Novgorod

value: Pskov


dc.contributor.author

value: Portnykh, Valentin L.

value: Squires, Catherine R.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Portnykh V. L., Squires C. R. The Fate of Displaced Medieval Manuscripts and Documents from the Hanseatic Cities. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1334–1348.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This review article sums up the available data on the fate of archival and library materials
which were transported to the Soviet Union after WW2 from German cities Lübeck, Hamburg
and Bremen. The main focus is on medieval manuscripts and documents. Despite the fact
that these cities were in the British occupation zone, their archival and library fonds became
Soviet war trophies since in 1942–1944 these documents had been evacuated to what would
later comprise parts of the Soviet occupation zone. In August 1946, they were transported to
Leningrad by train. Most medieval manuscripts and documents did not remain in Leningrad.
In the early 1950s, part of the trophies was handed over to the German Democratic Republic,
while a considerable amount of the Hanseatic material was returned to Germany in the
1980–1990s from the Soviet Union and from independent Georgia and Armenia; yet a large
part of archival and library materials remained in the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, very little
is known about the time and places of their subsequent movements as published documents
cover only the period of 1945–1946. Thanks to recent discoveries some displacements can be
traced down to the former Soviet cities Leningrad, Moscow, Tomsk, Tbilisi, Yerevan. The review
lists German trophy medieval manuscripts and archival materials discovered and identified
in Moscow (Moscow State University, Russian State Library, Russian State Archive of Ancient
Acts), St. Petersburg (National Library of Russia) and Tomsk (Tomsk State University).
Moreover, at least two medieval manuscripts are documented as being preserved in Yerevan.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research is sponsored by the Russian Science Foundation, project 17-78-20111 «The Collection of
West European Medieval Manuscripts preserved in Tomsk State University: a Complex Study».

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: displaced art

value: Germany

value: manuscripts

value: Middle Ages

value: Lübeck

value: Hamburg

value: Bremen

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Yanchenko, Denis G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Yanchenko D. G. Discussion on the Issue of National Outskirts in Late Imperial Russia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1379–1391.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The monograph “National outskirts in the policy of the Russian Empire and Russian social
thought” is a comprehensive study of the strategy and tactics of imperial integration of foreign
ethnic peripheries, the causes of political decisions of the authorities and public debate of
the 19th — early 20th centuries on the problems of borderlands. The geographical coverage is
large: Poland and Finland; the Western and Southwestern regions; the Baltics; the Caucasus;
and Central Asia. Each of the considered outskirts had a unique juridical status and its own
legislation, economy, social classes, diverse national structure, and a complex history of mutual
relations with St. Petersburg. In the last twenty years the methodological approaches to
the study of imperial history have been significantly supplemented. The combination of new
archival sources with extensive historiographical heritage allows the authors of the reviewed
monograph to form a new substantiated view on the relations between imperial center and
national periphery. They involved mutual influence of the peripheries and the capital: the public
and the tsarist bureaucracy. The modernization potential of the Empire by the beginning
of the 20th century had been exhausted, and the inability to reorganize the system of regional
government led to a protracted crisis. The clash of conservative and liberal concepts of Empire
building is evident in the detailed source analysis of periodicals and journalism of the era.
Diverse natural and geographical zones of Russia, ethnic and religious population, rich natural
resources determine the exceptional civilizational significance of Russian border policy in
19th — early 20th centuries, and the attention to it of contemporary researchers.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: national outskirts

value: borderlands

value: Russian Empire

value: public thought

value: conservatism

value: government policy

value: regional elites


dc.contributor.author

value: Palamarchuk, Anastasia A.

value: Fyodorov, Sergey E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Palamarchuk А. A., Fyodorov S. E. Сontemporary Approaches to the Medieval Historical Writing. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 4, рp. 1392–1399.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The perception of insular historiography for a long time has been determined by the view
outlined in the fundamental work by Antonia Gransden in the 1970s–1980s. Historiography
as a whole, its distinct schools and movements are regarded as “passive” participants,
whose functions were related to reflection of historical events. An opposing approach, which
shifts the attention from the content of the narrative to its formal structure, is represented by
such outstanding scholars as M. Clanchy and B. Guenée. They focused on the mechanisms of
creating narratives, their genre specificity, inner structure, the role of historiography within
intellectual space and its social functions. The collection “Medieval Historical Writing. Britain
and Ireland, 500–1500” to a large extent follows the tradition of studying perceptions of the
past across long historical periods, combining it with innovative approaches of participants
of the projects. The novelty of the collection lies in the pan-British context of its approach to
historiography. Thus “Medieval Historical Writing. Britain and Ireland, 500–1500” continues
the contemporary trend of viewing the British Isles as a distinct historical and cultural region
within which the combination of disintegrating factors (diversity of political forms, ethnic and
linguistic heterogeneity, irregularity of continental influences) and unifying factors (ethnogenetic
and dynastic myths, the concept of pan-British leadership, means of social and power
interactions) determined the specificity of the development compared to the continental variant.
The rejection of Anglocentric model of approaching the history and culture of the British
Isles leads to the reconsideration of the British periphery.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 66; Issue 4

value: historical writing

value: historiography

value: insularity

value: Britain

value: England


dc.contributor.author

value: Sokolov, Evgenii G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sokolov E. G. Deconstruction of disciplinary orthodoxy. On the 80th anniversary of Yu. N. Solonin. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 4, pp. 672–693.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article attempts to provide a comprehensive analytical review of the theoretical heritage
of Yu. N. Solonin. Solonin is well known as a statesman, a successful organizer of the life of
the Russian philosophical community, but his philosophical works have not yet received due
attention from colleagues. This is largely due to the fact that the works written by him are
very diverse in nature, subject, form and genre. In addition, they are scattered across various,
sometimes difficult-to-access, special and small-circulation publications while also not being
systematized. However, such an external randomness of ideas and forms of their textual fixation is not so much a consequence of professional negligence, but rather a conscious cognitive
strategy. The methodological attitude towards systematicity, which is experiencing an obvious
crisis together with the classical rationality that gave rise to it, can no longer fully satisfy
modern demands. This fully applies to humanitarian knowledge, including philosophy. An alternative
to this, essentially postclassical approach can be considered holistic. If from this position
one approaches the consideration of the philosophical heritage of Solonin, then all the
originality, depth and value of what he wrote becomes obvious. First of all, this concerns the
style of constructing a philosophical discourse, in which each produced text is “embedded” in
a situational predestination, continuing and developing a conversation on a certain topic that
was once started. Thus, there is an “overlay” and “increment of meaning”, thereby establishing
and revealing connections with other fragments. Secondly, the stylistic and thematic space is
expanding, discrediting the conventional inviolability of the existing disciplinary, scientific
and philosophical canon in the first place. It is possible to talk about a special, not exceptional
but quite rare in history, type of philosophizing. The article demonstrates how this happens
with such traditional thematic spaces for modern Russian philosophy as science, society, culture,
and philosophy itself.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by a grant from Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 20-
011-0144 «The theoretical legacy of philosophy in Leningrad-Petersburg. Second half of the twentieth
century»).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 4

value: philosophy

value: Yu. N. Solonin

value: science

value: society

value: culture

value: integrity

value: cultural and philosophical personology

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Sokolov, Alexey M.

value: Kuznetsov, Nikita V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sokolov A. M., Kuznetsov N. V. The problem of tradition and philosophical strategies of modernity. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 4, pp. 582–597.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the question of the correlation between the formation of philosophical
methodology in the modern era and the problematization of tradition in the humanities. The
authors believe that the theme of tradition was one of the starting points for the development
of humanitarian knowledge and, at the same time, contributed to the methodological expansion
of philosophical research. Already at the end of the 18th century, romantics, fascinated
by antiquity, made attempts to rationalize the emergence of religious texts from the Middle
Ages. Their predominant interest in history led to the assumption that any form of knowledge
can be rationally reconstructed. However, in order to do this it was necessary to expand the
factual account of each of the studied phenomena. The romantics thereby largely anticipated
the research intentions of classical positivism, without turning away from the defining role of
intellectual intuition, which grasps the experimental content of consciousness with a concept.
All humanitarian knowledge (history, psychology, linguistics) from the second half of the 19th
century developed in this direction. The authors pay special attention to W. Dilthey’s interest
in the topic of tradition and the congeniality of philosophical hermeneutics and the late
phenomenology of E. Husserl. Further, the role of phenomenology and hermeneutics in the
development of historical methodology is analyzed on the example of the Annales school, and
then the role of the latter in the origin and development of structuralism. In conclusion, the
authors hypothesize that the philosophical traditionalism of R. Guenon and his followers, declaring
their rejection of New European rationalism, reproduces the general methodological
model of the era and anticipates postmodern intellectuals.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: tradition

value: methodology

value: humanitarian knowledge

value: history

value: philosophical strategies

value: collective memory

value: hermeneutics

value: W. Dilthey

value: phenomenology

value: E. Husserl

value: structuralism


dc.contributor.author

value: Korostichenko, Ekaterina I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Korostichenko E. I. Ethics outside of morals: Modern German humanism. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 4, pp. 607–622.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article reviews the ethics of evolutionary humanism, as expressed in the works of the
modern German philosopher and critic of religion Michael Schmidt-Salomon. Drawing on
the modern results of biological sciences, he provides his own interpretation of the sociobiological
meaning of altruism and egoism as foundations of human ethics. Appealing to
philosophical tradition, he finds support in the views of Epicurus who considered egoism and
altruism as being connected within human nature, and saw altruistic acts as rooted in egoism.
As a part of his concept of evolutionary humanism, Schmidt-Salomon presents an alternative
to the biblical Ten Commandments in the form of recommendations “for a happy human
life”. His theory also includes a kind of “categorical imperative”, which strongly resembles
the Marxist formulation of humanism: “destroy all relationships in which the human being
poses as a humiliated, enslaved, abandoned and solitary being”. Special attention is paid to the
author’s approach to the separation of morality and ethics. The declared ethics of evolutionary
humanism is not based on any norms of behavior, it considers only the cases when the
interests of two or more individuals conflict and aims at a “fair” resolution of such conflicts.
Schmidt-Salomon postulates the uselessness of morality in the presence of such constructed
ethics. Some consequences of this are the human right for self-determination, and similar
rights granted to animals. Schmidt-Salomon’s criticism of religious ethics is also reviewed.
The ethics of evolutionary humanism are found to be somewhat contradictory. In addition to
narrow-defined ethics limited to conflicts of interest, the theory actually includes both deontological
statements and extensive virtue-based ethics.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was funded by a grant supported by the Ministry of Education and Science in conjunction
with the Council on Grants of the President of the Russian Federation for State Support of Young Russian
Scientists (MK-4357.2021.2, “Towards Dialogue: Discussions about Religion and the Church in a Secular
Public Space”), 2021-2023.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: atheism

value: humanism

value: evolutionary humanism

value: Michael Schmidt-Salomon

value: Epicurus

value: ethics

value: morality

value: evolutionary ethics

value: altruism

value: egoism

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Prokopenko, Vladymyr V.

value: Kamnev, Vladymyr M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Prokopenko V. V., Kamnev V. M. The project of retheoretization of political philosophy in E. Voegelin`s A New Science of Politics. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 4, pp. 623–634.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses the project of the retheoretization of political science proposed by political
philosopher E. Voegelin. By means of retheoretization (restoration) of the classical Platonic
and Aristotelian political philosophy, Voegelin attempts to provide an answer to the discredited
positivistic worldview of man, politics and history. Voegelin’s political philosophy evaluates
critically both the methods and the subject matter of political science, explores the human
nature and reality of human existence in society and history, comprehends relations between
knowledge and reality, penetrates the sources of the disorder of society, probes the limits of instrumental
rationality, and establishes an ontological basis for political epistemology. His aim
is to regain a truth of political order that has been lost through the process of modernization.
In developing the theme of retheoretization, he distinguishes between classical political philosophy
as represented in the works of Plato and Aristotle, on the one hand, and the modern
understanding as conceived by positivism on the other. Voegelin argues that modern political
science, like modernity in general, is the result of the great Gnostic revolution. Retheoretization,
he insists, would return political science to the kind of enterprise founded by Plato and
Aristotle, and overcome the effects of positivism with its emphasis on emulating the methods
of natural science and establishing a value-free mode of inquiry. The article concludes that all
of Voegelin’s topics are part of his overall plan for the restoration of a true science of politics.
This plan, as the authors of the article argue, in A New Science of Politics is not only outlined,
but also partially implemented, and Vögelin’s work itself is an example of a restored political
philosophy.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: political science

value: classical political philosophy

value: representation

value: Gnosticism

value: retheoretization


dc.contributor.author

value: Sinyukova, Natalja A.

value: Smirnov, Sergey A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sinyukova N. A., Smirnov S. A. Between ethics and technology: Metamorphosis of ethical expertise. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 4, pp. 635–646.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article analyses the fluidity of a human condition in terms of ethical boundaries. Recent
technological developments have made the ethical framework of the notion of a human volatile
and prone to revaluation. This revaluation requires established practices of conduct and
interpretation of an ethical expertise. The article describes such new forms and ways to make
them part of the repertoire of established institutions. In addition, the article differentiates the
specifics of an ethical expertise and a humanitarian one. The former is focused on protecting
the human condition from technologically-borne distortions and on making such protection
a part of political and social institutions. The latter, in turn, is designed for the purposes of
social engineering. It is supposed to help in the development of new social contexts, including
ones that merge humanity with the results of high-tech endeavours. An ethical expertise is
more focused on preserving the status quo. A humanitarian expertise is proactive and based
on non-linear social foresights. The authors believe the reactionary nature of an ethical expertise
to be the result of widespread shifts in the established definition of a human. This can
be easily illustrated in such fields as biomedicine and gene research. Namely gene editing and
major organ transplants can blur the line between human and non-human entities. The article
points out an ongoing deficiency, on a methodological and conceptual level, when it comes to
a humanitarian expertise. Furthermore, the article contains the groundwork for articulation
of a humanitarian expertise. This form of expertise is unique due to its institutional nature and
inclusion of the role of “researcher-participant,” which an expert is supposed to play. While
elaborating on the differences between a humanitarian and an ethical expertise, it is noted that
an ethical expertise aims at preserving the existing norms and boundaries of the notion of a
human, outlined in treatise and conventions, while a humanitarian expertise strives to recreate
the norm of a human in accordance with its new state — as a fluid and dynamic category.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 21-18-00103).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 37; Issue 4

value: ethical expertise

value: humanitarian expertise

value: human

value: notion of a human

value: human boundaries

value: institutional form


dc.contributor.author

value: Abgadshava, Daur A.

value: Pinkevich, Anna G.

value: Ivanova, Elena N.

value: Strebkov, Alexandr I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Abgadshava D. A., Pinkevich A. G., Ivanova E. N, Strebkov A. I. The problem of risk and responsibility in modern society. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2021, vol. 37, issue 4, pp. 647–656.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the changes that have occurred in the nature of risks and threats in modern
society. The authors refer to the works of foreign and domestic researchers who have
contributed to the explanation of the transformations that have taken place in the so-called
risk society. Thus, attention is paid to understanding the foundations of the sociology of risk
in the works of O. N. Yanitsky; the difference between the two types of modernity by U. Beck;
differentiation of risk and danger N. Luhmann; new properties of risks in the context of globalization
by A. Giddens; the ability of social systems to produce risks, described in the works
of O. Renn; the peculiarities of the world of high-risk technologies by Ch. Perrow; methods of
adaptation to the risks considered by E. V. Shlykova; the role of politics and the state in relation
to risks by P. Slovic and K. Tierney. The authors emphasize the global nature of modern risks.
Emphasis is placed on the inequality of society, social communities and individuals in the face
of threats associated with various risks. Also, the problem of responsibility and the inevitable
politicization of risks are considered. The article discloses the conflicting nature of the relationship
between risk producers and risk consumers, including different motivations of these
actors. By raising issues of political intervention and governance in a “risk society”, the authors
address the issue of equity. It is noted that responsibility, positive and negative consequences
of risk should be evenly distributed among members of society. The opposite situation could
be reason for serious conflicts. An alternative to such a development of events can be an open
and broad public discussion, which can help to defend the interests of all participants and resolve
the problem of imbalance on a more equitable basis. The authors note different variants
of adaptation to risks, and tendencies towards the emergence of protest moods as one of the
forms of this adaptation.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 19-18-00115 «Risk
reflection in modern Russian conflict management strategies».

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: risk

value: responsibility

value: equity

value: protest behaviour

dc.type

value: Article