title: Pandemic and labour law: the reaction of Russian and Italian authorities

dc.contributor.author

value: Menegatti, Emanuele

value: Sychenko, Elena V.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The authors consider the changes in Russian and Italian labour law adopted in connection
with the coronavirus pandemic. The measures of workers’ support during the forced suspension
of business activities is considered in the part 1, the regulation of remote work — in the
part 2. Analysis of the measures taken by the Russian and Italian authorities in connection
with the suspension of business activities showed that it was possible to overcome the emergency
situation not only by placing the whole responsibility on the employer as it was done
in Russia. The Italian experience of compensating a part of the wages not received due to the
organization’s suspension from the State Wage Fund seems to be particularly valuable. The
authors conclude that the Russian authorities, in contrast to the Italian ones, failed to ensure
timely adoption of regulations for temporary transition to remote work and for the mixed
form of work. The draft amendments to the chapter of the Russian Labour Code on remote
work simplifies the procedure for concluding an agreement and excludes the norm on the
possibility of establishing grounds for termination of an employment contract in the contract
itself, but does not imply any changes to the norms on occupational safety of such employees.
The latter, in our opinion, is a serious omission. We believe that the establishment of the employer’s
obligations to provide the equipment and to monitor the employee’s compliance with
the occupational safety rules, as fixed in the Italian norms on remote work, better protects
workers’ interests and rights.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: remote work

value: unemployment

value: labour law

value: digitalization

dc.type

value: Article


title: Fundamentals of the formation of the function of social solidarity and compromise of labor law in Russia

dc.contributor.author

value: Ivanchina, Yulia V.

dc.description.abstract

value:
During legislative reforms, due to changes in society and the economy, the importance of the
main categories of the law and its branches increases. Analysis of the functions of law makes
it possible to reveal the true picture of the legal system and its branches. Labor law, one of the
main branches of the legal system, is also changing. This has led to attention to the functions
of labor law, including the function of social solidarity and compromise. The purpose of this
function is to meet the socially significant needs of employees and employers representatives.
Today, their role in the legal regulation of labor is significantly increasing. A retrospective
analysis of the formation of this function was made taking into account the theory of needs.
The paper concludes that the function of social solidarity and compromise began to form after
the main functions of labor law: of guarantee and security, of administration (management),
of social peace, after the abolition of serfdom and the emergence of a free labor force in Russia.
The legal acts and literature analysis allowed to conclude that this process did not receive a logical end either before the 1917 revolution, or after it. It is impossible to talk about the
final formation of this function in the pre-revolutionary period, since workers and employers
did not understand the need for solidarity to protect their interests, as well as the essence
of compromise as the best basis for the development of the relationship between labor and
capital. After the revolution of 1917, this process did not receive an end, since the Soviet government
from the first days and throughout the entire period of the USSR existence endowed
the trade unions with unusual powers. The issues on which the trade unions had the right to
make decisions did not correspond to their socially significant needs, the satisfaction of which
is aimed at the implementation of the function of social solidarity and compromise, which
led then to the manifestation of dysfunction. Exploring the dynamics of the development of
labor legislation, the author comes to the conclusion that it is possible to speak about the full
formation of this function only from the end of the 20th century. The impulse for this was not
only the transition to a market economy, but also the removal from the competence of trade
unions to resolve issues that are not inherent in their nature. This was reflected in the adoption
of a number of laws that meet the socially significant needs of workers and employers acting
through their representatives.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Russian Journal of Labour & Law;Volume 11

dc.subject

value: function of labor law

value: employee representatives

value: trade union

value: employer representatives

value: social partnership

dc.title

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Korobchenko, Victoria V.

value: Safonov, Valery A.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Constitutionally significant defects of the labor legislation and judicial practice in the field
of the labor relations are such shortcomings in the legal regulation of labor and related
public relations as well as flaws in judicial interpretation and application of existing regulatory
legal acts which lead to a violation of the constitutional rights and freedoms also of the
constitutional principles and values. The identification of these shortcomings and flaws is
carried out by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation during the verification
of the constitutionality of the norms of the law including in their interpretation by law
enforcement practice. At the same time the activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian
Federation involves not only identifying but also overcoming these defects by certain
methods of constitutional normative control. Labor legislation is fundamentally consistent
with constitutional prescriptions. As for judicial practice in the field of the labor relations
the courts often make very gross mistakes when resolving specific cases giving the norm of
the law a meaning that is clearly not consistent with the provisions of the Constitution of the
Russian Federation. As the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
over the past few years shows in most cases the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
reveals the constitutional and legal meaning of the contested provisions not recognizing
them as inconsistent with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Thus the suppression
of unconstitutional enforcement is carried out. The article provides an overview of the
main decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation made in 2017 — the
first half of 2020 which revealed constitutionally significant defects in judicial practice in
the field of the labor relations and provided a constitutional and legal interpretation of the
contested labor legislation.

dc.subject

value: constitutionally significant defect

value: constitutional regulation

value: disqualification of a legal norm

value: constitutional and legal interpretation

value: constitutional and legal meaning

value: Constitution of the Russian Federation

value: Labor Code of the Russian Federation

value: judicial practice

value: labor relations


title: Interaction of social security law and information law in the process of social risk personification

dc.contributor.author

value: Istomina, Yelena A.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The social risk personification is a process of establishing compliance with the law of the
circumstances in which an individual finds himself and which he assesses as requiring protection
from risk. As for compensation for the adverse consequences of this risk, personification
is carried out as part of the procedure for confirming the right to social security. It
is necessary to show the real onset of risk, its negative consequences and the need for social
benefits. This procedure belongs to the social security law. However, today it is changing
and acquiring new characteristics. This is due to the advent of the information society, the
development of information technologies and telecommunications networks, including the
Internet. Thus, the integrative interaction of social security law and information law in the
process of personification of social risk is manifested. This interaction leads to new ways of
fixing social risks in digital sources of information, new ways of personalizing these risks
and confirming the right for social benefits. The article provides examples of existing and
new information technologies and systems operating in this area — the Unified state information
system of social security, Automated interaction system, individual (personalized)
accounting in the system of pension insurance, etc. These changes are aimed at improving
the procedure for confirming the right to social risk compensation, as well as making it
easier for citizens to access social benefits. The research results substantiate the conclusion
that the external aspect of this procedure — interaction with information systems, issues of
information security — belong to the information law, and the internal content — to the
social security law.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Russian Journal of Labour & Law;Volume 11

value: social security law

value: information law

value: procedure of confirming the right for social benefits

value: social risk compensation

value: information systems and technologies

value: automated interaction system

dc.type

value: Article


title: Labor discipline and the limits of the employer’s economic power

dc.contributor.author

value: Kurennoy, Aleksander M.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Workplace discipline is supported by the employer with various means of exercising his economic
power; in this sense it’s the obvious condition of the effectiveness of both individual
and collective labor. Providing workplace discipline by means of economic power, the employer
exercises it within certain limits. Those limits are set by the state authority. They are
determined mainly by the aims of labour and employment legislation, provided in the norms
of the General Part of the Russian Labor Code. The aims are establishment of state guarantees
of labor rights and freedoms of citizens, creation of favorable working conditions, protection
of the rights and interests of employees and employers. The main task of employment legislation
is creation of legal conditions for achieving optimal balance of the interests of the parties
of employment relations. Despite the fact that the employee is actually an economically
weaker side of labor relations, the public nature of labor law and legislation makes it possible
to guarantee the observance of all the rights of a citizen who is a subject of hired labor and thus
in case of a conflict can expect the state protection. The employer, on the other hand, is limited
in public law means of protecting his interests and therefore has to apply his economic power.
In this regard, the analysis of the limits of its lawful application is of particular importance.
The article reflects some issues that urgently require their discussion and solution in relation
to the problem of labor discipline and the limits of economic power, in particular, the principles
of disciplinary responsibility, as well as the employer’s right (not the obligation) to impose
disciplinary action on the employee. The article also analyzes the issues of disciplinary liability
in case of non-standard forms of employment of hired labor, including in remote work and
telemediated work, as well as in relation to employees sent to the employer under the personnel
lease agreements.

dc.subject

value: legal regulation in the field of labor

value: wage labor

value: economic power

value: labor discipline

value: disciplinary responsibility

value: distance labor


title: Some results of the development of the National qualifications system in the Russian Federation

dc.contributor.author

value: Reikhert, Ekaterina S.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The qualification of an employee plays a key role in the economic development of any state.
Russia uses international experience in creating a National qualification system that would
address the shortage of highly qualified personnel, create a system of continuing education and improve professional skills, and, most importantly, create tools for evaluating employee
qualifications. At present, after eight years after the introduction of the concept of “professional
standard” in the Russian Labor code, we can talk about certain results and problems
that have arisen. Using a comparative legal analysis of the legislation, the author achieved the
following research results. There are gaps in the conceptual framework, namely, the absence
of the concept of a national qualification system, the uncertainty of its constituent elements,
the lack of a legally fixed definition of the national qualifications framework, and there are still
disputes about the concept of “employee qualification” and “professional standard”. Almost
methodical work is not carried out, it is fragmented and contradictory, despite the creation
of a whole system of bodies and organizations that ensure the functioning of the National
qualifications system. The study allowed the author to conclude that the professional community,
which should play a leading role in the work of professional qualifications councils
and the creation of professional standards, takes a passive position. Employers explain this by
the complexity of administrative procedures and lack of resources. Previously adopted professional
standards are canceled after a fairly short time, which creates instability in labor relations,
forcing employers to review their local regulations. The unresolved methodological and
organizational issues allow us to state that the main problem of the current state of the process
of implementing professional standards is the lack of readiness of the labor market for a real
transition to these standards and their use as a universal tool for assessing the level of qualification
of employees in a dichotomy, when professional standards are mandatory for some
subjects, and The study also concluded that an independent assessment of qualifications is not
available for the entire range of types of work. A critical assessment of the possibility of passing
a professional exam without the lack of basic professional education is given.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: national qualifications system

value: national qualifications framework

value: employee qualification

value: professional standard


title: Editor’s introductory remarks

dc.contributor.author

value: Khokhlov, Evgeny V.

dc.description.abstract

value: Editor’s introductory remarks

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Russian Journal of Labour & Law;Volume 11

value: Article


title: On the mechanism of decision-making in emergency situations

dc.contributor.author

value: Filippova, Marina V.

value: Khokhlov, Evgeny B.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Emergency and extraordinary situations caused by various causes, including the spread of
dangerous diseases, are the realities of our time. They occur suddenly, change the course of
life and require special decisions to protect the population from their consequences and ensure
the orderly functioning of public, including social and labor relations. The complexity
of responding to these circumstances is complicated by the fact that it is impossible to model
the content of such decisions in advance, especially taking into account the unforeseen and
unpredictable nature of the emergency itself. Nevertheless, legislation should contain rules
that define the mechanism for making such decisions, which would ensure respect for basic
human rights and freedoms in emergency situations. This mechanism should be characterized
by speed, flexibility and enforceability of decisions. Based on the analysis of the current
legislation, it is concluded that it is not suitable for rapid response to such situations, since the
entire system consists of collegial bodies and provides for a long period of coordination of
decisions. The introduction of a single decision-making entity into this system will allow for
a faster response. Such a subject in the circumstances that have developed in connection with
the coronavirus pandemic is the President of the Russian Federation, who, on the one hand,
being the guarantor of the Constitution, is called upon to take measures aimed at ensuring the
operation of its norms, on the other hand, it has the ability and authority to make operational
decisions of various kinds, both normative and managerial, applying to these extraordinary
circumstances. The mechanism of decision-making in emergencies should provide, or the loss
of such Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation forces with the cessation of these
circumstances or, if their action is beyond the temporal boundaries of such circumstances,
shall be adopted in accordance to the usual period order the proper form of normative legal
act, included in the system of sources of labour law. This will ensure that such emergency
measures are legitimized.

dc.subject

value: social and labor relations

value: emergency situation

value: rule-making

value: hierarchy of sources of law

value: mechanism of legal regulation


title: On the stages of factory inspection from the “sanction model” to the “сonformity model”

dc.contributor.author

value: Yasinskaya-Kazachenko, Angelica V.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The civil legislation of the beginning of the 19th century did not establish proper legal regulation
of freelance labor, since most of the workers were serfs. At the same time, the need for such regulation
was strongly felt, which led to increased attention to the labor issue and, as a result, to the
formation of the Institute of factory inspection. The article provides a retrospective step-by-step
analysis of the formation and development of factory inspection as a forerunner of the school
of labor rights. In relation to the previous period, the lack of legal regulation is revealed, specific
proposals are formulated to improve the norms of codified acts. An interpretation of the Keynesian
theory of “deviation from equilibrium” through the prism of protecting economic and social
interests is demonstrated, while it is shown that labor legislation can tend to a certain resultant,
to the need to move from a “model of sanctions” to a “model of compliance”. Special attention is
paid to the activities of I. I. Yanzhul, Professor of the Moscow Imperial University, who headed
the factory Inspectorate of the Moscow district. Reference to his scientific and practical heritage
allowed us to substantiate the conclusion about the undoubted influence of factory inspectors
on the formation and development of not only domestic labor law, but also the corresponding
branch of legal knowledge. This can be most clearly seen in the development of the system of Supervisory
and control bodies and the change in their functions from simply detecting violations
to helping to eliminate the causes that give rise to them, from resolving disputes to preventing
them. The author substantiates the conclusion that from the standpoint of the constitutional
right to protect economic and social interests, labor law is focused on reaching a compromise
between the parties to social and labor relations.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: monument of law

value: flaw in legislation

value: anticipatory claims

value: function of factory inspection

value: mandatory prescription

value: labor protection


title: Functions of labor, pension and financial legal relations in the mechanism of formation of pension rights of persons insured in the mandatory pension insurance system

dc.contributor.author

value: Mamatkazin, Ilya R.

dc.description.abstract

value:
During the period of restrictive measures related to the spread of COVID-19, economic entities
were in great need of assistance from the state. Assistance was provided, and one of its elements was measures to reduce the rate of insurance premiums for mandatory pension insurance.
On the one hand, this reduced the financial burden on employers. But, on the other
hand, this has had a negative impact on the pension rights of employees in the mandatory
pension insurance system. The reason for this was the strict dependence of the size of the
individual pension coefficient — the main element of calculating old-age insurance pensionson
the size of insurance premiums. The situation has shown that this is the most vulnerable
point of mandatory pension insurance. In a relatively stable economy, this dependence did not
manifest itself. Moreover, the close relationship between the pension legal relationship and the
financial one is a certain reason to consider the nature of pension provision under mandatory
pension insurance exclusively insurance, based only on financial instruments. The events of
2020 showed the vulnerability of the mandatory pension insurance system and the fallacy of
the approach to forming pension rights without taking into account the labor-law elements of
calculating the amount of the insurance pension. To substantiate the significance of the relationship
between labor and pension provision, the author analyzes the mechanism of formation
of pension rights, describes the interaction of legal relations: labor, pension and financial
for the payment of insurance premiums, in the process of formation of insurance pension
rights. Based on the study, it is concluded that it is impossible to reduce the formation of pension
rights in the mandatory pension insurance system only to financial instruments (insurance
premiums). Insurance premium relationships are important, but they do not perform the
main function in this complex process. Pension rights are formed in labor relations, pension
rights are implemented in pension legal relations, and financial relations should ensure more
accurate accounting of the insured person’s labor contribution.

value: Russian Journal of Labour & Law;Volume 11

dc.subject

value: mandatory pension insurance

value: insurance premium

value: preferential tariff

value: pension rights

value: interaction of legal relations

value: function of labor relations

dc.type

value: Article


title: Social protection of citizens in the sphere of employment: some issues of legal regulation

dc.contributor.author

value: Skachkova, Galina S.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Ensuring the right of citizens to protection from unemployment, guaranteed by article 37 of
the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and assistance in employment belong to the functions
of the Russian state, which conducts a policy of promoting the rights of citizens to full,
productive and freely chosen employment. The article deals with issues related to the implementation
of the power of the Russian Federation, transferred to the state authorities of the
subjects of the Russian Federation, to make social payments to citizens recognized as unemployed
in accordance with the established procedure. Financial support for the implementation
of the authority transferred by the Federal center to the regions of the country is provided
by non-taxable monetary payments of a targeted nature (subventions), subject to the terms
of their use for specific purposes to the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation on
their accounts from the Federal budget. The content of the concept of “subvention” and the procedure for providing it to the subjects of the Russian Federation from the Federal budget
is disclosed. It is shown that in order to ensure the effective use of money and increase the
responsibility of the Executive bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation for carrying
out appropriate measures in the field of employment, measures are provided for the control
of authorized state bodies over the expenditure of funds allocated from the Federal budget.
At the same time, improper use of budget funds may lead to bringing the guilty officials to
justice, up to criminal responsibility. A suggestion to include a subvention to the subjects of
the Russian Federation on the implementation of social benefits to citizens, recognized in the
prescribed manner unemployed, in a single subvention to budgets of subjects of the Russian
Federation in the coming years, at least 3 years, ie in 2020–2022.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: employment

value: unemployed citizens

value: federal budget

value: subvention

value: subject of the Russian Federation

value: social payment


title: Difficulties in implementing the right to medical care of the EAEU member States workers in the Russian Federation

dc.contributor.author

value: Suleymanova, Fatima O.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union provides for the creation of a common labor
market and free movement of labor, which is impossible without a coordinated policy in the
field of social relations. The attraction of foreign labor is facilitated not only by coordinated labor legislation, but also by social security, particular in the field of health protection. The need
to provide guaranteed medical care to migrant workers is highlighted in many international
instrument. However, citizens of the member States of the Union who are temporarily staying
in the Russian Federation often face uncertainty about their legal status. The article analyzes
the Russian legislation in the field of medical care to foreign citizens for compliance with the
Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union. Contradictions of the current legislation and law
enforcement practice are revealed. In particular, the rules that provide for registration of both
voluntary medical insurance policies (provided for temporarily staying foreign citizens) and
mandatory medical insurance policies (provided for by the Treaty) do not facilitate the stay
of the Eurasian Economic Union workers in comparison with citizens from other countries,
but, on the contrary, involve additional procedures and expenses. It also does not correspond
to the Treaty provisions a deprivation of guaranteed medical care for workers under civil law
contracts and family members of migrant workers. The current judicial practice also does not
contribute to the implementation of rights guaranteed by the Treaty. The elimination of these
contradictions can help protect the rights of migrant workers, attract foreign labor, and create
a common labor market within the Eurasian Economic Union countries.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Russian Journal of Labour & Law;Volume 11

dc.subject

value: medical care

value: migrant worker

value: Eurasian Economic Union

value: compulsory medical insurance

value: voluntary medical insurance


title: Grounds for restoring the missed deadline for applying to the court for the resolution of an individual labor dispute: some of the legal aspects

dc.contributor.author

value: Startsev, Nikolay N.

dc.description.abstract

value:
A significant number of lawsuits are related to labor disputes. Especially acute manifestation
of injustice is observed when the employee and the employer are arguing, and because
the employee is significantly inferior in legal literacy, subordinate to the employer, and because
the employee does not have such financial opportunities to attract leading experts in
the field of labor law, contributing to the development of a winning strategy and tactics to
protect their rights in court, which the employer has and uses. These circumstances have a
significant impact on court decisions. Add to the social acuteness of such situations when
an employee goes to court, and his labor dispute is not considered at all for the reasons of
missing the Statute of limitations, especially if the assessment of the reasons for missing the
term does not have clear criteria and in some cases the same circumstances give a chance
and the term is restored by the court, and in other cases they are also insufficient. Such
situations undermine not only faith in justice, but also cause distrust of the entire judicial
system. The article is devoted to the problem of determining the criteria for the formation of
legal grounds for restoring the missed deadline for applying to the court for the resolution
of individual labor disputes. Specific examples of the review of domestic judicial practice
are given. It is suggested that the legislation should reflect and take into account labor-legal
specifics when considering labor disputes in courts, especially in relation to issues related
to the assessment of circumstances caused by the omission of the Statute of limitations for
their sufficient respect and weight for its restoration when making decisions by the courts.
The grounds for restoring the deadlines missed for applying for protection of labor rights
must take into account the specifics of labor relations, caused primarily by the inequality of
the parties and the inequality of the parties ’ procedural capabilities to provide evidence in
support of their procedural position. It is suggested that further improvement of the institution
of time limits in labor law is currently required, both for determining the limitation
period in labor law, and for developing a uniform approach to assessing the circumstances
that serve as the basis for a legitimate and justified restoration of the term for applying to
the court for valid reasons.

dc.subject

value: labor disputes

value: individual labor disputes

value: term of applying to the court

value: valid reasons for missing the deadline

value: protection of labor rights

dc.title

value: Article


title: The legal essence of the national qualifications system

dc.contributor.author

value: Kosakovskaya, Elena I.

value: Khnykin, Gennady V.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The national qualifications system and its components such as professional standards, levels
and independent assessment of qualifications are going through a period of formation and
centralized legal consolidation in Russia. Attempts are being made to determine the relationship
of new categories with the traditional concepts of labor law: an employment contract,
wages, labor rationing, vocational education. International experience of using such systems
proves that there is a direct link between the level of education and employment, wages and
social stability. At the same time, there is a serious need to establish uniform requirements
for the qualifications of employees throughout the country and their harmonization at the
interstate level. The success of the implementation of the newly formed elements of labor relations
depends on the active position of representatives of trade unions and employers under
the direct control and funding of the state. At the same time, the most adequate method of
legal regulation of the phenomena under consideration could be an instrumental, innovative
approach, which makes it possible to transfer existing international standards to the development
of national legal mechanisms and adequate legal means of their practical implementation.
However, the first, largely experienced parties of lawmaking in the studied area contain
contradictions in definitions and content of new concepts that create problems associated with
their reasonable application. For example, the revision of the requirements for the qualifications
of an employee based on professional standards, as evidenced by judicial practice, leads
to unjustified transfers and dismissals, a significant intensification of labor, the introduction of
unjustified work and rest regimes, and a decrease in wages. At the same time, there is no formal
definition of the national qualifications system in the current regulatory framework. An
integral concept of its improvement has not yet been developed. There are no in-depth studies
of the legal nature of this system and legal categories, both included in it and interacting with
it. After analyzing the international and Russian legal acts of the subject under study, as well as
the practice of their application, the authors offer solutions to these problems.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: qualifications

value: professional standard

value: national qualifications system

value: labor relations


title: Legal regulation of dismissals of international employees in the EEU: conflicts, gaps, proposals

dc.contributor.author

value: Tomashevski, Kirill L.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The issues of legal regulation of dismissals of international employees within the framework
of the Eurasian economic union (EAEU) are quite complex, incomplete, and contain a number
of conflicts and gaps. The law of the EAEU, formed to date only partially regulates labor
relations, including their termination, with the participation of officials and employees of the
Eurasian economic commission and the Secretariat of the Court of the EAEU. Conflicts arise
due to the functional immunity of the EAEU bodies and their employees on the one hand, on
the other hand, The Treaty on the EAEU allows the subsidiary application of the legislation
of the host country of the relevant EAEU bodies. The decisions of the EAEU Court, although
some legal positions are expressed on these issues, but there are no universal answers about
which bodies and the rules of law should resolve labor disputes on dismissals of international
employees of the EAEU. Based on normative and doctrinal sources, the article draws conclusions
on the solution of the issues raised. In particular, it supports and additionally argues for
the need to move from regulating internal issues of the organization by national law to developing
the adoption of internal staff regulations, taking into account the specifics of the work of
this category of international officials and the best practices and legislative models developed
in the national labor law of the EAEU member States. The proposal to establish a Tribunal for
the settlement of labor disputes with the participation of international employees of the EAEU
bodies to transfer such disputes to supranational jurisdiction is justified.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Russian Journal of Labour & Law;Volume 11

value: labor law

value: dismissal

value: international employee

value: Eurasian Economic Union

value: Eurasian Economic Union Court

value: European Economic Community

value: conflict

value: jurisdiction


title: Project employment in the labor legislation of Russia and the countries of North-East Asia (People’s Republic of China, Japan, Republic of Korea)

dc.contributor.author

value: Pryazhennikov, Мaxim О.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the context of the transformation of the global economy, the classical forms of organizing
business and, therefore, labor activities are losing their relevance and giving way to new forms
that are more adapted to the changing conditions of modern society and economy. Project
employment as a type of temporary employment is becoming widespread both in the Russian
Federation and in the countries of Northeast Asia (People’s Republic of China, Japan, Republic
of Korea). The article provides a general description of the project approach as a form of
organization of business and labor activity at the enterprise level and project employment as a
type of temporary employment. The features of the project as the end result of labor in project
employment (uniqueness, concreteness and complexity, certainty of the result, limited time
and resources) are formulated, as well as, in general terms, the options used in practice for
formalizing work on the project within the framework of the current norms of Russian labor
legislation are defined. As a result of the analysis of the national approaches and labor legislation
of the People’s Republic of China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, the article defines and
considers, in relation to the regulation of project employment, the legal norms on fixed-term
employment contracts, on part-time work, on part-time jobs, and also made general conclusion
about the latency of project employment both in Russian legal reality and in the national
law of the countries of North-East Asia. Proposals have been made for borrowing certain
legal norms into domestic labor law that can effectively guarantee the rights of workers and
employers when using the project approach.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: project employment

value: labor contract

value: People’s Republic of China

value: Japan

value: Republic of Korea

dc.type

value: Article


title: ТРУДЫ СЕМИНАРА "КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ В МЕХАНИКЕ СПЛОШНОЙ СРЕДЫ". 2020-2021 ГГ.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Труды семинара «Компьютерные методы в механике сплошной среды». 2020-2021 гг. - СПб.: Наука, 2021. - 119 с. ISSN 2218-7421 ISBN 978-5-02-040494-6

dc.description.abstract

value:
В сборнике представлены результаты исследований по механике сплошной среды, в основном задач колебаний и устойчивости упругих конструкций. Характерной чертой исследований является испольгювание разнообразных компьютерных методов: методов вычислительной механики сплошной среды, компьютерной алгебры, визуализации и др. Анализ опирается на сопоставление данных, полученных в различных подходах, причем наиболее часто сопоставляются результаты, полученные асимптотическими методами и по методу конечных элементов.
Издание адресовано исследователям, специализирующимся в области применения компьютерных методов в механике сплошной среды. Семинар проводится математико-механическим факультетом Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета совместно с Институтом проблем машиноведения РАН.

dc.publisher

value: Наука

dc.title

value: Book


title: Analysis of China’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the field of labour

dc.contributor.author

value: Ding, Wenwen

dc.description.abstract

value:
In response to the pandemic of new coronavirus infection, the Chinese government has closed
down many cities, suspended businesses, restricted their activities and issued self-isolation orders
for the population. However, these critical public health measures have created economic
chaos and caused unemployment for millions of people. Since mid-January 2020, Chinese
authorities have taken unprecedented measures to contain the virus, including closing down
a large number of cities in Hubei Province, introducing mandatory self-isolation for almost
half of the country’s population, extending public holidays, imposing travel restrictions, closing
schools and businesses, and more. In Chinese labor law science, there was a discussion
about the nature of the days that were declared as non-working. Many issues were solved
differently in different provinces of the People’s Republic of China. In order to mitigate the
impact on workers and employers, the Chinese government also issued various regulations to
maintain the basic living conditions of workers and reduce pressure on employers. These acts
cover such areas as wage payment, specifics of dismissal (which only affected workers), social
security and social protection. The government also developed a number of measures aimed
at special protection of migrant workers, which are understood as Chinese citizens who are
not registered in cities and live in rural areas. The article also addresses the business response
to the economic crisis caused by the pandemic. A new employment model has emerged in the
labor market — the sharing of workers, which allows for better distribution of labor, but also
brings potential problems in the area of labor legislation.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Russian Journal of Labour & Law;Volume 11

dc.subject

value: payment of wages

value: dismissal

value: unemployment insurance

value: insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases

value: social protection

value: migrant workers

value: workers sharing


title: Analysis of Japan’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the field of labour

dc.contributor.author

value: Zhong, Qi

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Japanese government places great importance on measures to support people’s livelihood
and business continuity under the COVID-19 disaster, and has adopted many measures, including
benefits, but has not yet taken enough measures to prohibit contact between people
in order to contain the transmission of the virus. As a result, although a sharp increase in
unemployment has been avoided, the number of new infections per day has begun to rise
again since the state of emergency was lifted. Unlike the Lehman Shock, the COVID-19 disaster
is not a one-off event. Therefore, unless the coronavirus epidemic is contained, the impact
of COVID-19 in Japan will take longer than expected. The article reviews social support
measures for citizens and business assistance measures taken by the Japanese government in
response to the pandemic. In particular, it provides information on support measures such as
special lump-sum payments to citizens, temporary special allowances for families with children,
and temporary special allowances for low-income single parent families. The latter benefit
is paid to single parent families with low income to compensate for the increased burden
of raising a child and the reduced income associated with COVID-19. Among the measures to
support business, it is worth mentioning subsidies for change of work regime, loans on special
conditions from the Japan Finance Corporation and private financial institutions and direct
payments to businesses.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: pandemic

value: benefits

value: suspension of work

value: morbidity statistics


dc.contributor.author

value: Mikhailova, Elena

value: Doležel, Jaroslav

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mikhailova E., Doležel J. Rye cytogenetics and chromosome genomics. In M.T.Rabanus-Wallace and N.Stein (Eds.) The Rye Genome, Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer Nature Switzerland. 2021. p.43-62. DOI: DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-83383-1_3

dc.identifier.issn

value: 2199-479X (electronic)

dc.description

value: The book series "Compendium of Plant Genomes" ISBN 978-3-030-83382-4; ISBN 978-3-030-83383-1 (eBook)

dc.description.abstract

value:
Rye (Secale cereale L., 2n = 2x = 14) has a large genome of about 8 Gbp distributed across seven large chromosomes. Although they are easily observable by microscopy, their identification is difficult due to similar morphology.
Thus, wheat-rye chromosome addition and substitution lines were originally employed to accomplish this and establish the homology of rye chromosomes with those of Triticinae species. The introduction of differential staining and fluorescence in
situ hybridization (FISH) provided an important advance, but chromosome identification was still hampered by polymorphism of chromosome banding patterns. A different approach to identify chromosomes involves crosses of a sample to a tester set of wheat-rye chromosome addition lines and cytological analysis of chromosome pairing during meiosis in F1 hybrids. While FISH enabled the analysis of long-range molecular organization of the chromosomes, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) using rye genomic DNA as probe allowed identification of rye chromosomes introgressed to wheat, including interspecific chromosome translocations. The analysis of isolated mitotic metaphase chromosomes by flow
cytometry enabled identification of chromosome 1R, and, if present, the accessory B chromosome. The two chromosomes could be purified by flow sorting for downstream analyses. Chromosomes 2R–7R could not be discriminated from each other and thus were flow-sorted individually from respective wheat-rye chromosomes addition lines, as was the short
arm of 1R (1RS).Flow sorting of rye chromosomes facilitated the development of chromosome-specific molecular markers. Next generation sequencing of flow-sorted B chromosomes provided insights into their molecular organization and origin (Chap. 4). Sequencing each of the seven rye chromosomes resulted in the first draft genome sequence, informing about rye gene complement and evolution, and recently facilitated the assembly of a rye
reference genome.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The authors are grateful to Ekaterina D. Badaeva for providing figures with C-banded and FISH probed mitotic chromosomes of different rye species. JD was supported by ERDF project “Plants as a tool for sustainable global development” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000827)

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: Springer Nature Switzerland AG

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Rye genome;Chapter 3

value: Chromosome morphology, Chromosome sequencing, Differential staining, FISH

value: Flow-cytometric sorting, GISH, Homoeologous chromosome groups, Molecular marker development, Physical mapping, Wheat-rye chromosome introgressions

dc.type

value: Book chapter

description: The Rye Genome Ch3


dc.contributor.author

value: Levit, Georgy S.

value: Hossfeld, Uwe

value: Lvov, Alexander A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Levit G. S., Hossfeld U., Lvov A. A. “Typological thinking” and neoplatonism in the 20th century biology. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 35–55. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.103 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The modern synthesis was born in the vehement discussions between English-, German-
and Russian-speaking scientists — biologists and philosophers of science, and
therefore these disputes were by default not only theoretical, but also concerned
worldviews. Thus, E. Mayr named several reasons why German biologists were opposed
to the Modern synthesis: they boil down to the commitment of German natural
scientists to idealistic morphology, equated with typology and essentialism. He
believed that the conflict between “population” (founded by Darwin) and “typological”
(developed by Goethe) thinking seemed to be the cornerstone of the entire history
of Western philosophy and natural science, and he defined essentialism, which
he considered to form the basis for “typological thinking”, as a special ideology akin
to Plato’s doctrine. Consequently, “typological thinking” reflects the fundamental
”dealistic” understanding of nature itself, which is quite typical for German-speaking researchers (not only biologists, but also some physicists) due to the special tradition
of natural philosophy in Germany. That is why the refutation of essentialism in the
history of science and philosophy of the twentieth century reflected the methodological
opposition of the champions of intuitive knowledge and consistent empirical
research. Neo-Platonism, reinforced by Goethe’s creative method, made it possible
to look differently at the principles of the formation of scientific knowledge, the canonical
analysis of which was presented by I. Kant, and the Neoplatonic trends that
influenced “typological thinking” (as Mayr understood it) opposed positivist-oriented
Darwinism. However, the breeding ground of the idealist morphologists was
essentially the soil of purely speculative natural philosophy, which was losing ground
under the pressure of more and more substantiated empirical data. Hence, it would
not be an exaggeration to say that the case form the history of German-speaking
biology of the last century, which the paper discusses, was fully reflected one of the
fundamental problems in the history of philosophy, namely: the opposition of intuitive,
or creative and discursive, or natural epistemologies.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

dc.subject

value: essentialism

value: typological thinking

value: population thinking

value: Neoplatonism

value: E. Mayr

value: J. W. Goethe

value: natural philosophy

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kulakova, Tatyana A.

value: Volkova, Anna V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kulakova T. A., Volkova A. V. Digital vigilantism: Performance versus reality? Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 107–125. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.107 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article continues the series of publications by the research team devoted to the
introduction of the “digital vigilantism” concept into Russian academic discourse.
The authors examine the subjects and actors of public governance in the digital
world, sovereignty of the vigilante movement, organizational structures of groups,
social practices, values, aesthetics and stylistics of actions, mythology and discourse
of online vigilante communities. The interdisciplinary character of this research is
manifested in the fact that not only issues of public politics and social philosophy, but
also culture studies, ethics, sociolinguistics and aesthetics are taken into consideration.
As revealed by the authors of the study, the nature of digital Russian vigilantism
as a notable civil society phenomenon is ambivalent. On the one hand, it can be
viewed as a response to the limited management abilities of public institutions in a
changed communication environment, compensating their inability to work with
civil society, yet on the other hand, such activist groups can also demonstrate deviant
behavior online and even claim to exercise violence, challenging the state monopoly.
The purpose of the research team was identifying the ability of vigilante groups to
shape and articulate public values, form public strategies to defend the interests of
civil society, and influence other civil society institutions by imposing their worldview
on them. An analysis of the institutionalized vigilante groups “StopHam”, “Lev
Protiv”, “Hrjuschi Protiv” and “AntiDealer”, “Sober Yards” and “Sorok sorokov” was
carried out for this purpose. The authors point out the non-political nature of the
movements, whose activities focus on social spheres of high importance to the general
public, but conclude that the formation of a digital environment of trust and
cooperation is threatened by aggressive online initiatives and the non-civic nature
of digital activism.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was carried out within the framework of the Russian Foundation for
Basic Research EISI grant 21-011-31445 “Digital vigilantism and the practice of forming
public values: the capture of a networked civil society?”

dc.subject

value: digital vigilantism

value: digital public policy

value: involvement in publicity

value: state capabilities

value: civic participation

value: social networks

value: public values


dc.contributor.author

value: Kuznetsov, Nikita V.

value: Sokolov, Aleksey M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kuznetsov N. V., Sokolov A. M. The ontology of history in the retrospective of Russian philosophy (P. Chaadaev — N. Danilevsky — N. Fedorov). Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 90–106. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.106 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to one of the features of Russian philosophy — the key role in
its development, which was played by the problems of history. The authors begin to
study this issue with a general analysis of the status of historical issues in the system
of philosophical knowledge, proceeding to substantiate the thesis of the predominantly
ontological characteristics of history. The essence of the substantiation of this
statement boils down to the fact that philosophy deals with an entity that opens to
consciousness as a world, i. e. as a being ordered by man. The world as reality is reality
as a form and result of human activity. Consequently, the source of existence as
the original is in the foundations of human activity. Next, the authors proceed to
consider the reasons why the topic of historical development has become a priority
in Russia, and history as a form of human existence has been considered in an ontological
way. Using the example of the philosophical creativity of three Russian thinkers
(P. Ya. Chaadaev, N. Ya. Danilevsky and N. F. Fedorov), the authors demonstrate
the general logic of the development of historical self-consciousness as the basis of
civilizational self-determination of Russia. The article draws special attention to the
peculiar national pragmatics of Russian historiosophical thought, which implies the
need for broad national participation in transformations that have in mind a planetary,
cosmic scale. In addition, the authors put forward a polemic thesis about the
practical congeniality of the Soviet era to the theoretical intutions of the founder
of Russian cosmism. Socialist construction in the USSR, in the understanding of
the authors, largely actualized the project of N. F. Fedorov, declaring and actually expressing
the “philosophy of the common cause”. And such a “thing” was conceived,
despairing and carried out not only in class unity, but also in national unity, the unity
of man and woman, and most importantly in the context of Fedorov’s views — in the
unity of generations.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

value: ontology

value: philosophy of history

value: civilizational self-consciousness

value: activity

value: reality

value: subject of history

value: P. Chaadaev

value: N. Danilevsky

value: N. F. Fedorov

value: philosophy of common cause

value: sobornost


dc.contributor.author

value: Маrkov, Вoris V.

value: Larionov, Igor Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Markov B. V., Larionov I. Yu. The Enlightenment man’s project in the debates of liberalism and illiberalism. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 73–89. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.105 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The research has been carried out with the financial support of a grant from the
Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project “The latest
trends in the development of the sciences of man and society in the context of the
digitalization process and new social problems and threats: an interdisciplinary approach”,
Agreement no. 075-15-2020-798).

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The main questions answered by the philosophy of the twentieth century concerned
the relationship of biological, psychological and socio-cultural preconditions that determine the specifics of human consciousness and behavior. M. Sheler and G. Plesner,
revealing the positionality of man, proved the priority of the spirit over the
body. Heidegger also saw the specifics of man in distancing themselves from the environment,
but doubted the ability of the transcendental subject to comprehend the
present. By existential experience, he understood, first of all, the experience of horror
from the emptiness of his own being. Theoretical cognition, whether in science
or philosophy, highlights in reality what can be transformed and used to satisfy the
desires of man that have formed within the framework of an industrial society based
on techno-science. Therefore, the charge of the Enlightenment for the development
of science as an ideology seems unjustified and unjust. The purpose of the article is
to uncover the causes of the deformation of the Enlightenment project and to try
to reveal on its basis the positive possibilities of scientific and social technologies of
human formation.

value: Enlightenment

value: morality and reason

value: posthumanism

value: philosophical anthropology

value: critical theory

value: globalization

value: networked society

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Bystrov, Vladimir Yu.

value: Kamneva, Lolita S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bystrov V. Yu., Kamneva L. S. University as a space for dialogue of religions: Debates about theology. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 56–72. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.104 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
It should be noted that the experience of teaching theology in Western European
countries has practically not been studied in modern Russia. The study of this experience
is extremely necessary, as it allows you to borrow the best aspe cts of this experience
(for example, the cooperative organization of cooperation between church
and state in Germany) and not repeat erroneous decisions. Religious education in
Western countries is currently facing a number of problems that are not yet known
in Russia, but which are likely to await us in the near future. The concept of a postsecular
society contains an effective substantiation of the need for theological education
in modern Russia. The same concept convincingly shows that to the extent
that a return to a secular society is impossible, a return to the dominant position of
religious education in universities that was characteristic of the pre-secular era is also
impossible. The wide and rather heated discussions characteristic of Russia today
about the place of theology in university education can be considered fruitful only if
the premise of these discussions is the conviction that we all exist in the new situation
of a post-secular society, the main feature of which is inter-religious and interconfessional
dialogue. Attempts to determine the place of theology in the system of
sciences based on the ideas characteristic of a secular society should be considered
deliberately unsuccessful.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

dc.subject

value: university

value: theology

value: education

value: scholasticism

value: post-secularism


dc.contributor.author

value: Drach, Gennady V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Drach G. V. On the birth of the classical philosophy and the origins of the European civilization (aspects of the problem). Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 20–34. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.102 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the birth of the Classical philosophy that simultaneously was
the beginning of the European civilization. The issue has multiple aspects, especially
as a lot of new studies emphasize the Eastern influence on the origins of the Classical
philosophy and scholarly discussions ponder upon cultural differences and civilizational
self-determination. Particular attention is paid to the characteristic of the Minoan
civilization that both inherited the Eastern culture and discovered Europe. As
compared to the East, Crete and Mycenae turned out to be instable social phenomena
under the Aegean islandic conditions. However, the nautical piracy that could
not be localized was a new cultural event demonstrated in individual behaviour and
agonistic personality vividly represented in Homer’s poems. The author traces how
collective spirit and mystical unity were switching to individualized behaviour and
agonistic personality which lets him analyse aspects of the genesis of philosophy related
to the development of lyrical poetry, legal consciousness and self-consciousness.
This lets one overcome limits of the ‘physical’ interpretation of the Early Greek
philosophy according to Aristotle and see a wider literary and historical context of
its genesis. Self-immersion and reflections on the attitude to the world and one’s own
self, to the cosmos, polis and God became foundations for the new philosophy that
addressed the eternal issues of being. Human knowledge that starts with surprise,
according to Aristotle, revealed new aspects of the genesis of the Greek philosophy.
The issue of substance, relations between multiple things and their basis constitute
the philosophical knowledge. Substantialism was the leading principle for the new
philosophy that turned to explanations of the causes and gave birth to the rational
knowledge and European science. The resulting philosophy is at the centre of the
European cultural paradigm whose key elements are law, education, and personality.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: origins of philosophy

value: civilization

value: culture

value: West

value: East

value: personality

value: theogony

value: cosmogony

value: mind

value: substance


dc.contributor.author

value: Danilov, Alexander N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Danilov A. N. Culture as a “melting pot” of history: The value profile of a new civilization. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 7–19. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.101 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the phenomenon of culture as a “melting pot” of history, where
the value profile of a new civilization is formed. Global crises are growing, and it is
not clear how to cope with them, where are the roots of these crises, how to define
them. When it is not clear how to cope with crises, where their roots are, it is very
important in the context of growing global instability to identify scenarios that lead
to catastrophic consequences, so as not to fall into these traps, or at least to see them.
The answer to the new challenges of the time will undoubtedly be found. It is already
building up in culture, absorbing the experience of centuries, traditions and dominant
values. Generating new meanings, culture is able to select the modern future
from previous experience, to determine its main tendencies and ways of development.
The main function of culture is to preserve in memory what confirms the
ideal image of the people. A story can continually return to the same plot in search
of acceptable answers for each generation. Language as a code and a mechanism for
cognizing reality here is considered an important sign of cultural identity. Building a
new ideal of civilizational development is fixed through the disclosure of a complex
developing value system. In such a situation, culture is increasingly associated with
the environment for the preservation and possible transmission of the spiritual civilizational
heritage. Now it is impossible to say what the new system of values will be
in the new civilization, it is just emerging.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

dc.subject

value: melting pot of history

value: global instability

value: crises

value: values

value: traditions

value: identity

value: the ideal of the new

dc.title

value: Article


title: Preface

dc.identifier.citation

value: Preface. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 5–6.

dc.description.abstract

value: Preface

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University


dc.contributor.author

value: Dokuchayev, Ilya I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dokuchayev I. I. Martin Heidegger in the history of the European anti- Semitism. Reflection on the book of Donatella Di Cesare “Heidegger, Jews and Shoa”. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 249–270. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.116 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the role of Martin Heidegger’s anti-Semitism in his concept of
fundamental ontology. This analysis is done on the basis of the publication of new
volumes of his diaries — “Black Notebooks”. The book by Donatella Di Cesare “Heidegger,
Jews and Shoah”, first translated into Russian by AE Cherny and published
by the publishing house “Vladimir Dal”, is devoted to the comprehension of this
problem. Given the new data from these diaries and from Di Cesare’s book, it can
be assumed that Heidegger’s anti-Semitism is essential to his philosophy and has a
long history in European and German intellectual heritage. As a rule, Jews were accused
there that they did not accept Christ and became key figures in the modernization
of European culture, which undermined its traditions and deprived of creativity.
Heidegger creates a new version of anti-Semitism — a fundamental ongological
one, which accuses Jews of being the main culprits of the oblivion of existence and
preachers of existence. Differentiation of being and being is the main antithesis of
Heidegger’s ontology, and it is in the context of its analysis that we are talking about
the crime of the Jews. This crime actually turns out to be fabrication, since it contains
directly opposite charges, so that a Jew is not a criminal because he has committed
this or that act, but this act is made criminal because a Jew has committed it. He is
accused both of the absence of soil and property, and of the claim to them, both in
the formalism and rationalism of faith, and in their absence, both in the desire to
keep his blood unmixed, and in the desire to bring the European peoples into a Jew. It
is these properties that make Heidegger believe that Jews are not people, but stones,
that they do not exist, but represent the worst form of existence, whose existence is
not genuine, but borrowed and is a fraud. Heidegger sees the Holocaust as the culmination
of modernization caused by a machine civilization of destruction and war,
in which the Jews are guilty and for which they self-destruct and destroy Europe and
the world. At the same time, the article argues that such an ideology, unacceptable
and false, is Heidegger’s marginal concept, which is not the key to his ontology, but
also cannot be simply removed from his philosophy without the emergence of a gap
that will make this philosophy impossible.

dc.subject

value: Heidegger

value: Di Cesare

value: anti-Semitism

value: fundamental ontology

value: Jews

value: modernization

value: European culture


dc.contributor.author

value: Mironov, Dmitry G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mironov D. G. Austrian metaphilosophy from Bolzano to the Vienna Circle. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 200–216. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.113 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The purpose of the article is to compare and analyze the metaphilosophical ideas of
the key Austrian thinkers of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. To achieve
this goal, several tasks are solved: first, to identify the main metaphilosophical positions
shared by different Austrian philosophers, second, to reconstruct some details
of the discussed metaphilosophical approaches, and third, to clarify the context
within which the change in metaphilosophical views took place. The author uses the
methods of rational reconstruction and historical-philosophical comparisons. The
main content of the article is divided into four parts. The first part discusses the metaphilosophy
of B. Bolzano: describes the requirements that Bolzano imposed on philosophizing,
and shows how he approached the question of defining the concept of
philosophy. The second part examines the details of the metaphilosophical position
of F. Brentano and such of his disciples as A. Meinong and K. Twardowski. The peculiarities
of Brentano’s views concerning the method of philosophizing are examined,
and some clarifications are made to avoid incorrect interpretations of this views. The
author also shows what supplementations to Brentano’s metaphilosophy were made
by Meinong and Twardowski. The third part analyzes the views on the philosophy of
such thinkers as E. Mach and L. Boltzmann. The requirements for philosophizing on
the part of natural scientists of the beginning of the 20th century are discussed. In addition,
the author considers the metaphilosophical ideas of the early M. Schlick, who
clarified the nature of the assistance provided to the natural sciences by philosophy
in his work “General Theory of Knowledge”. The fourth part reproduces the metaphilosophy
of the early L. Wittgenstein and such representatives of the Vienna circle
as M. Schlick, R. Carnap and O. Neurath. The peculiarities of the Vienna positivists’
understanding of the activity-based nature of philosophy are clarified, and the differences
in the interpretation of the method of philosophizing are shown.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

dc.subject

value: metaphilosophy

value: Austrian philosophy

value: B. Bolzano

value: School of Brentano

value: E. Mach

value: L. Boltzmann

value: Vienna Circle


dc.contributor.author

value: Kamnev, Vladimir M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kamnev V. M. Medieval university as a space for dialogue of cultures. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 136–149. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.109 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The history of scholasticism provides the modern researcher with a wealth of material
for studying the question of the state of theology at the university. Scholasticism
can be viewed as an experience of solving the problem of the relationship between
theological and scientific-rational knowledge. This experience can be considered
negative in the sense that the formula defining the place of philosophy as the servant
of theology reflected, rather, some desirable situation, rather than the actual state of
affairs. The potential of the natural sciences and philosophy was so high that ultimately
the synthesis of philosophy and theology came to be understood as a process
of mutual enrichment. However, the idea of mutual enrichment of the arsenals of
philosophy and theology, to which, for example, the pedagogy of the Society of Jesus
approached quite closely, as a whole remained alien to Western European thought.
This idea turned out to be very attractive for the religious philosophy of modern
times, where it manifested itself, in particular, in a critical attitude towards the excessive
enthusiasm of Western European philosophy with the problems of method,
towards its “epistemology”. The religious and philosophical thought of the New Age,
which had a significant influence on theology, was based on the recognition of the
methodological limitations of natural reason, which is unable to independently cognize
the truths of Divine Revelation, the “truth of faith”. This limitation is removed in
the experience of existential philosophizing, in many respects opposite to the essentialism
(doctrine of essences) of medieval theology. On the other hand, the mutual
enrichment of philosophy and theology presupposed an appeal to the traditions of
mystical intuitionism, neo-Platonism, and apophatic theology that were not in demand
in Western European theology. In the history of Christianity, these traditions have played the same role in knowledge as asceticism in practice. They provided the
Christian with a set of intellectual techniques aimed at cleansing the rational soul,
necessary for the perception of the truths of Divine Revelation.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The work was carried out with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic
Research. Project 19-011-00779 “Illiberal concepts of tolerance: history, practice,
prospects”.

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: university

value: theology

value: education

value: scholasticism

value: post-secularism

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Vasilyev, Vadim V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vasilyev V. V. What and how Markus Gabriel proves in his book “I am Not a Brain”. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 271–281. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.117 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper is a discussion of the book by the German philosopher Marcus Gabriel “I
am Not a Brain” in the context of the distinction between Analytic and Continental
philosophical traditions. Gabriel denies the benefit of such a distinction. However,
his book may be a good illustration of the opposite. The paper shows why this is so.
The main thing is that when presenting the theoretical positions of certain philosophers,
Gabriel is inclined to refer to non-philosophical explanations of their origins.
This manner of presentation has nothing to do with the methods of analytic philosophy.
Analytic philosophers evaluate philosophical concepts and arguments based on
themselves. In addition to clarifying this issue, the paper examines the main ideas
of Gabriel’s book and evaluates some of the ideas proposed by him related to the
concepts of consciousness, the human spirit and the problem of free will. In particular,
the paper discusses a concept that receives the name “neo-existentialism”
from Gabriel. His solution to the problem of free will is also considered, which is
one of the varieties of compatibilism, the position according to which free will can
coexist with causal determinism, which means a state of affairs in which at any given
time the world has only one really possible future. The connection of this decision
with Gabriel’s more general metaphysical ideas, expressed in his book about the nonexistence
of the world, is shown. Special attention is paid to the features of Gabriel’s criticism of alternative approaches to the interpretation of consciousness and free
will. The analysis of Gabriel’s particular concepts confirms the general conclusion of
this paper that his book is not related to the analytical philosophical tradition.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

dc.subject

value: Markus Gabriel

value: consciousness

value: mind

value: free will problem

value: neo-existentialism

value: compatibilism

value: analytic philosophy

value: continental philosophy


dc.contributor.author

value: Kostikova, Anna A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kostikova A. A. To the anniversary year of L. Wittgenstein: The experience of the French national reception. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 217–226. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.114 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the history of the reception of L. Wittgenstein’s philosophical
ideas in the French-speaking philosophical tradition. The most important ideas
of L. Wittgenstein are considered from the point of view of French-speaking philosophers
and historians of philosophy. Reconstructions of different directions are
compared. On a number of issues, the European, in particular the French-speaking,
history of philosophy offers an interesting interpretation of certain aspects of L. Wittgenstein’s
philosophy, reactualizes them. For example, Wittgenstein’s “linguistic turn” in philosophy is read as a turn to the discourse traditional for French-speaking philosophy,
an appeal to detailed verbalized reasoning, culturally and historically defined
communicative practice. And the European philosophers of the second half of
the twentieth century, first of all, of course, M. Foucault, are the successors of Wittgenstein’s
philosophy of language. In our opinion, it is in relation to the philosophical
heritage that the specificity of national philosophical thought, the peculiarities of
reception and interpretation are manifested. French philosophy, which opens with
Descartes’ “Discourse of the Method”, forms a special attitude to the language of
philosophy, the process of reasoning in general and philosophizing in particular,
its argumentative grounds and procedures. In general, the presented historical and
philosophical picture is characterized by an interest in topics specific to national philosophy
— political engagement, a claim to universality, attention to the process of
persuasion and the unfolding of thought. At the same time, we clearly see the tendency
of the entire analytical tradition, at the origins of which L. Wittgenstein stood,
to turn today to these topics that were not considered the main ones for a long time.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: French philosophy

value: L. Wittgenstein

value: modern philosophy

value: M. Foucault

value: philosophy of language

value: philosophy of discourse


dc.contributor.author

value: Adolphi, Rainer

dc.identifier.citation

value: Adolphi R. Subjectivity as a cultural form of social reality. On the philosophical- theoretical potential of Max Weber’s interpretation of modernity. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 227–248. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.115 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper shows the philosophical content of Max Weber’s contribution to a theory of
modernity. Weber adopts the deepest questions of the classical philosophical tradition,
adding important dimensions and differentiations to them. The specific nature
of modern subjectivity is the achievement of a cultural becoming, and it is far more
complex than all contemporary interpretations that consider the modern era to be at
its end. — (I) Firstly, we will interpret the well-known (and influential) text The Protestant
Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des
Kapitalismus, 1904/05), with a special focus on its philosophical-theoretical thoughtelements.
That which Weber refers to here philosophically as the “Spirit” of a way of life and of its social forms encompasses the whole of a cultural transformation: a
fundamental change in the concept of action, in the conception of the acting subject,
in the horizon of the space of action (“world”), and in the understanding of sociality.
In this new structure of individuality, subjectivity is connected with “objectiveness”
[Sachlichkeit], of all things. Notwithstanding, the essence of all of these fundamental
changes cannot be characterized solely through (modern) rationality and rationalization,
but is fixed on people equipped with a specific habitual ethos. — (II) In the
second part, we aim to develop Weber’s idea further on a general level, from the point
of view of present-day debates on subjectivity. To this end, we will discern four systematically
decisive issues: (1) One component of modern subjectivity is the “inner”
social relatedness; there is always an internal forum where the affiliation to a “we”
is confirmed and acknowledged (or rejected). (2) Weber saw the significance of the
psychologization of the self (and of others) — of the different cultural images, concepts
and explanations of subjectivity. (3) From this perspective, subjectivity (both in
thought and in practice) is essentially the history of its interpretations — a process
of many legacies and their transformation. (4) Existing social forms are above all
sedimented “Spirit”, in connection with impositions of participation and conformity
(and of “formation” [Bildung]); the established social reality itself generates specific
cultural profiles of subjectivity.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

dc.subject

value: subjectivity (cultural profile)

value: ethos of modernity

value: Max Weber

value: imposition of being a subject

value: inner forum

value: individuality as interpretation

value: psychology of the self

value: sedimented “Spirit”

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Vasilieva, Marina Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vasilieva M. Yu. Arthur Schopenhauer’s doctrine of free will. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 181–199. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.112 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the consideration of the phenomenon of free will in the
philosophical system of Arthur Schopenhauer, the identification of the lines of continuity
of this problem and the discovery of new and specific features in the development
by the German thinker of the question of free will, on the basis of the use of
methods of historical and philosophical analysis and rational reconstruction. The
article demonstrates Schopenhauer’s desire to avoid two opposite poles in the solution
of the question of free will, one of which asserts the fact of the dominance of
rigid necessity over the events of nature, and the other, on the contrary, deduces
everything from a certain universal act of will. The third alternative proposed by
Schopenhauer in continuation with the ideas of I. Kant’s transcendental idealism is
analyzed in detail. The author focuses on the modifications Schopenhauer himself
made to Kant’s concept of the co-existence of freedom and necessity. Schopenhauer’s
attitude to the concept of fatalism is considered separately and his understanding
of necessity as such is clarified. The main point of the first part is the statement that
the world has not only an empirical side, reflecting the existence of phenomena in accordance with the law of sufficient reason in a certain time and space, but also an
intelligible side, identical with the baseless will. In addition, the author emphasizes
the importance of the premise of autocracy, independence as a basic characteristic
of free will. In the second part of this article, the relation of the empirical and intelligible
nature of the world in relation to the analysis of human behavior is revealed in
more detail. The relationship between the original autonomy of the will, freedom and
moral responsibility is clarified. The author reconstructs Schopenhauer’s arguments
in the work “On the Freedom of the Will”. The fallacy of the empirical understanding
of free will is revealed and the possibility of transcendental freedom is justified. The
key thesis of the second part of the article is reduced to the statement that it is impossible
to find true freedom in individual concrete actions of a person; that a person in
her particular manifestations cannot choose to be this way or to be different.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: free will

value: empirical character

value: intelligible character

value: autocracy of will

value: necessity

value: responsibility

value: motive


dc.contributor.author

value: Kozyrev, Alexey P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kozyrev A. P. Prince V. F. Odoevsky in search of “Russian harmony”. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 316–330. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.120 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the searching for national identity in the musical and critical
heritage of Prince Vladimir Fyodorovich Odoyevsky, which is associated with his
philosophical interests and reflects his philosophical development after the “Society
of Lyubomudriye” (“Society of Wisdom”) and “Russian nights”. The 19th century is
the century of discovery of the national, and the culture and aesthetics of romanticism
contributed to that discovery and led to intense nation-building. Odoevsky
distinguishes between Russian and the so-called “general” Western European music,
basing this distinction on the analysis of Old Russian singing. It is based on the system
of Echos (“glas”) and Ecphonesis (“poglasitsa”), which is typologically close to
the ancient Indian scales. He studies the “hook letter” (“Kryuki”) reform carried out
in the 16th–17th centuries by Ivan Shaidurov and other “didascals”, comparing it with
the activities of Guido of Arezzo in the West in the 11th century. Odoevsky perceives
music, firstly, as an ordered system of mathematical patterns, that is confirmed by the
ideas of Leibniz and Euler, and secondly, as a special spiritual reality associated with
ascetic practices. Odoevsky connects the national in music not with an appeal to folk
songs, and even less with its recording in the spirit of European harmony, but with a
deep form of musical composition, associated with the specificity of musical neuma.
Music turns out to be an integral part of the iconosphere, it correlates with architecture
and other kinds of art. Odoevsky’s ideas were developed in the works of the
contemporary Russian cultural philosopher and composer Vladimir Martynov. The
article examines the controversy of Sergei Taneyev and Pyotr Tchaikovsky, in which
Taneyev, continuing Odoevsky’s ideas, defends the concept of a special “Russian harmony”
and builds his work strategy in accordance with that idea. Tchaikovsky, on the
other hand, stands for the unity of the European musical process, although he recognizes
the national originality of various musical schools. Tchaikovsky’s statements
about the contiguity of the Russian musical tradition with the European tradition
were censored in the Soviet publication of Tchaikovsky and Taneyev correspondence
(1951).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

value: iconosphere

value: Russian and general music

value: Znamenny Chant

value: neuma

value: nation-building

value: Vladimir Odoevsky

value: Sergei Taneyev

value: Pyotr Tchaikovsky


title: Dan Sperber’s philosophy of culture

dc.contributor.author

value: Kedrova, Marina O.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kedrova M. O. Dan Sperber’s philosophy of culture. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 298–315. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.119 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article is a general preliminary sketch of the philosophy of culture of the French
philosopher Dan Sperber (b. 1942). At the center of our analysis is his monograph
“Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach” (1996). Sperber develops a materialistic
approach to culture, based on the Darwinian model and on the achievements
of contemporary cognitive psychology. He argues that cultural epidemiology (epidemiology
of representations) must study culture. Sperber distinguishes between
two types of representations: mental and public. These representations form causal
chains. Sperber’s task is to understand why some representations are stable and widespread,
unlike others. Sperber distances himself from memetics, emphasizing that in
the process of cultural translation, representations are constantly changing, and their
changes occur in the direction of cultural attractiveness. Sperber argues with Jerry
Fodor about the modularity of consciousness: unlike Fodor, he argues that conceptual
processes, that is, thinking itself, can also be modular. Sperber expands the sphere
of rationality, introducing into it the half-understandable, doubtful and mysterious.
Sperber sets himself the task of combining together a modular view of conceptual
thinking and a naturalistic (materialistic) view of human culture, which he develops
under the name “epidemiology of representations”.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was prepared with the support of the Interdisciplinary Scientific
and Educational School of Moscow University “Preservation of the world cultural and
historical heritage”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Dan Sperber

value: philosophy of culture

value: epidemiology of representations

value: cognitive psychology

value: cultural dynamics

value: cultural translation

value: cultural studies

dc.title

value: Dan Sperber’s philosophy of culture

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Ivanenko, Anton А.

value: Kryukova, Kseniya V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ivanenko A. A., Kryukova K. V. “The Wissenschaftslehre 1804 (2)” of J. G. Fichte in the context of the history of philosophy. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 165–180. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.111 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article highlights the content, structure and terminology of one of the central
works of the classic of German idealism J. G. Fichte — “The second course of lectures
on the Wissenschaftslehre of 1804” (“The Wissenschaftslehre of 1804 (2)”). Despite
such a high significance of this work, it has almost never been the subject of detailed
consideration in the domestic research tradition. The reason for this state of affairs is
the interweaving of its problems in the context of disputes of the late 18th — early 19th
centuries on methodological and substantive principles of philosophy as a science.
The complex structure of “The Wissenschaftslehre 1804 (2)” and its unique terminology
cannot be deciphered without reference to the specified context. As a result of a comparative analysis of the works of the main opponents of science teaching at that
time — F. W. J. Schelling and G. W. F. Hegel — preceding its appearance with the texts
of Fichte, the article establishes that the main problems aimed at solving the text of
the second course of lectures on the Wissenschaftslehre in 1804 are the problems
of introducing absolute philosophy into the point of view and demonstrating the
principle of Wissenschaftslehre as free from the opposition of subject and object,
thinking and being. Fichte does not recognize the validity of the accusation of his
philosophy in subjectivism and himself, in turn, reveals the one-sided objectivism of
the “philosophy of identity” of Schelling and Hegel. In this regard, the article manages
to establish that the structure of “The Wissenschaftslehre 1804 (2)” includes
4 parts: from 1 to 14 lectures (rise to the point of view of science), 15 lecture (presentation
of the principle of science), from 16 to 27 lecture (establishing the beginning
of the difference in absolute unity) and 28 lecture (doctrine of the phenomenon of
absolute). At the same time, it is proved that the “The Wissenschaftslehre 1804 (2)”
has not undergone fundamental changes in comparison with its first expositions,
and the changes that take place concern only the way of presenting the Wissenschaftslehre
to readers and listeners, as well as its secondary part (“the doctrine of the
phenomenon”).

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research,
project number 20-011-00746 “A Philosophy and theology in German classical idealism:
a history of interaction and interpenetration.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

dc.subject

value: classical German philosophy

value: J. G. Fichte

value: subjective idealism

value: absolute idealism

value: philosophy of identity

value: G. W. F. Hegel

value: F. W. J. Schelling


dc.contributor.author

value: Melnikov, Sergey A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Melnikov S. A. Heraclitus, fr. 94 Mch. (22 B 119 DK), and some aspects of ancient demonology. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 126– 135. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.108 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The work is devoted to the analysis of one of the most important, despite the brevity,
fragments of Heraclitus of Ephesus (fr. 94 Mch. = 22 B 119 DK). Particular attention
is paid to the consideration of the historical and conceptual meanings of the term
daimôn. The article traces the relationship of the philosophical teachings of Socrates
and Heraclitus in the light of their extraordinary identification of the spheres of ethical
issues and a specially interpreted demonology. In particular, it is noted that in the
fate and thinking of both Heraclitus and Socrates, one can consistently observe the
clash of popular religion and generally accepted ethics with a new experience of an
inner inalienable life, conditioned by the requirements of self-knowledge, personal
morality and personal responsibility. It is suggested that the meaning of the ethical
statement of Heraclitus, with some reservations, corresponds to a number of the
most significant provisions of the so-called “New ethics”, in the style of the teachings
of E. Neumann. To fill in the missing or unobvious links in the chain of Heraclitean
reasoning about human morals, this work for the first time uses a text that has not
previously attracted the attention of specialists, namely: Cornelii Nepotis Vita Attici,
11, 6 & 19, 1.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Heraclitus

value: Socrates

value: new ethics

value: daimôn

value: Cornelius Nepos

value: ancient comedy

value: Montaigne


title: J. Butler and P. Strawson on resentment

dc.contributor.author

value: Loginov, Evgeny V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Loginov E. V. J. Butler and P. Strawson on resentment. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 282–297. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.118 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
Resentment is one of the most important morally significant phenomena. It is therefore
not surprising that it has attracted much attention from moral philosophers. This
paper explores two approaches to the philosophical conception of resentment. The first was developed in Early Modern by Joseph Butler. The second was proposed in
the mid-twentieth century by P. Strawson. Butler offered his ideas about the nature of
resentment within the framework of preaching, which, however, does not mean that
the theological context of his argumentation subordinates its philosophical content.
Butler’s theory is closely related to his ideas about human nature as something holistic:
we need resentment to balance another moral emotion, compassion. Butler also
distinguished two kinds of resentment: sudden and deliberate. Strawson, for his part,
presented his views on the nature of resentment in an academic lecture, which was
then published as an article. His reasoning concerns the relation between freedom,
moral reactions, and determinism. Strawson attempts to show that our conception
of freedom is closely tied to practices of moral responsibility, the existence of which
has nothing to do with determinism. A key point of his argument is the claim that we
should stop over-intellectualizing moral experience. If we abandon the intellectualist
illusion, we will see in the factuality of moral practices something more than mere
factuality. Everything that is necessary for morality is already there, in moral practice
itself: desert, resentment, justice, etc. If one realizes this fact, the problem of free will
is solved. I conclude this paper by comparing Butler’s and Strawson’s approaches.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant 21-78-
10044, https://rscf.ru/project/21-78-10044/.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Philosophy of the History of Philosophy;Volume 2

dc.subject

value: Butler

value: Strawson

value: resentment

value: freedom

value: human nature

dc.title

value: J. Butler and P. Strawson on resentment

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Rozova, Ekaterina O.

value: Myagkova, Olga S.

value: Kobrinets, Maria A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rozova E. O., Myagkova O. S., Kobrinets M. A. Emmanuel Mounier and Nikolai Berdyaev: Personalistic critique of civilization. Philosophy of the History of Philosophy, 2021, vol. 2, рр. 331–347. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2021.121 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the main lines of criticism of civilization within personalism.
Basis of Berdyaev’s and Mounier’s criticism of society and their disagreements on this
issue are identified through сomparison of their views. Such an analysis would have
been impossible without reference to their texts of different periods: to the works of
Mounier “Refaire la Renaissance” (1932), “Personalist and Community Revolution”
(1935), “A Personalist Manifesto” (1936), “Personalism” (1949), as well as to Berdyaev’s
texts “The Truth and Lie of Communism” (1931), “Christianity and the Class
Struggle” (1931), “On Social Personalism” (1933), etc. Civilization as a subject of personalist
thinking is necessarily explored at several levels. Firstly, the article analyzes
the relationship between the concepts of personality and society and postulates the
primacy of the personality as fundamental for European personalism. Secondly, the
political dimension deserves separate consideration, which in the works of Munier
and Berdyaev has an ambiguous status. Criticizing this or that social system, both
authors approach to the search for some third way. Various characteristics of this
way reveal themselves in the projects of the coming civilization, namely in the “New
Middle Ages” by Berdyaev and “New Renaissance” by Mounier. However, they cannot
be defined only as political, and a third level reveals itself in the personalistic
criticism of civilization, associated with calls for a spiritual revolution and the moralistic
nature of the requirements for the future society of “new humanism”.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The publication was carried out with the support of the Interdisciplinary Scientific
and Educational School of Moscow University “Preservation of the world cultural and
historical heritage”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State Universityp

dc.subject

value: personalism

value: civilization

value: E. Munier

value: personality

value: N. А. Berdyaev

value: New Renaissance

value: New Middle Ages