dc.contributor.author

value: MOLCHANOV, VICTOR

dc.identifier.citation

value: MOLCHANOV V. EPOCHE AND ANXIETY. NEUTRALIZATION OF THE WORLD OR THE IMITATION OF EXPERIENCE?. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 11–26.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article discusses Husserl’s “epoche” and “phenomenological reduction” and early Heidegger’s
“fear” and “anxiety” from a conceptual and terminological point of view. The basis for comparing
“epoche” and “fear” is their main function of neutralizing the world. The author also considers the way
of correlating the epoche and anxiety as philosophical concepts with three types of realizable experience
that served as their source. The main points and stages of the introduction of the term “epoche”
are highlighted; the main functional differences between the terms “epoche” and “phenomenological
reduction” in various works of Husserl are indicated. A number of Husserl’s attempts to transform the
methodological principles put forward by him into a description of a special experience of detachment,
accessible through moral efforts, courage and honesty, are considered. In this regard, the transformation
of Cartesian doubt into the procedure of “epoche” through the artificial procedure of “attempt
at doubt” is analyzed. Three types of restrictions on the universality of the epoche are distinguished.
Terminological and meaningful relationships between neutralization as a mode of consciousness and
the epoche are considered. Two main differences are revealed, with the help of which Husserl tries to
transform principles into experience: the difference between positional and neutral consciousness (primary
and shadow one) and the difference between an epoche and a quasi-epoche. Husserl’s interpretation
of the epoche and reduction as a special experience has two main sources: first, the experience of
the imagination, or fantasy, and in this sense the source of the epoche is the quasi-epoche, and not vice
versa. Secondly, the postulate of the identity of sensation from the real and illusory object. Heidegger’s distinction between fear and anxiety is critically analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion that a
common source of the phenomena of anxiety, fear, horror, fright, and so on consists in the collision and
mutual penetration of various human worlds. It is impossible to distance oneself from this diversity;
further, it is the true source of philosophical reflection.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 20-011-00842
“Formation and Transformation of Concepts in Phenomenological Philosophy. History of Terms
and Discussions.”

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: epoche

value: quasi-epoche

value: anxiety

value: neutralization

value: world

value: experience

value: doubt

value: attempt at doubt

value: transformation


dc.contributor.author

value: FOMIN, ANTON

value: FROLOV, ALEXANDER

dc.identifier.citation

value: FOMIN A, FROLOV A. THE PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION OF W. BONZIPEN’S ARTICLE “HEGEL’S DOCTRINE OF SPACE AND TIME, PRESENTED ON THE BASIS OF TWO REVISED LECTURE NOTES”. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 298–305.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the genesis of Hegel’s philosophy of nature. It shows us that the formation of
the natural philosophical views of the German philosopher took place not only in a speculative way, in
the critical reception of Schelling’s works, but, first of all and for the most part, was predetermined by
Hegel’s own interest in natural science and acquaintance with some prominent scientists of that time.
The focus of the paper is on the evolution of the first part of Hegel’s natural philosophy: the doctrine
of space and time as it presented in some excerpts from two revised lecture notes on the philosophy of
nature, read by Hegel in the winter semester of 1821/1822 at the University of Berlin and published as
an appendix to the article by Bonzipen. In his article, Bonzipen provides historical information on the
fate of these texts, raises the question of their authorship, gives a general outline of Hegel’s thought, and
also compares both texts with the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. From his
point of view, the revised notes allow partly to illustrate, partly to fill in some gaps in the dialectic of
two forms of abstract appearance known on the basis of the Encyclopedia. Bonzipen notes that Hegel’s
speculative consideration of space and time is complemented by a discussion with the history of philosophy
and the history of mathematics. While reproaching traditional mathematics for being fixed on the
quantitative aspect of reality, which does not allow to fully resolve the contradiction between space and
time, Hegel at the same time refuses to attempt to build philosophical mathematics that focuses on the consideration of the qualitative certainty of the moments of space and time, declaring that although it
is solvable, it is an extremely time-consuming task. This refusal becomes a turning point in the further
development of the dialectical doctrine of space and time.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 11; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: Hegel

value: philosophy of nature

value: nature

value: dialectic

value: time

value: space

value: ontology

dc.type

value: Article

filename: 14_Fomin, Frolov.pdf

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: VAVILOV, ANTON

dc.identifier.citation

value: VAVILOV A. THE PROBLEM OF A PRIORI IN FUNDAMENTAL ONTOLOGY: A PRIORI PERFECT AND THE EXISTENTIAL-TEMPORAL CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 141–169.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Based on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger the article presents the possibility of actualizing Heidegger’s
main question about the meaning of Being in the context of the analysis of so-called “a priori
perfect.” During the development of fundamental ontology in the second half of the 1920s, Heidegger
ponders the approach to Being in the history of philosophy and identifies such a feature of Being as a
priori, a kind of antecedence of Being in relation to being. Although tradition invariably understands
Being in this way, in it, according to Heidegger, the question is no longer raised either about the sense
of such antecedence, or about the temporal basis of this sense, and therefore a priori as the essential
character of Being is left in total oblivion. We suggest that it is the problematization of apriority in its
temporal origin that can contribute to resolving Heidegger’s fundamental philosophical question of
time as the transcendental horizon of any concept of Being that precedes being. In this precedence
there is a cherished temporal moment, the comprehension of which allows us to develop the “basic
question of metaphysics” about the relationship of Being and time in a more concrete way than Heidegger’s
four main themes of the question of Being: the ontological difference; the basic articulation
of Being (essentia/existentia); the truth-character of Being; the possible modifications of Being and the
unity of Being’s variety. Revealing a priori question as the central question of all Heideggers thinking
before the “Turn” we attempt to update this question and justify the need for its renewal on the basis of
a fundamental ontology. With this task we relate the question of the essence of philosophy in general
in its existential-temporal concept since philosophy appears as a temporality-based possible of the
questioning return to the “earlier”: to the essential structures of being, knowledge, Being, Dasein. Our analysis is based on the following decisions: (1) Being in relation to being is always pre-understood as
“earlier,” and in this understanding a temporal definition operates, hence the main question of fundamental
ontology about the relation of Being and time can be developed or at least clarified through the
problem of meaning of a priori. (2) The question of the meaning of the “earlier” and of the temporal
basis for understanding Being as “earlier,” a priori, is concretized into the question of the conditions
for the possibility of any ontology, including the fundamental ontology, which raises the question of
the earlier in relation to Being and therefore “lives” in the light of the understanding of the “earlier” as
such. (3) This reflexive foundation of the fundamental ontology from itself is a necessary stage on the
way of developing its project, if we remember that the main “duty” of the philosopher is to clarify “our
inner nature” for the sake of opening the boundaries and conditions of the possibility of philosophy.
The conclusion is that the possibilities of fundamental ontology in making sense of Being, time, and
philosophy in general are far from exhausted, but await the questions that actualize them and new
readings that allow to see the hidden richness of Heidegger’s thought.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: a priori

value: perfect

value: questioning

value: fundamental ontology

value: Being

value: Dasein

value: Heidegger


dc.contributor.author

value: KOMAROV, SERGEI

value: KHOMUTOVA, DARYA

dc.identifier.citation

value: KOMAROV S., KHOMUTOVA D. TEMPORALITY OF THE “POROUS SELF” BY J. RIVERA. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 248–275.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the philosophical concept of the “porous self ” of J. Rivera. The originality of this
concept in the post-phenomenological project is determined by the role of theological constructions
that modify the primal experience of self-consciousness. This modification allows us to interpret the
phenomenological description of the human self as different from the classical — “porous” temporality,
i.e., correlating through “two entrances” — the internal and external — with eternity. Within this
approach, the primary phenomenon of the constitution of the “porous” self becomes the inner word
(Verbum interior), which in the appeal to eternity turns out to be the original self-awareness of the self
as a temporality. The secondary phenomenon of the constitution of the “porous” self is not the mundane
temporality of M. Heidegger, but Epektasis as an intense striving towards the end of time in General.
The worldly temporality of the self, transformed by faith, is phenomenologically revealed as open
to eternity in each of its moments. The third phenomenon of the temporality of the self is Memoria,
whose interpretation reveals how the structure of the inner consciousness of time by E. Husserl can be
framed ontologically and harmoniously integrated into the theological concept. The article shows how,
based on this understanding of both the internal and external openness of the “porous” self for eternity,
the integral structure of its temporality is formed. The temporality of the porous self is a modification
of Husserl’s time diagrams and the intertwining of two streams of temporality at the same time from
past to future and from future to past, which itself constitutes a phenomenal field of events of self. This
understanding of temporality sets new perspectives for the phenomenological analysis of subjectivity.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 11; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: porous self

value: double entry

value: retention

value: protention

value: memory

value: Augustine

value: Husserl

value: interiority

value: exteriority

value: double intentionality

dc.title

filename: 12_Komarov, Khomutova.pdf


dc.contributor.author

value: DROZHETSKAYA, ELENA

dc.identifier.citation

value: DROZHETSKAYA E. THE PARADOXES OF ANALOGICAL REPRESENTATION: THE ORIGINAL AND A COPY IN PHENOMENOLOGICAL IMAGINATION THEORY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 208–228.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article deals with a phenomenological standpoint on paradoxicality of image-consciousness
(imagination), i.e., an analogical representation in which an image possesses material support. Contrary
to tradition, E. Husserl thought of imagination as being both an intuitive and a mediate act.
Husserl’s opinion results from paradoxical nature of an image itself: an image (Bildobjekt) appears but
it doesn’t exist, while the exhibited thing (Bildsujet) does exist but doesn’t appear in proper sense. The
paradoxicality of an image results in its double conflict — with actual present and with Bildsujet. Initially,
Husserl considered that the more analogous features an image possesses the less conflict exists
between it and Bildsujet, but then his own experience made him change his mind. Examining a wax
figure example, he came to the conclusion that this perfectly human-like object is rather a fiction (an
illusion) than an image for it is constituted in a position-taking intention, not in a neutralized one.
However, despite we’ve got knowledge of illusory nature of such an object our consciousness keeps
on fluctuating between an imaging intention and a perceptual one. Unlike Husserl neither J.-P. Sartre
nor M. Richir draws a distinction between an image and an illusion. Sartre considers the imaginary
in its radical form to be a world of schizophrenic. As for Richir, he supposes the imaginary to be a
mass-consumption product being used for ideological manipulations. He follows Plato’s intellectual
strategy and characterizes an image as εἴδωλον (simulacre) which represents the reality instead of
reaching it. Being saturated by visible an image lacks any gap that would give an impulse to a work
of imagination. At the same time, Richir admits that simulacre does relate to art, whereas an artefact
doesn’t. An artefact is made by technical device which imitates not reality but consciousness. Thus,
an artefact in its turn is not a reality illusion but an illusion of a reality illusion. Its hallucinatory effect
makes us believe that we look into a mirror of reality as if a technical agent had better access to it than
a human eye does.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: image consciousness

value: imagination

value: imaginary

value: analogical representation

value: Bildobjekt

value: Bildsujet

value: simulacre

value: artefact

value: illusion

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: STOVBA, ALEXEY

dc.identifier.citation

value: STOVBA A. THE PHENOMENON OF EREIGNIS IN MARTIN HEIDEGGER’S PHILOSOPHY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 276–297.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the reasoning of the „Ereignis“ phenomenon in the philosophy of M. Heidegger.
It is worth to emphasize that one of the main trends in contemporary philosophy is an attempt of
creation of new–non-substantial–ontology. The very specificity of such ontology lies in the fact that
classical substance is replaced by the dynamical configuration of sense, which is not “purely theoretical”
but “ontological” in its core. “Ontological” means, in fact, that it is impossible to separate the mode
of Being of phenomena from the process of thinking about them. Heidegger’s philosophy was one of
the first attempts to create such ontology. It is worth to point out the three steps of the Heidegger’s
studies of Being. The first, “fundamental-ontological” step is characterized primarily through the “ontological
difference” between Being and entity, when the phenomenon of time represents by itself their
hidden basis. During the second, “radical-ontological” period, Heidegger has already carried out his
famous “turn.” In compliance with this “turn,” the truth of Being, die Lichtung, substitutes time as the
“pre-ontological” basement of Being. In this case, Being itself transforms into the Event, „Ereignis“. On
the third, “post-ontological” stage of studies the focal point of Heidegger’s thought is “post-ontological
difference” between the Being of entity and Being itself. On this stage both Being and time are rooted in
the phenomenon of „Ereignis“. The latter has been now transformed from being a “simple Event” into a
“matter of fact” (the new interpretation of the Husserl’s famous „die Sache selbst“) as the alternation of
the “disclosedness” and “concealness” of Being and time. In this case, „Ereignis“ is not quasi-substantial
basement of Being, time or entity but it shows itself as its “Beginning” („Anfang“), when the Truth
of Being is replaced by the dynamical sense configuration of the event, i.e., a “matter of fact.” Thus,
Heidegger has conceptually created a new type of thnon-substantial ontology, the core of which is the
phenomenon of „Ereignis“ as the dynamical singular configuration of the temporal-ontological sense
of the Event itself.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 11; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: ontology

value: dynamical configuration of sense

value: ontological difference

value: post-ontological difference

value: event

value: matter of fact


title: PHENOMENOLOGY OF POLITICAL ACTION

dc.contributor.author

value: SOBOLEVA, MAJA

dc.identifier.citation

value: SOBOLEVA M. PHENOMENOLOGY OF POLITICAL ACTION. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 402–420.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article focuses on a phenomenological study of political action. The analysis includes three directions:
the concept of action, paradigms that determine political actions, and the purpose of action. In
the analysis of action, I first use the distinction between the concepts of “act” and “operate.” “To act”
means a conscious, deliberate, rational action. In contrast, “operate” means to behave unconsciously,
mechanically or automatically, passively or instinctively. The political implications of the distinction
between an “acting” and “operating” person can be formulated in the terms “freedom of action” and
“coercion to operate,” and the latter can be used as a criterion for determining the type of social system,
as well as for evaluating the correlated psychological state of society. As the next step, I analyse
the action as a process and a result. I argue that in the social sphere, action appears as the sum of these
moments, and the social sphere is a derivate of action. The last aspect of the analysis of action is responsibility.
I claim that responsibility can be interpreted as the awareness and recognition by the individual
of her role in history. The second part of the work is the study of paradigms and rules of political action
in so-called open and closed societies. I claim that political action within the framework of an open
society is limited only by legislation. In a closed society, political action is practically impossible: citizens
do not act, but “operate” since there are no conditions for actions. After that, I analyse the role of
social myths as a factor affecting people’s political activities. In the last part, I analyse the ultimate goal
of political action. Traditionally, political philosophy assumes that the goals of politics are exhausted
by the problems of relationship between the state and the individual. However, based on the theory of
Hannah Arendt, it is possible to formulate the task of political action as the achievement of humanism
in a human being, taken not in her relation to the state but in relation to herself. I argue that the minimal
political action that can be qualified as humanism consists of the ability and courage to use one’s
own mind.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: political action

value: act

value: operate

value: responsibility

value: paradigms of action

value: social myth

value: purpose of action

value: humanism

dc.title

value: PHENOMENOLOGY OF POLITICAL ACTION


dc.contributor.author

value: SHIYAN, ANNA

dc.identifier.citation

value: SHIYAN A. VASILI SESEMAN’S TRANSCENDENTAL THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE: BETWEEN PHENOMENOLOGY AND NEO-KANTIANISM. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 170–189.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article considers the theory of cognition of the Russian and Soviet philosopher Vasily Seseman
(1884–1963) in its relation to the main philosophical orientations in early 20th-century: phenomenology,
neokantianism, and intuitionism. Seseman’s theory of cognition is interesting today because,
following the tradition of neo-Kantianism, it largely shares the principles and methods of phenomenology,
poses epistemological problems that were not explicitly formulated by Edmund Husserl, and
offers solutions that are relevant today. The article highlights a common thematic field combining
phenomenology, neo-Kantianism, and intuitionism. This field is set by the initial subject-object cognitive
attitude, the desire to identify the conditions for the possibility of cognition, the recognition of the
presence of a non-linguistic level of knowledge. Moving in this unified theoretical cognitive context of
the early twentieth century, Seseman offers his own solution to the following problems: defining the
subject of cognition, developing the method of intuition in general and in relation to the contemplation
of essence, distinguishing between objective and non-objective attitudes and using this distinction to
describe different types of cognition, thematizing the irrational in cognition, and understanding the
judgment and its role in the final formation of cognition. Seseman believes that the cognition of reality
is preceded by the perception of its objects. He diverges from the Neo-Kantians, who claim that
the objects of cognition are formed only in judgment, and holds a position than Husserl, according to
whom we perceive the world around us already objectively. However, unlike Husserl, Seseman does not
recognize the cognitive nature of perception and argues that knowledge begins with a reflexive fixation
of the object of cognition. The cognition of an individual object is embodied in a judgment in which
the relation of the object to its environment is fixed and the object is defined as a unique combination
of universal properties. Finally, it is shown that the solution of epistemological questions inevitably
leads Seseman to ontological issues.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 18-011-01234
“The Principle of Transcendentalism in Russian Philosophy (XIX–XX centuries).”

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 11; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: transcendentalism

value: phenomenology

value: neo-Kantianism

value: theory of cognition

value: subject of cognition

value: given consciousness

value: judgment

value: essence

value: Seseman

dc.type

value: Article


title: WITTGENSTEIN’S DISAPPEARING IDEALISM

dc.contributor.author

value: ROGONYAN, GARRIS

dc.identifier.citation

value: ROGONYAN G. WITTGENSTEIN’S DISAPPEARING IDEALISM. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 229–247.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines some well-known attempts to consider Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations
in the context of transcendental idealism. The main purpose of these attempts is to protect
Wittgenstein’s later philosophy from the relativistic interpretation of such concepts a “language games”
and “forms of life.” Thus, Bernard Williams, noting the ambiguity of the pronoun “we” in Philosophical
Investigations, believes that such a “we” has a transcendental rather than empirical character. This
approach allows Williams to argue that there is no meaningful alternative to the general perspective
on the world that is embodied in this “we.” However, the main disadvantage of this approach is that
Williams views such a “we” in much the same way as a conceptual schema. However, as many authors
point out, this idea does not find its confirmation in the later works of Wittgenstein. Jonathan Lear, in
turn, suggests that we should consider such a non-empirical “we” as a special kind of “mindedness.”
Such a mindedness could be considered as analogous to a Kant’s analytical principle of apperception.
Lear believes that it is this principle that gives meaningful unity to human behaviour and makes possible
any communication with other people. Following Williams and trying to correct the shortcomings
of his position, Lear proposes to consider the ambiguous status of “we” in Philosophical Investigations as
an argument in favour of the “disappearance” of the transcendental “we,” and with it the disappearance
of the threat of relativism. John McDowell, however, agreeing with the need to get rid Wittgenstein’s
philosophy of relativistic interpretations, critically assesses the idea of using transcendental idealism
for this purpose. Instead, McDowell proposes to return to Hegel’s thesis about the unboundedness of
the conceptual, which makes it unnecessary to appeal to the transcendental justification of harmony
between reason and the world. The article, therefore, also examines McDowell’s arguments against
attributing to Wittgenstein any versions of transcendental idealism.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The publication was prepared within the framework of the Academic Fund Program at the HSE
University in 2020–2021 (grant No. 20-01-030).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Ludwig Wittgenstein

value: Bernard Williams

value: Jonathan Lear

value: John McDowell

value: transcendental idealism

value: relativism

value: language games

value: forms of life

dc.title

value: WITTGENSTEIN’S DISAPPEARING IDEALISM


title: SESEMAN’S “PURE KNOWLEDGE” CONCEPT

dc.contributor.author

value: BELOV, VLADIMIR

dc.identifier.citation

value: BELOV V. SESEMAN’S “PURE KNOWLEDGE” CONCEPT. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 190–207.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Although the concept of “pure knowledge” is one of the most interesting and singular concepts in the
philosophical work of Vasily Seseman (1884–1963), it can only be presented after a comprehensive
analysis of the philosopher’s numerous works devoted to ontological, epistemological and logical problems.
Seseman believes that the main philosophical trends at the beginning of the twentieth century,
namely neo-Kantianism, intuitionism and phenomenology, could not present this concept, although
they did try. According to the philosopher, the main reason for the inability of neo-Kantianism, intuitionism
and phenomenology to start talking about pure knowledge is their inability to assert the
essential difference between objective and non-objective knowledge. Seseman pays special attention
when substantiating his concept of “pure knowledge” to the difference between his approach and that
of the founder of modern phenomenology. The philosopher points out that even Husserl, who concentrated
attention on the specifics of inner experience, puts this specific, in the end, in dependence
on the process of cognition and reflection, completely ignoring its ontological foundations. While pure
knowledge, according to Seseman, is neither non-objective, nor objective knowledge, nor non-objective,
nor objective being, it, in fact, is non-knowledge and non-being. It is precisely this understanding
by the philosopher of this phenomenon that allows him to characterize pure knowledge as premiseless
and limitless and, in general, as free from any ontological or epistemological determinations. However,
on the other hand, Seseman insists that the phenomenon of pure knowledge has the meaning of not
just a regulatory idea, an infinitely distant ideal, but also a real constitutive meaning, as a principle that
reveals and determines the human striving for knowledge as an interconnected and necessary process
that ascends from the onto-gnoseological stage of non-objective knowledge to the epistemological, and
then the logical stage of objective knowledge.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This study was supported by a subsidy allocated for the implementation of the Program to improve
the competitiveness of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 11; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: pure knowledge

value: attitude

value: phenomenology

value: intuitionism

value: experience

value: phenomenon

value: objective and non-objective knowledge

value: SESEMAN’S “PURE KNOWLEDGE” CONCEPT


dc.contributor.author

value: HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH

dc.identifier.citation

value: HEGEL G. W. F. LECTURES ON PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE FROM THE WINTER SEMESTER 1821/22, REPRESENTED ON THE BASIS OF TWO ANONYMOUS REVISED LECTURE NOTES. FRAGMENTS. THE DOCTRINE OF SPACE AND TIME. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 343–378.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: YAKOVLEV, KIRILL

dc.identifier.citation

value: YAKOVLEV K. AURELIEN DJIAN. HUSSERL ET L’HORIZON COMME PROBLEME. UNE CONTRIBUTION A L’HISTOIRE DE LA PHENOMENOLOGIE. Lille: Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2021. ISBN-102757433296. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 466–482.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In his book, Aurelien Djian investigates the history of the concept of horizon in the evolution of Husserl’s
thought. Addressing the most fundamental concerns of phenomenology, Djian redefines the horizon
considering themes such as coherence of experience, the reality of the world, and motivation.
He suggests an approach to exploring the horizon grounded in a detailed analysis of Thing and Space
lectures. A significant conclusion of Djians’s book is that the origin of the horizon should not be attributed
to Ideas I, but to these lectures. This discovery is not only of historical significance, but also opens
up a new perspective on relations between the world, the incompleteness of external experience, and
the fluidity of attention. Djian denies Saulius Geniusas’ interpretation of “halo” and “background” as
psychological opposites of the horizon, which functions in the domain of ontology. These phenomena
are given as elements of experience temporarily left by attention, connected with actual ones. The consciousness
of unfulfilled potentialities of experience ensures the coherence of experience, making the
transition from actual to potential seamless. This paper covers Djian’s conclusions and part of his work
that goes beyond the content of the book. We also try to contextualize Djian’s research and show the
history of studies of the horizon in the philosophy of Edmund Husserl.

dc.subject

value: horizon

value: motivation

value: halo

value: style

value: hermeneutic phenomenology

value: Edmund Husserl

value: Saulius Geniusas


dc.contributor.author

value: GENIUSAS, SAULIUS

dc.identifier.citation

value: GENIUSAS S. WAR AS A PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEME: METHODOLOGICAL AND METAPHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 379–401.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper is guided by three goals. First, it shows that the methodological standpoint of classical Husserlian
phenomenology provides us with reliable tools to resist the grand narratives that proliferate
during times of war. Second, it demonstrates that phenomenology provides much-needed methodological
support for hermeneutically-oriented reflections on war. Third, it shows how the gruesome
reality of World War One introduced a practical turn in Husserl’s phenomenology by forcing Husserl to
rethink the relation between phenomenology and metaphysics. Tracing the development of phenomenological
metaphysics in Husserl’s Fichte lectures (1917–1918), Kaizo articles (1923–1924) and private
correspondence, the paper shows that, in response to war, Husserl deliberately chose not to engage in
straightforward reflections on war, but instead to write about the prospects of peace. Reflections on
cultural renewal necessitated him to rethink phenomenology as practical philosophy. The entanglement
of praxis and theoria in Husserlian phenomenology relies upon the establishment of a metaphysically-
grounded conceptual bond that ties reason to love and faith, which in its own turn suggests that a
human being is not merely animal rationale, but also animal amans and animal religiosum. Ultimately, the possibility of cultural renewal relies upon a metaphysical broadening of Husserl’s conception of
philosophy as rigorous sciences.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 11; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: war

value: phenomenology

value: hermeneutics

value: metaphysics

value: phenomenological method

value: cultural renewal

value: love

value: faith

value: reason


dc.contributor.author

value: BOJANIĆ, PETAR

dc.identifier.citation

value: BOJANIĆ P. THOMAS HOBBES ON BETRAYAL OF THE FATHERLAND (IN WAR). Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 421–440.

dc.description.abstract

value:
My intention is to demonstrate how Hobbes’ attempts to adapt two ancient institutions from Roman
Law to his own time and knowledge of theology and philosophy. Treason (and the figure of the traitor)
could be quite significant within the context of Hobbes’ (but not only his) understanding of the figure
of the sovereign and sovereignty. The central part of the text is an endeavor to ascertain the source and
unconditional condition for treason as such, within the framework of Hobbes’ theory of representation
(representatio) which he writes about in Chapter 16 of the Leviathan. The act or performance in which we
could perhaps recognize a traitorous gesture (or the dynamic of treason) could be found in the so-called
paradox of representation. The “traitor” breaks the chain of the transfer of power and empowerment,
thus stops representation, and puts an end to speaking in the name of the other. If it is possible to discover
whether this is possible and whether speaking and acting in one’s own name always carries elements of
treason, then we can conclude that differing forms of “direct” speech and action (“in one’s own name”)
are “acts of treason.” In that case, what interests me is whether “treason” is found within the heart of representative democracy, and thus if it is de facto an integral part of a democratic order and society.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: treason

value: betrayal

value: representation

value: sovereign

value: people

value: Thomas Hobbes

value: homeland

dc.title

value: Article


title: CAUSES OF WAR

dc.contributor.author

value: TRAWNY, PETER

dc.identifier.citation

value: TRAWNY P. CAUSES OF WAR. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 441–454.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Since the beginning of its history philosophy deals with the question for the meaning of war. This question,
however, was always understood as the question for the causes of war: Why is there war? Where does
it come from? The article presupposes that only this question and the attempts to respond to it can shed
light onto the interpretation of the historical reality of war, which is finally the only reason to reflect on
its causation. The article refers to a set of notions and texts, which belong to a discourse on war unfolding
through the centuries of European thinking. These notions are: contradictions (Heraclitus), body (Plato),
justice (nature) (Cicero), nature (Hobbes), right (Hegel), politics (Clausewitz), and morals (C. Schmitt).
Even if this sequence is only one possible sequence of the philosophical reflection on warfare, I consider
it to be one of greater importance. We see, how a plurality of causes creates a context, in which we could
try to analyze actual events: For it is evident that no war has only one reason. And the article has finally
one other intention, namely to show that probably every possible sequence of causes of war will have the
same consequence. This con-sequence will be the final destruction of the world, the coming of the ash.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 11; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: war

value: pólemos

value: sōma

value: bellum iustum

value: bellum omnium in omnes

value: freedom

value: absolute war

value: absolute hostility

value: CAUSES OF WAR


dc.contributor.author

value: SIDOROV, ALEKSEY

dc.identifier.citation

value: SIDOROV A. LUIS AGUIAR DE SOUSA, ANA FALCATO (ED.) PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO INTERSUBJECTIVITY AND VALUES. London: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3482-0, (13): 978-1-5275-3482-7. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2022, vol. 11 issue 1, pp. 455–465.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The review is devoted to a joint monograph of Phenomenological Approaches to Intersubjectivity and
Values published in 2019. The peculiarity and novelty of this monograph is that it is devoted not so
much to the cognitive and epistemological aspects of phenomenology of intersubjectivity as to ethical,
existential and value problems of relations with the Others, presented in various phenomenological
concepts. One of the advantages of the work is the pluralistic approach, which allows the reader to get
acquainted with the solutions to the problem of intersubjectivity posed by a number of the most prominent
phenomenologists, i. e. Husserl, Scheler, Heidegger, Sartre, Marcel, Levinas and others. The book
traces the idea that emerging of the topic of intersubjectivity in phenomenology caused a socio-ethical
and axiological shift in the phenomenological movement. Considering moving of modern philosophy
towards “the intersubjective paradigm” (W. Hösle), the aim of the authors of the monograph to show
the relevance and innovation of phenomenology in discussing the problems of the Other, communication
and ethics can be assessed as a promising theoretical project. Whereas critics of the phenomenological
movement reproached “methodological solipsism” of phenomenology, which develops
Cartesian-Kantian subjectivism, a serious analysis of the works of the most prominent representatives
of the phenomenological tradition leads the authors of the monograph to the conclusion that a phenomenological
subject is social in its essence. The review draws a conclusion that the joint monograph brings into sharp focus that phenomenology is in possession of deep and diverse ways of studying the
common being of people and collectively shared values.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: intersubjectivity

value: phenomenology

value: value

value: ethics

value: Husserl

value: Scheler

value: Heidegger

value: Sartre

value: Levinas


dc.contributor.author

value: Isachenko, Tatyana M.

value: Medvedkova, Irina A.

value: Krjuchkov, Roman V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Isachenko T. M., Medvedkova I. A., Krjuchkov R. V. (2022) EU — China comprehensive investment agreement: Problems of conclusion and search for the balance of interests. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 38, iss. 1, pp. 26–64.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article is a deep analysis of the Agreement between such major partners as the European
Union and China, which is fundamentally new for the current stage of international
investment cooperation. The need in such arrangement is due to the stagnation of the world
economy, the strengthening of protectionist tendencies, the crisis of the multilateral trading
system and the strengthening of China’s position, which makes this market more and more attractive,
but requires ensuring transparent investment rules and strengthening the regulatory
component. The study is the first publication devoted to the analysis of the course and results
of the negotiation process, the authors concluded that the ability to ensure the protection of
their investors in the market of the partner’s country is the main factor in choosing a market
for investment. The authors argue that the intensification of bilateral cooperation between the
EU and China has become the most important argument for initiating negotiations on a new
agreement and striving to achieve a balance of interests, which determines the appropriate
course of negotiations. The aim of the article was to analyze the basic provisions of the investment agreement of the new format, on the basis of which the authors assessed the readiness
of the PRC and the EU to provide expanded access to foreign players, as well as identify the
main problems in terms of the current regulatory investment regimes and the possibility of
achieving a balance of interests of the largest trading partners. The research methodology is
based on a qualitative analysis of the content of individual articles and provisions, as well as
a quantitative analysis using a general equilibrium model on the example of the automotive
industry, as one of the largest and most complex sectors. The author’s assessment of the effect
of the Agreement makes it possible to update the conclusions about the advisability of forming
agreements of this format in order to achieve mutually beneficial access to each other’s
markets, as well as for third countries. This experience can be used when signing investment
agreements between other countries.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
Material prepared for use in the process of the first stage of the fundamental research work
“Transformational processes in modern international economic relations in modern conditions” (VTKGZ-
FNIR-10-22) (T. M. Isachenko).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 38; Issue 1

value: foreign direct investment

value: international investment agreements

value: international trade

value: multilateral trading system

value: regional trade agreements

value: preferential trade agreements

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Tsyganov, Alexander A.

value: Bryzgalov, Denis V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tsyganov A. A., Bryzgalov D. V. (2022) Incompleteness of information on the housing market under construction. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 38, iss. 1, pp. 113– 129.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the contradictions that have developed in the modern market for shared
construction associated with the introduction and implementation of escrow accounts. The
regulatory system that has developed in Russia by 2020 does not solve all the problems of
incomplete information when deciding on the purchase of housing. It is shown that the development
of the market for housing under construction and more effective participation of
citizens in shared construction are constrained by the incompleteness of information that
remains in the Russian primary real estate market — an insufficient level of knowledge about
the construction object, the existing mechanisms of financial guarantees for the fulfillment of
obligations by developers and about credible sources of information about their activities. It
is assumed that this “market failure” should become the subject of state regulation in terms of
creating modern information resources and a task in the policy of increasing the financial literacy
of the population. The presence and influence of incompleteness of information among
citizens — potential buyers of real estate in terms of insufficient information about the object
and possible tools for protecting investments in new construction — are proved, mechanisms
for overcoming the incompleteness of information are proposed. It was found that in modern
Russian conditions, the continuing incompleteness of information among buyers in the
shared construction market, and the dominant position of developers contributes to the preservation of citizens’ distrust in equity participation instruments and prevents the achievement
of strategic goals for the provision and affordability of housing.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: escrow account

value: compensation fund

value: developer liability insurance

value: equity participation agreement

value: shareholder

value: incompleteness of information


dc.contributor.author

value: Telezhkina, Marina S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Telezhkina M. S. (2022) Dynamics of demand for skills and industrial structure of economy: Developed and developing countries. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 38, iss. 1, pp. 65–84.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper considers changes in the structure of employment by skill level in countries. Differences
in dynamics of the shares of employed with high, medium and low skill levels is traditionally
explained by differences in exposure to routine-biased technologies, participation
in international trade, exposure to offshoring in the country. The current paper contributes
to the literature about the drivers and determinants of changes in structure of employment by
skill level considering the industrial structure to be the one of main factors. We assume that
the dynamics of employees with high, medium and low skill levels depends on the shares of
agriculture, manufacturing and service in the economy. Service industry has the largest share
of employment; it is highly competitive and prone to the growing influence of large scale technologies.
Using the data of 218 countries for the period 1989–2019 we prove that the greater
the service industry in the economy, the higher the share of employed in high skill occupations
in absolute value and relative to the share of employed in medium skill occupations. The
faster the growth of service industry, the higher the growth rate of the number of employed in
medium and high skill occupations. The share of manufacturing in GDP, the value of GDP per
capita are the significant determinants of the dependent variables. We highlight substantial
differences in the models of the structure of employment by skill level and its dynamics in the
developed and developing countries, the oil exporting countries. The research results make it
possible to identify and explain trends in structure of employment by skill level by the peculiarities
of production in economy.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 38; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: employment by skill level

value: industrial structure

value: developed countries

value: developing countries

value: panel data


dc.contributor.author

value: Safiullin, Marat R.

value: Burganov, Rafis T.

value: Burganova, Aliia R.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Safiullin M. R., Burganov R. T., Burganova A. R. (2022) Crowdsourcing as a new driver of the digital economy and a tool for harmonizing the interests of participants. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 38, iss. 1, pp. 85–112.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This study develops and complements the theoretical provisions of the scientific direction in
which crowdsourcing is considered as a “tool for solving complex problems” in terms of understanding
the processes of community formation based on interests and values. The hypothesis
of the study — understanding the nature of the processes of harmonization, complementarity
and cooperation of individual interests with social values allows us to explain the forms
and nature of the formation and development of communities and, accordingly, the specifics
of crowdsourcing processes occurring in them. The object of the study is the peculiarities of
the formation and development of communities in the digital economy. The subject is new relations
and communications in the digital economy that arise among economic entities in the
process of creating and evolving communities and crowdsourcing. The first section presents
the evolution of the definition and content of the phenomenon of “crowdsourcing” in order
to understand the nature of this new phenomenon and the most important components of its
development; the second section analyzes the essential characteristics of the basic economic
category “interest” as the basis for the emergence and development of crowdsourcing, which
made it possible to cluster interests, understand how they combine (conflict), develop motivation
and form values, determining the nature and form of crowdsourcing communication; in
the third section, on the basis of synthesis, the author’s model of the process of harmonization
of interests, value crystallization, community formation and the emergence of crowdsourcing
is developed, which allows us to consider crowdsourcing through the management paradigm and propose approaches to optimize these processes; in the fourth section, conceptual recommendations
for applying the proposed model in practice are presented. The scope of application
of the results is the development of economic science and understanding of new tools
for its evolution, increasing “inclusion” (“involvement”) in economic development through
crowdsourcing, the implementation of key projects in public policy.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: crowdsourcing

value: digitalization

value: industry 4.0

value: interests

value: state interests

value: public interests

value: corporate interests

value: personal interests

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Koval, Alexandra G.

value: Gamboa-Alder, Alejandro

value: van Gorp, Désirée Maria

value: Sutyrin, Sergei F.

value: Uriarte Sánchez, Carlos

dc.identifier.citation

value: Koval A. G., Gamboa-Alder A., van Gorp D. M., Sutyrin S. F., Uriarte Sánchez C. (2022) International trading system: Up the down staircase? St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 38, iss. 1, pp. 130–150.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The future of the international trading system under modern challenges is uncertain. The
surge of protectionism, the re-balancing of power between nations, and a recent pandemic
along with expanding digitalization demonstrate the necessity of rethinking global trade governance.
The paper aims to reveal the key challenges of modern international trading system
and provide possible ways to address them. Participants in the debate indicated that protectionism
inevitably remains in modern trade policy, although liberalization and multilateral
trade talks could provide incentives for more fair trade. The global interconnectivity in the
framework of global value chains requires a new trade agenda. It is clear that states, especially
in modern circumstances, primarily defend their national interests. However, strategically all
WTO members will benefit from the development of multilateral cooperation. The responsibility
of national policy makers and companies, especially those most powerful, is to maintain
sustainable economic development. COVID-19 made more evident the core problems of the
development of the international trading system. It has also provoked “pandemic-specific”
protectionism, which should be taken into account in future developments of global governance.
Digital technologies will certainly re-shape the modern structure of international trade,
regardless of whether it happens in a revolutionary or evolutionary manner. The globalization
leads to the digital divide among nations and the necessity to adjust the national policies. The
World Trade Organization is not obliged to cope with all these issues, but its members are.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and Chinese Academy
of Social Sciences according to the research project no. 19-510-93009.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;volume 38

dc.subject

value: international trading system

value: trade policy

value: economic development

value: pandemic


dc.contributor.author

value: Kašťáková, Elena

value: Luptáková, Anabela

value: Družbacká, Barbora

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kašťáková E., Luptáková A., Družbacká B. (2022) EU — China trade cooperation in the context of the BRI: Analysis and perspectives on different examples of the EU countries. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 38, iss. 1, pp. 3–25.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper aims to examine the EU’s foreign trade relations with China following the launch
of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assess trade intensity developments and identify the export
potential of China’s largest trading partners in the EU. We established two hypotheses:
1) in the context of the BRI, the intensity of Chinese trade to the EU was higher than the intensity
of EU trade to China during the period considered; 2) the export potential of the EU’s
most important partners to China in 2019 focused on higher value-added commodities in
the context of the BRI. We used the trade intensity index to confirm hypothese 1. In the case
of hypothese 2, the export potential indicator was used to identify products that have good
prospects for further export. The EU is China’s largest trading partner with a growing trend
in mutual trade. An examination of trade intensity has shown that trade flows between countries
have been lower than expected given the position of economies in the world economy.
German exporters recorded the highest activity, but the Netherlands recorded the highest
intensity of Chinese exports to the EU. Coetaneous, we can say that Germany, France, Italy,
and the Netherlands had the untapped export potential to China, which mainly concerned
motor vehicles and parts, machinery, and pharmaceutical components. The BRI can be seen
as a slightly positive impact on the development of trade and investment cooperation between
the EU and China.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This paper is a part of a research project of the Ministry of Education, Family and Sports of the Slovak
Republic VEGA No. 1/0039/20 “The Importance of the Eurasian Economic Union for Shaping of EU Trade
Strategies (with Implications for Slovakia)” and VEGA (in the period 2020–2022) No. 1/0777/20: “Belt and
Road initiative — opportunity or threat for the EU and Slovak export competitiveness?”

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 38; Issue 1

value: BRI

value: trade cooperation

value: foreign trade

value: trade intensity index

value: export potential


dc.contributor.author

value: Suleimanova, Aliya S.

value: Kozintcev, Mark A.

value: Obraztsov, Aleksey V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Suleimanova A. S., Kozintcev M. A., Obraztsov A. V. From the History of Turkish Popular Literature: The Novel of Peyami Safa “A Young Girl Among The Bektashi”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2022, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 141–158.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article centers around the figure of Peyami Safa, a classic of Turkish literary modernism,
and particularly around his creative activities that have not yet received enough attention in
Turkish studies in Russia, especially his contribution into Turkish mass (popular) literature.
Under examination is the story “A Young Girl Among The Bektashi”, which combines erotic,
detective, and gothic plot lines. The story was published in 1927 under the name Server Bedi, a
widely known pseudonym of Peyami Safa. In this work he manifests as a writer extremely sensitive
to the political situation, to government ideology, and to state policy. A decree aimed at
secularization of the state was issued in Turkey in 1925, according to which dervishes’ tekkes
were to be closed. Even though the struggle against “popular” forms of Islam started much
earlier, in the late 19th century, when Sultan Mahmud II took steps to eradicate the Bektashi
Order of dervishes, the Republican government was still in need of legitimizing its activities at
all levels and in all forms of social influencing, including such media as literature and fiction.
To further discredit the Alevi and Bektashi religious minorities, Peyami Safa builds his story
around (and actively uses) various misconceptions about dervishes’ customs, rituals, and religious
practices, misconceptions that were purported and widely circulated among the Sunni
Turks. The novelty of the paper lies in the fact that it gives the fullest biography of the writer
available in Russian, which, in turn, reveals major underlying reasons that determined the
author’s choice of narrative strategies. Due to Peyami Safa’s personal features that were exacerbated
by a serious disease he suffered, he failed to create a literary piece of mass literature of
the same high quality which characterizes modernism writings created under his own name.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research in the framework of the project
“Paradigmatic ‘delusions’ and their impact on culture and society”, no. 19-011-00371 A.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 14; Issue 1

value: the Bektashi

value: the Alevis

value: erotic story

value: detective story

value: gothic literature

value: misconception

value: narrative strategy

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Choe, Yong-Gi

value: Pak, Yong-Gum

dc.identifier.citation

value: Yong-Gi Choe, Yong-Gum Pak. Study on Korean Translation of Russian Idioms Related to Human Names. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2022, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 96–112.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper analyzes Russian idioms related to human names culturally and linguistically according
to their origins and describes some methods for translating them into Korean. In any national
language, idiom is one of linguistic means that enriches the vocabulary and is actively utilized with high expressiveness, brevity, and vividness in people’s everyday life. Such idioms often have
unique national and cultural qualities because they have been created from the cultural background
peculiar to the nation. Thus in teaching and learning foreign languages, it is important to
have a correct understanding of the main meaning of the idioms as well as the nation’s inherent
history, tradition, and culture and use them in conformity with the linguistic situation and occasions.
The purpose of the paper is to classify Russian idioms related to human names according
to their origins and to analyze them culturally and linguistically. Another goal is to study some
suitable Korean translation methods for representing not only the meaning of the expressions,
but also complementary national and cultural meanings contained in them. Idioms related to the
human names have stronger national coloring than other phraseological units, and therefore we
should apply certain techniques in translating them into other languages. If we translate literally,
without taking into account additional national information which these idioms have, we can’t
absolutely and perfectly convey the author’s or the speaker’s intention. This can result in misunderstanding
of elementary meanings in translation. The conclusion is that when translating idioms
related to human names, the translator must be adroit in using various translating methods
according to certain meanings of their idiomatic units, complementary cultural information, the
author’s intention, overall color of the context, and the readers’ cultural level.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: cultural linguistic

value: idiomatic equivalent

value: translation methods

value: person’s name

value: Russian phraseology

value: national and cultural nuance


dc.contributor.author

value: Sosnin, Alexey V.

value: Balakina, Julia V.

value: Kashikhin, Andrey N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ѕоsnin A. V., Baӏakina Јu. V., Kashikhin A. N. Interdependence of expert categories and automated metrics applied to evaluate translation quality. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2022, 19 (1): 125–148.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article evaluates the quality of translation; we consider the applied and pragmatic aspects
of such evaluation in the conditions of the current rapid increase in the number of texts to be
translated. The article summarizes a plethora of assessment principles, each having its merits
and drawbacks, and examines the correlation between the categories of adequacy and equivalence
as the basic assessment parameters. We conclude that equivalence is oriented towards
the result of translation, whereas adequacy indicates whether translation as process corresponds
to the communicative situation given. Adequacy is thus viewed as a discursive feature.
The article also looks into the possibility of applying these assessment criteria to automated
evaluation of translation quality, and compares the specific computer metrics or, algorithms:
Cosine Similarity, Word Error Rate, BLEU, ROUGE, NIST, METEOR. We analyze the potential
for applying these metrics to man-made rather than machine translated. The n-gram metric
for evaluation of translation with explicit ordering Meteor is the most efficient algorithm;
however, it can only be applied advantageously to formal standardized texts. The article points
out that literary translation can hardly be evaluated on the basis of n-gram correspondences
due to it characteristic feature: ample use of non-equivalent units even at the sentence level.
The purely mathematical procedures overviewed in the article cannot serve as linguistic metamodels
of assessment unless supplemented with syntactic and semantic algorithms.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 19; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: evaluation of translation quality

value: adequacy

value: equivalence

value: machine translation

value: automated metrics for evaluation of translation

value: word embedding


dc.contributor.author

value: Tolochin, Igor V.

value: Filatov, Andrei S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tolochin I. V., Filatov A. S. The value frames of culture and the problem of translation equivalence: O. Henry’s The Gift of the Magi and its Russian translation. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2022, 19 (1): 149–168.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article discusses the problem of functional equivalence in a literary text translation.
A strong case is made for what the article proposes to consider reconstructive reading as the
basic method for approaching a literary text in order to translate it. We analyze the Russian translation of O. Henry’s The Gift of the Magi, which has become part of the canon in Russian
culture. The article defines and exemplifies the mechanism of reconstructive reading, demonstrating
how identifying the points of contrast between certain phrases in the text and the
relevant value frames allows to recreate the patterns of meaning in the narrative. This serves as
the basis for understanding the function of every word in the text and for clearly experiencing
the fullness of its expressive potential. Moreover, the article demonstrates how the translation
of O. Henry’s story loses any meaningful connection to the original, distorting and trivializing
it. The reason for this failure is identified as the lack of attention to the key elements in
the original text, which establish the contrasting relationship between the text and the clearly
marked value frames. We stress that the well-established mistranslation of the original text has
forced Russian literary critics to come up with erroneous interpretations of that short story.
The conclusion points out the significance of practicing reconstructive reading as a prerequisite
for translation in order to avoid creating translations that may create misunderstandings
between cultures.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The study is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project number 20-312-90014).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: translation

value: reconstructive reading

value: value judgment

value: frame semantics

value: value conflict

dc.title

value: Article


title: Narratology and ethics

dc.contributor.author

value: Tiupa, Valerij I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tiupa V. I. Narratology and ethics. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2022, 19 (1): 29–44.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the little-studied narratological category of “ethos” of narration, introduced
into narratology by the developing “neorhetoric”. The author assumes that contemporary
narratology has as its subject the formation and retranslation of the event experience of
personal presence in the world. The article argues that the ethical potential of narratology
lies not in the discussion of moral values, but in the identification of moral dominants to
which a particular narrative corresponds. This aspect of narrative practices, first proposed
by Paul Ricoeur, is examined in the historical perspective of the formation and change of the
dominant narrative pictures of the world in culture: precedent, imperative, occasional (adventurous),
and probabilistic. This makes it possible to identify four basic ethos — peace, duty,
desire, and conscience — in the course of the historically natural (phasic) emergence of narrative
from myth and its further development. Belonging to one of the narrative ethos under
consideration is a profound characteristic of the narrative work, the least studied so far. It is
erroneous to judge a narrative ethos on the basis of the ethical reasoning of the narrator or the
characters. The main mechanism for generating narrative meaning is intrigue: not as a plot
scheme, but as a specific chain of episodes in their constructive delimitations and couplings,
realized by the focalization and verbalization of the text. In this respect, narratology should
not forget the literary experience of the aesthetic analysis of artistic masterpieces. The analytical
argumentation is illustrated in the article with references to folklore, literary and biblical
texts of various speech genres.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The study was funded by Russian Science Foundation, project number 20-18-00417.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 19; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: narrative ethos

value: peace

value: duty

value: desire

value: conscience

value: Narratology and ethics


dc.contributor.author

value: Timko, Natalia V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Timko N. V. Strategies of Cultural and Pragmatic Adaptation of Karachay-Balkarian Children Fairy Tales in Translation. The Limits of What is Possible and Permissible (Based on Translations of Karachay-Balkarian Fairy Tales into Russian and English). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2022, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 126–140.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The relevance of this study is due to the growing interest in translations of fairy tales of small
peoples and methods of linguistic and cultural translation of the content of the text in the process
of translation. The work is interdisciplinary in nature and is at the intersection of cultural
linguistics, folklore studies, comparative linguistics, and translation. The aim of the work is to
determine how information about the values of the Karachay-Balkarian linguoculture is verbalized
in the texts of fairy tales in the Karachay-Balkarian language, as well as to analyze the
advantages and disadvantages of strategies of linguocultural adaptation (explication or elimination
of national color) of this type of text into Russian and English. To solve the set tasks, two
complementary research methods were used: an introspective method, oriented to the process
(the author’s translation of five Karachay-Balkarian fairy tales into English), and the traditional
method of retrospective analysis for translation studies by comparing the originals of Karachay-
Balkarian fairy tales and their published translations into Russian. The material for this study
was the Collection of Karachay-Balkarian fairy tales and legends, the Collection of Karachay-
Balkarian fairy tales (transl. by A. Alieva, A. Kholayev, 1983), the Collection of Karachay fairy
tales (transl. by I. Rumyantseva, 1981), the Collection of folk tales of Balkarians and Karachays
(transl. by A. Alieva, A. Kholayev, 2003). The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the
first time the Karachay-Balkarian fairy tale as a cultural narrative of the people is considered in
the aspect of translation criticism. The translation of such tales is conditioned by both a culturally
specific plot and the form that is its basis — cultural details, peculiarities of mentality, expressed
in language and constituting a special axiological background of the Karachai-Balkarian fairy
tale. When translating, a significant part of these formal elements can be neutralized by translators
for the sake of children’s perception (use of analogues in the target text, omission, deliberate
domestication of the source text), which, however, leads to the loss of the main thing — the
national and cultural originality of the source text. When explicating the cultural characteristics,
the translator makes the reader familiar with the national flavor of another culture, however, at
the same time, some excessive culturally specific information is transferred into the target text,
which can cause misunderstanding or distorted perception on the part of the child reader (for
example, the topic of polygamy and the peculiarities of the distribution of roles in family). In this
regard, a balanced approach to the choice of the optimal strategy for the cultural and pragmatic
adaptation of fairy tale texts during translation is necessary: the translator’s decision to explicate
or eliminate national cultural specificity is of a compromise nature.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 14; Issue 1

value: strategies of cultural and pragmatic adaptation

value: Karachay-Balkarian fairy tales

value: cultural specifics of a text

value: value orientations of a culture


dc.contributor.author

value: Finko, Nina V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Finko N. V. Seoul through the Eyes of Foreigners in the End of 19th — Beginning of 20th Centuries. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2022, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 40–53.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper examines the change of turban space in Seoul at the turn of 20th Century. The period
is rich in events that influenced the formation of the modern Korean state: ranging from
the “opening of the ports” in 1876, to the proclamation of the Korean Empire in 1897. At the
same time, the country began the process of modernizing urban planning legislation. Urban
projects were carried out under the Hansung City Improvement Project (한성 도시 개조 사
업) adopted by Kojong and his government in 1896 and continued until 1905. However, in
modern historiography, the project is rarely considered as an example of modern urban planning
in Korea. In this paper the diary entries, collections of stories, and memoirs of foreign
diplomats who lived in Korea in the end of the 19th century are analyzed, along with papers
from journalists and missionaries who traveled around Korea. The results of the analysis show
that qualitative changes in the urban space of Seoul took place from 1896 to 1905, within the
framework of modernization reforms of the period. The Hansung City Improvement Project
should be considered as an example of modern urban planning in Korea, as it was initiated
and implemented by the national government within modern legal framework, and Seoul
became modern city of the early XX Century. The findings of the study are important for
understanding the nature of the changes that took place in Korea, starting with the “opening
of the ports” in 1876.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This study was funded by the Program for the Support of Korean Studies in leading universities,
implemented by the educational management of the Republic of Korea and the Center for the Development
of Korean Studies at the Academy of Korean Studies (within the framework of the grant AKS-2016-
QLU–2250002).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: Seoul

value: urbanization

value: urban planning

value: modernization

value: Korean Empire

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Khapizov, Shakhban M.

value: Shekhmagomedov, Magomed G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Khapizov Sh. M., Shekhmagomedov M. G. Reconstruction of the Last Stage of the Spread of Islam in Dagestan on the Basis of Local Arabic-language Written Sources (16th–18th Centuries). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2022, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 54–70.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the process of the spread of Islam in Tsunta, i. e., in the southwestern
part of Highland Dagestan, which is now part of the Tsuntinsky district of the Republic of
Dagestan. By the end of the XV Century Tsunta was the only micro-region in Dagestan whose
inhabitants did not yet adhere to Islam. The study is based on a comprehensive approach to the
issue: the authors use information from epigraphic monuments, narratives, already published
written sources, as well as oral traditions recorded by them. The latter are used only as an
auxiliary source, which helps to bring additional facts to the reconstructed picture. The basic
sources are local Arabic-language written sources, epitaphs of memorial monuments and written
correspondence of representatives of the spiritual and political elite of Dagestan with the
rural societies of mountain Dagestan. The former were identified by the authors in the Kortan
locality, located in the Antsukh Gorge, Tlyaratinsky district. During the archaeographic expedition
the authors also identified three Arabic-language letters, which contain answers to
some key questions related to the topic under study. One of them, as it turned out, had already
been previously published, but the authors offer their own version of the translation, as well as
publish a copy of the letter for the first time. The other two letters are being researched for the
first time. The authors have managed to identify a previously little-known phenomenon of the
functioning of the Ghazi center in medieval Dagestan. From Kortan, with the involvement of
volunteers from other settlements, military campaigns were organized against “pagan” communities
that did not want to convert to Islam. From there, Qadis and other representatives
of the Islamic clergy were appointed to Tsunta to carry out missionary work on the spot. We
were also able to date the process of the spread of Islam in Tsunta, which took place from the
end of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Dagestan

value: Islam

value: Ghazis

value: epigraphy

value: Arabic


dc.contributor.author

value: Shuneyko, Alexander A.

value: Chibisova, Olga V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shuneyko A. A., Chibisova O. V. Three types of negation in Russian (on the example of A. V. Druzhinin’s texts). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2022, 19 (1): 210–222.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The study is aimed at identifying the formal, substantive, and functional characteristics of
negation-ambivalence, thereby expanding the traditional concept of negation. To achieve this
goal, methods of semantic and functional analysis were used: within their framework, a matrix
was developed for comparing various types of negations. As a result of using this matrix
on the material of A. V. Druzhinin’s texts, the following conclusions were drawn. Negationambivalence
differs from standard negation and oxymoron in the way it reflects reality conveyed
by semantics and the number of components involved in communication. It can be
argued that there are four communicative reasons for using negation-ambivalence in texts:
collisions of different points of view on one object; the multidimensionality of the object itself;
the complexity of the description; and speech reasons associated with the level of linguistic
competence of the speaker. Negation-ambivalence is always associated with situations of
choice. It can also be assumed that it is a marker of boundary states. This research can lead to
a local change in scholarly thinking and the practice of perceiving linguistic communicative
forms. Using negation-ambivalence as a text analysis tool allows streamlining many cases, the
status of which researchers argue to this day.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 19; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: A. V. Druzhinin

value: standard negation

value: oxymoron

value: negation-ambivalence


dc.contributor.author

value: Yu-chi, Su

dc.identifier.citation

value: Yu-chi Su. The Russian Understanding of Manchu in the Second Half of the 19th Century: Focusing on Zakharov’s Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary and the Contemporary Works. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2022, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 4–12.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Sinology and Manchu studies in Russia are famous for their traditions and their own path
of development. Since the 18th century, members of the Russian Orthodox mission devoted
themselves to sinology and Manchu studies, especially in the second half of the 19th century,
when they carried out a large number of studies on the history of the Qing dynasty and the
Manchu language that deserve our attention. This article analyzes entries related to Manchu
in the Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary by I. I. Zakharov. By comparing selected entries of
the Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary with two OTHER Manchu Dictionaries, namely Da
Qing Quan Shu and Yuzhi Zengding Qingwen Jian, the article demonstrates how I. I. Zakharov
defined the vocabulary and differences of interpretations in these dictionaries. By comparing
entries with information from contemporary works, such as Works on Chinese Issues by Russian
Missionaries in Beijing in the Mid-19th Century and the travel note Travel to China, this
article provides an image to understand how vocabulary reflects Russians’ understanding and
perception of the Qing Dynasty and Manchu in the second half of the 19th century.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 14; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: Manchu-Russian Dictionary

value: Ivan Zakharov

value: Sino-Russian relations

value: Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing

value: Manchu

value: Qing dynasty

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Voytishek, Elena E.

value: Smolkina, Elisaveta B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Voytishek E. E., Smolkina E. B. Censers in the Incense Culture of Japan: From Mainland Borrowing to Creating a Unique Tradition. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2022, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 13–39.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Incense culture has long played an important symbolic and sociocultural role in countries of
East Asia, reflecting general trends in the development of culture throughout different historical
periods. At this time, traditional incense culture in Japan can be observed in three key
areas: religious, sanitary and hygienic, and artistic. All these spheres represent a certain projection
of historical and cultural processes in the region. Since the introduction of Buddhism
in Japan in the 6th century, mainland traditions were assimilated through religious, everyday
life, and artistic practices. At the same time, new principles at the level of concepts, forms, and
symbolism of products were being developed to make the most of the rich arsenal of incense
culture. The article briefly presents the evolution of censers as the main element of the incense
culture toolkit and identifies the key trends of their manufacture in Japan. Through the analysis
of the specific characteristics of Japanese censers, a brief overview of the existing incense
culture and production centers is given and their continuity with mainland traditions is emphasized.
Simultaneously, specific characteristics have been identified that make it possible to
consider the Japanese tradition of making censers from ceramics, porcelain and bronze as a
unique national achievement.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: incense culture

value: East Asia

value: Japan

value: censers

value: incense burners

value: mainland influence

value: ceramics

value: bronze

value: Arita

value: Nabeshima

value: Satsuma

value: Kutani

value: Kiyomizu

value: Takaoka techniques


dc.contributor.author

value: Fetisenko, Olga L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fetisenko O. L. About one of the possible source of The Tale of Tsarevich Svetomir by Viacheslav Ivanov. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2022, 19 (1): 45–61.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Tale of Tsarevich Svetomir by Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov nowadays looks like a thoroughly
researched work. Many of the pretexts of this long poem have been studied, various
reminiscences and allusive layers have been revealed, and mythopoetic motives have been
analyzed. Readers and researchers have shown great interest in the poem’s unusual discursive
structure and the orientation of its language towards the Church Slavonic Bible and Old Russian
literature, as well as the form of rhythmic prose chosen by the author, reminiscent of old
French verses. However, the pattern of such prose can be found closer, in Russian literature
of the 19th century. In a similar way, the narration is organized in one of the works of a writer
close to the Slavophiles, Kokhanovskaya (Nadezhda S. Sokhanskaya, 1823–1884). Upon careful
reading, her story “Roy-Theodosii Savvich during His Retirement” (1864) turns out, to be
close to Vyacheslav Ivanov’s legend, not only rhythmically and phonetically, but also in terms of the system of images performing similar functions in both works. The coincidence of these
two factors allows one to consider this half-forgotten work as one of the possible sources of
the symbolist writer’s poem.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 19; Issue 1

value: Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov

value: The Tale of Tsarevich Svetomir

value: Kokhanovskaya (Nadezhda S. Sokhanskaya)

value: literary parralels

value: mithological images

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Gorbova, Elena V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gorbova E. V. The prospective in Spanish: Forms, semantics, pragmatics (part 2). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2022, 19 (1): 62–80.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Based on corpus data, the paper discusses three Spanish infinitive constructions with prospective
meaning: two constructions with the verb of location estar and one with the verb of
movement ir: <estar a punto de + Inf.>, <estar por + Inf.> and <ir a + Inf.>. A new approach is
applied that views these constructions as a means of expressing the grammeme of the prospective
in Spanish. The first part of the article contains an overview of the results of a corpus study
of all three constructions, which aims to clarify both diachronic and synchronic issues of the
simultaneous functioning of three different means of expressing prospective semantics, their
frequency, as well as the distribution of each construction in the Spanish-speaking area. The
first part also offers a detailed comparative analysis of the semantics of two infinitive constructions
with estar. It begins with the establishment of a characteristic restriction for both constructions
on filling the infinitive slot with atelic lexemes (which makes them different from
the construction with the motion verb) and ends with the proposed interpretations of the
semantics of both constructions with the verb of location. The second part of the paper, based
on a review of descriptive grammars, theories, and corpus research, discusses the prospective
construction with the verb of movement ir, and (based on results of a corpus study of all three
constructions) proposes a description of the prospective zone in Spanish from the position of
General, i. e. typologically oriented, Morphology, and Grammatical Semantics.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: prospective

value: Spanish

value: analytical construction

value: corpus study

value: semantics


dc.contributor.author

value: Kozha, Ksenia A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kozha K. A. “Confessionario em Lingua Mandarina” by Fr. Francisco Varo: An Unknown Manuscript of the Renowned Dominican. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2022, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 113–125.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Oriental Department of the St Petersburg University’s library has a unique manuscript
“Confessionario em Lingua Mandarina”, a handbook for confession, compiled by Dominican
father Francisco Varo (1627-1687) for use in his (and his confrères) missionary work in earlier
Qing China (sec. half of the 17th c.). The manuscript, seven folios altogether, bound into a dictionary
(Dictionario Lusitanico Sinico Tartaro Historico Mathematico Latino for Congregação
da Missão Portugueza), amidst its main body, is a precious gift to all researchers in the field,
for it is, by all accounts, a unique exemplar of this kind of text by the famous missionary.
Varo’s written legacy has received special attention from historians of Catholic missions in
China and researchers on the Ming and Qing Chinese language. However a Confessionario
is not traced in Varo’s bibliography. The undenied value of the text is its bilingual contents:
the confessor’s questions in the Portuguese language translated into the earlier Qing Mandarin
(southern guanhua). Documents, codifying the main Chinese dialect of the 17th c. are
rather rare, although a number of elaborated descriptions of variant systems of guanhua romanization
by Western missionaries provide us with all necessary instruments to analyse the
transcription method, used by Varo in the Confessionario. The author of the article attempts
to implement the existing methodology to identify the place of this piece of Varo’s work in
the Chinese romanization mosaic. Being Portuguese-based, the transcription of the Confessionario
differs significantly from Varo’s Spanish-oriented system in Vocabulario de la Lengua
Mandarina (1670) and Arte de la Lengua Mandarina (1682–1703), naturally demonstrating
more in common to the earlier systems by Ricci, Trigault and Martini. A few peculiarities of
the romanization used in Confessionario are revealed in the article.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies;Volume 14; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: guanhua romanization

value: missionary linguistics

value: Varo

value: earlier Qing Mandarin


dc.contributor.author

value: Zięba, Ryszard

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zieba R. France’s security strategy for the 21st century. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2022, vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 3–14.

dc.description.abstract

value:
After the end of the Cold War, France issued the first document defining its national security
strategy only in 1994. In the following years, despite its involvement in NATO and European
Union enlargement, France did not publish any documents defining its security strategy. Only
when Europe and the world found themselves in the process of reconfiguration of the international
order at the end of the first decade of the 21st century did France begin to issue extensive
documents defining its defense and national security strategy. As international terrorism
became the greatest threat to France, the first document published in 2006 dealt with its position
regarding this global phenomenon. Subsequently, White Papers on Defense and National
Security were published in 2008 and 2013, followed by the Strategic Review of Defense and
National Security in 2017. These documents define threats and challenges to the security of
France, as well as its goals, and means and methods for strengthening it. They make up a broad
understanding of the security of the state, society and the individuals, and international security.
They show the programming of France as a European and world power. The author draws
attention to some similarities and differences with the national security strategy of the Russian
Federation. The analysis is conducted using the neorealist approach.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 15; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: France

value: strategy

value: national security

value: defense

value: international cooperation

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kostiuk, Ruslan V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kostiuk R. V. The French left and Russia: History and modernity. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2022, vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 64–85.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes approaches of France’s leading left forces towards Russia (USSR) from
beginning of the 20th century to the present. At beginning of the twentieth century, almost
all parts of the French left expressed hatred of the Russian monarchy and, at the same time,
solidarity with the struggle of democratic and socialist forces in Russia for freedom and a
republic. The question of the attitude to Soviet Russia played a central role in the historic split
of the SFIO in 1920 and in the future for decades to come; “the Soviet question” was the line
of the watershed between the two leading French left-wing parties, SFIO (SP) and FCP. If the
communists from the very creation of the Party took a position of total solidarity with Soviet
internal and foreign policy, the socialists, speaking for the development of equal and friendly
relations with the Soviet Union, criticized domestic political realities of the Soviet Union and
Moscow’s foreign policy. The collapse of the USSR led to serious changes in the perception of
Russia in French leftist circles of France. The French left was characterized by an ambiguous
attitude towards Boris Yeltsin’s policies. As before, the French left is expressing its sympathy
for the Russian people. However, in general, most of the French left movement at present
negatively evaluates the socio-economic and domestic political evolution of Russia, as well
as Moscow’s foreign policy in the first two decades of the 21st century. First, this applies to
positions of the socialists and the Greens. The Communist Party opposes the dignity to the
insulating pressure on Moscow. For their part, politicians and power related to left populist
and left patriotic direction see Russia as a strategic ally in the struggle for more equitable international
relations.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Russia

value: USSR

value: left

value: foreign policy


dc.contributor.author

value: Chikhachev, Aleksei Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chikhachev A. Yu. Russia — France relations under President Emmanuel Macron: Achievements and inconsistencies. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2022, vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 86–104.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article examines the state and prospects of Russia-France relations on the basis of preliminary
results of Emmanuel Macron’s presidency. The author assumes that the dialogue between
these two countries has traditionally been characterized by a certain duality, where close cooperation
in various spheres did not exclude mutual contradictions. The analysis of the main
examples from bilateral relations in 2017–2021 shows that this feature is still observed at present.
On the one hand, cooperation between Moscow and Paris clearly has experienced a
revival after the last years of François Hollande’s term, as expresses in constant meetings at
the highest level and the restart of ministerial contacts. The French government demonstrates
its readiness to discuss a wide range of topics, including European security, strategic stability,
conflict resolution in Ukraine and the Middle East, and development of economic and cultural
ties. On the other hand, under Macron the list of issues on which both countries hold different
positions has continued to grow. Paris negatively perceives the spread of the Kremlin’s
international influence; emphasizes the difference in basic values; disagrees with Moscow on
priorities of further settlement of regional conflicts, Internet, and space governance; openly
criticizes the Russian presence in Africa; and supports Western allies in several political affairs.
This kind of duality will likely continue after the 2022 presidential elections in the Fifth
Republic, because each of the potential winners, while trying to continue bilateral cooperation,
will inevitably have to take into account obligations within the Euro-Atlantic community.
At the same time, with the beginning of Russia’s special operation in Ukraine in February
2022, French diplomacy is expected to make focus on toughness rather than dialogue.

value: European security

value: Trianon Dialogue

value: Emmanuel Macron


dc.contributor.author

value: Ivannikov, Igor V.

value: Chernov, Igor V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ivannikov I. V., Chernov I. V. Post-Brexit France: French Renaissance or loss of geopolitical influence? Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2022, vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 15– 30.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Brexit has become a catalyst for major political change in the modern world. This article analyzes
the consequences Brexit had on France’s foreign policy position and its status as a “great
power”. In chess, the “English Gambit” is known, in which a player sacrifices his piece to gain
a strategic advantage. Will France be able to play its English Gambit after the British exit from
the EU? In the modern world, the concept of a “great power” primarily presupposes the ability
of the country to exert a serious influence on the most important global decisions. For a long
time, France has not been able to act alone in the international arena and relies on its influence
in the EU to achieve its goals. Therefore, it is obvious that Britain’s withdrawal from the forming
the “European pole” of world politics was a serious blow both to the EU and to France.
Of course, in the analysis of international relations “after something” does not always mean “as
a result of something”, but in 2020–2021, a significant number of facts can be noted that testify
to the negative impact of Brexit on the role of France in Europe and the world in general.
The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of Britain’s exit from the EU on France’s
political role in the European Union and, in general, on France’s global importance as a great
power. The authors use comparative analysis, structural-functional method, etc. The empirical
basis of the study was made up of media materials, statements and speeches of contemporary
politicians, and documents of foreign policy institutions of France and the EU.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 15; Issue 1

value: France

value: great power

value: Brexit

value: European Union


title: Nikolay Gumilyov’s toponymical epithets

dc.contributor.author

value: Fedotova, Kseniia S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fedotova K. S. Nikolay Gumilyov’s toponymical epithets. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2022, 19 (1): 169–180.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article analyzes functions and semantics of epithets pertaining to geographical names
(topopoetonyms) in Gumilyov’s poems. Among 206 proper names and 77 epithets are definitions containing emotional assessment: crazy Africa (“Love Island”), kingly Niger (“Niger”)
and color characteristics: golden Baghdad (“Pilgrim”), green Siberia (“Sahara”) prevailed. The
epithet in genitival constructions usually refers to the main word of the nominal group: Tsargrad’s
golden gate (“Sweden”), green waves of the Euphrates (“Adam’s Dream”), but in the periphrases
it can be given to a geographical name: the queen of boundless Rus (i. e. Moscow,
“Muzhik”). The analysis of the most common definitions (distant, remote; ancient; mysterious)
showed that the epithet in the poetic text conveys several dictionary meanings, and its semantics
are befogged by contextual connotations. Thus, the epithet distant to the topopoetonym
Siberia (“Modernity”) express the idea of remoteness both in time and space, while the image
of Siberia opens up a special space of poetic world — a place where the past continues in the
present. In the poem “Galla”, the idea of opposing different cultures, is conveyed through the
image of remote and wild Russia, as it is presented through the voice of a teacher of Islam. The
definition ancient (“Words to Davydov’s music”, “Rhodes”) in Gumilyov’s poems also creates
a temporal perspective of poetic description, has a positive connotation referring to high importance
of the object designated by the topopoetonym, while the epithet mysterious (e. g. Rus,
the poem “Old estates”) has an additional meaning — ‘associated with sacrament’.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 19; Issue 1

value: epithet

value: N. Gumilyov

value: linguistic poetics

value: name semantics

value: poetonym

dc.title

value: Nikolay Gumilyov’s toponymical epithets

dc.type

value: Article