dc.contributor.author

value: Gorbachev, Vasil P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gorbachev, Vasil P. 2022. “The prosecutor’s participation in criminal proceedings on revision of judicial decisions in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 4: 1134–1150. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.418 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article, based on the analysis of normative acts, statistical materials and practice of law
application, examines the development of legal status and actual role of the Prosecutor in
criminal proceedings when reviewing court decisions in the Russian Empire in the second
half of the 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century. It is established that before the judicial
reform of 1864, prosecutors were not completely independent in the implementation of
their right to protest the court decisions. This activity was under the control of the provincial
prosecutors and the Ministry of Justice. As a result of the judicial reform, the legal position of
the Prosecutor’s office in the proceedings for the review of court decisions has changed significantly.
Prosecutors obtained procedural independence to protest the sentences on appeal
and cassation. Prosecutors had no right to withdraw the protests of their subordinates. At the
legislative level, the Minister of Justice was removed from resolving issues of prosecutors’ pr
tests, however, in practice, he interfered in this process, including for political reasons. The
prosecutor’s office protested a relatively small number of sentences, but significantly more
than in the pre-reform period. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Prosecutor’s
office’s activity in protesting court decisions significantly intensified. At the same time, the
policy of the Ministry of Justice led to protests by prosecutors of many acquittals. The analysis
of judicial practice showed that the Prosecutor’s office, performing a law-protecting function,
protested court decisions not only in the interests of the prosecution, but also in the interests
of the defendants. At the same time, more than half of all the Prosecutor’s office’s protests were
satisfied, which indicates that they are quite effective.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 13; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: criminal proceedings

value: Senate

value: court

value: prosecutor’s office

value: appeal

value: cassation

value: prosecutor’s protests

value: conclusions

value: revision of judicial decisions


dc.contributor.author

value: Kontsevoy, I. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kontsevoy I. A. ‘Electoral Manipulations of the RCP(b) During the Elections to the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 636–655. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.307 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The process of electing delegates to the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets in July 1918 was an important
event of the first year of Soviet power in Russia, since the fate of the foreign and domestic policies of the
revolutionary state depended on the decision of this representative forum. The study of the election of delegates
to this Congress has been conducted only sporadically, as earlier scholars considered some examples of electoral
manipulations of the RCP(b) and showed the political interaction of parties in regional Soviets. However,
a detailed study of the election process to the Congress of Soviets in the context of the Bolsheviks’ electoral
manipulations has not yet been carried out. The novelty of this study concludes in the comprehensive analysis
of the electoral manipulations of the RCP(b) during the process of electing delegates to the Congress, as well
as in reviewing the activities of the credentials committee of this congress. Numerous archival documents show
that representatives of the Bolshevik Party controlled the process of electing delegates to the Congress, which
was expressed in the direction of the co-opted delegates from local RCP(b) organizations to the Congress and in
refusal to many left Social Revolutionaries in obtaining mandates with the right to vote. These electoral manipulations
were carried out both by the local party leaders of the RCP(b) and by the leadership of the Bolshevik Party.
As a result of the study, it was found that in some cases the credentials committee of the Congress of Soviets
acted in accordance with the interests of the RCP(b), giving the Bolshevik delegates the right to decide votes from
Soviets that did not have this right.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article is an output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Program at the National
Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 3

value: Bolsheviks

value: Left Socialist revolutionaries

value: All-Russian Congress of Soviets

value: Soviet power

value: soviets

value: elections

value: election manipulations

value: political struggle

value: Vyatka Region

value: Mogilev Region

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Kiselev, A. L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kiselev A. L. ‘On the Issue of the Activities of Foreign Banks in the Far East of Russia in 1922– 1925’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 656–671. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.308 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
Using documentary sources, some published here for for the first time, this article aims to analyze
and summarize the activities of branches of foreign banking institutions in Vladivostok after the end of the Civil
War and the military intervention of allied troops and the establishment of Soviet power in the Russian Far East
from 1922 to 1925. The role of branches of foreign banks in the economy and money market of the region during
the period of foreign intervention is revealed. A brief description of the branches of foreign banking institutions
(Japanese Chosen Bank, Yokohama Haste Bank, and English Hong Kong Shanghai Bank), which continued their
activities after the evacuation of foreign military units from the region, is given. The necessity of the presence of
these institutions in the territory of the Russian Far East in the first years of Soviet power is determined in view of
the close connection of the region with foreign markets and the importance of Manchu transit, which takes place
to a large extent with the participation of these banks. The article shows the inability of the “young” Far Eastern Region,
the industry and economy of which were in decline and were just beginning to recover, to resist the activities
of foreign financial institutions. It was impossible for Soviet banking institutions relying on hard foreign currency
to begin operations in the region quickly to replace foreign banks. The main economic indicators of the financial
activities of these banking institutions in the period under review and their relationship with the Soviet financial and
economic bodies of the region are given.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: finance

value: banking

value: Civil War

value: Russia

value: Far East

value: foreign intervention

value: foreign banks

value: speculation

value: Vladivostok


dc.contributor.author

value: Logunova, I. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Logunova I. V. ‘The Problem of Acceptance of Farming by Local Authorities in 1989–1991 (Based on the Materials of the Central Chernozem Region)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 698–709. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.311 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines how the process of adoption of the idea of farming by representatives of local
authorities in the regions of the Central Chernozem Region took place during the birth of the farmer movement,
in 1989–1991. An analysis of the transcript of the Second (extraordinary) Congress of People’s Deputies of the
RSFSR, and of protocols of the plenums of regional and district committees of the CPSU from January-February
1991 (RGASPI), reveal the first reaction of the leaders of party organizations and heads of collective agricultural
enterprises to the emergence of farming. The most acute aspects of the problem of the formation and development
of the farmer movement are revealed, namely: the fear of a possible “repetition of capitalism”, diversity in
agriculture, the fear that excessive support of farmers from the state will result in damage to collective agricultural
enterprises, protection of collective forms of management in the face of collective farms and state farms, private
ownership of land, attitude to farming, prevention of forcing the pace of farming. The article concludes about
the psychological unwillingness in 1989–1991 of the party leaders of the regional and district levels, heads of
collective farms and state farms to calmly accept the idea of farming and put up with its existence. The position of
distrust of the new form of management, in turn, was reinforced by the institutional and economic difficulties that
objectively arose during the formation of farming (natural for the initial stage of any transformation).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: USSR

value: Central Chernozem Region

value: agrarian reforms

value: farmers

value: regional committees

value: district committees

value: multiformity

value: private ownership

value: land


dc.contributor.author

value: Shendrikova, S. P.

value: Vishnyakova, N. E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shendrikova S. P., Vishnyakova N. E. ‘The Struggle Against German Domination in the Field of Land Ownership in the Tauride Province in 1905–1917’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 625–635. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.306 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The historical upheavals of the first quarter of the 20th century seriously affected the state of land holdings
of German settlers in the Russian Empire. The revolution of 1905 and the First World War affected the farms
of German owners in particular and changed the system of land relations in general. Unjustified interference of
state structures in matters of private land ownership, when the estates of German settlers were liquidated without
taking into account their economic profitability, adversely affected not only the farms themselves, but also the
state as a whole. Legalizations introduced in 1915–1916 on the reduction of German land ownership affected the
property system of the former colonists of the Tauride Province. The adoption of draft laws was a controversial
phenomenon and caused social instability in society. The implementation of state decisions primarily affected
the most prosperous and well-known German dynasties, which suffered enormous losses. A negative attitude
towards the German ethnic group was systematically formed in society, which led to a resonance among other
ethnic groups. In view of the negative impact of these steps on the economic, political, and social condition in the
Tauride province, it was decided to temporarily suspend the previously adopted laws. The suspension of the processes
was often an irreversible process, since the land property had already been alienated and put up for sale.
At the same time, most of the Crimean lands were already at the disposal of the state, despite the imperfection of
the current legislative framework. However, in February 1917, the fate of the German estates was predetermined by the seizure of “living and dead” inventory. This was the first manifestation of changes in private land ownership
in German settlements, which fully occurred in the early 1920s.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Russian Empire

value: Tauride Province

value: German landholdings

value: colonists

value: state policy

value: legalizations

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Talan, Maria V.

value: Shalagin, Anton E.

value: Idiyatullov, Almaz D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Talan, Maria V., Anton E. Shalagin, Almaz D. Idiyatullov. 2022. “Legal regulation of liability for offenses related to inducement to suicide: Domestic and foreign experience”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 4: 1078–1098. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.415 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
In this work, a team of authors tried to analyze the current state of legal regulation of acts related
to suicide under Russian and foreign criminal legislation. For this, historical, comparative
legal, comparative and systemic-structural methods were used. The study reflects the evolution
of beliefs about suicide. It is noted that the legislation of more than 160 countries contains
provisions on liability for criminal involvement in the suicide of another person. More than
38 legal systems do not mention suicide as a criminal institution. Particular attention is paid
to five groups of crimes associated with suicide. The first group includes responsibility for
attempted suicide, which is punishable in more than 24 countries around the world. The following
contains a wide list of acts related to the inducement of suicidal behavior in the form
of: driving to suicide or attempted suicide, inducement to commit suicide (incitement) or assistance
in committing it (assistance, aiding, advice, consultation). The third group is made up
of norms that consider these acts as one of the types of murder or incitement to it. The fourth
group contains corpus delicti with responsibility for disseminating information about methods
of committing suicide, promoting suicide and public calls for its implementation. The last
group contains privileged compounds with responsibility for euthanasia. The article reveals
the features of new types of criminal activity carried out by spreading suicidal ideology on
the Internet, persuading children and adolescents to commit suicide by negative information
impact and drawing them into computer games that pose a threat to life and health. The article
reflects the relationship of suicide with cyberbullying, cyber-harassment, as well as with the
illegal activities of destructive criminal organizations (sects), extremism and terrorism. The
necessity of further improvement of criminal law mechanisms for protecting individuals from
criminal encroachments and anti-suicidal measures is substantiated.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 13; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: suicide

value: inducement to commit suicide

value: prevention of criminal suicide

value: criminal psychology

value: criminal liability


dc.contributor.author

value: Syomin, Pavel O.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Syomin, Pavel O. 2022. “Official information on sulfur dioxide emissions and its assessment using satellite remote sensing data”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 4: 1111–1133. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.417 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The purpose of the study is to assess the openness, availability and reliability of official information
on sulfur dioxide emissions from 31 of the largest point anthropogenic sources
located in Russia. For the assessment, a comparison was made of the amounts of emissions
according to official reporting and remote sensing data. The set of reported data was formed
using information from websites of Federal State Statistic Service and of Federal Service for
Supervision of Natural Resources, as well as those contained in state reports on the ecological
situation and on environmental protection or in public non-financial statements of large companies.
Remote sensing dataset was downloaded from NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring
project website. Data comparison was carried out using statistical analysis methods. It is
found that remote sensing data can be considered a standard of information openness and
availability, while reported data is incomplete and requires significant efforts to collect. For
the emissions up to 50 000 tons per year, the differences between the reported and remote
sensing data can be explained solely by the uncertainty of satellite measures. With a larger
amount, however, the remote sensing values are in general larger than reported ones, which
may indicate imperfect systems of emission control from stationary sources, the presence of
many unaccounted sources, or deliberate distortion of environmental information. Emission
catalogues from satellite data can become an alternative and supplement to official reporting,
as well as be used for control and surveillance activities and bringing to legal responsibility.
Topical issues are publishing official environmental information in a form of open data, the
development of mechanisms for public non-financial reporting of large companies, the study
of the links between information transparency and reliability of the information, as well as the
peculiarities of the formation of official reporting about environmental impact.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: official ecological information

value: right for information

value: openness of information

value: availability of information

value: reliability of information

value: remote sensing of environment

value: air pollution

value: sulfur dioxide

value: space monitoring


dc.contributor.author

value: Samoylov, N. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Samoylov N. A. ‘Ivan Korostovetz — Russian Diplomat and Expert on China’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 596–609. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.304 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
Ivan Yakovlevich Korostovetz (1862–1933) was one of the most prominent Russian diplomats of the
late 19th and early 20th centuries. He played an extremely important role in the developing Russian-Chinese relations
and a no less significant part in the development of Russian-Mongolian ties. Not a sinologist by education,
and at the start not speaking Chinese, Korostovetz could understand the specifics of China so deeply and delve
into the peculiarities of Chinese realities that he became one of the best experts on China at that time. Korostovetz
actively popularized his knowledge on China among the Russian public by writing books and articles about the
country. At the turn of the 20th century, Korostovetz became one of the most capable diplomats in the Russian
Empire and contributed to an active Russian policy in China and Outer Mongolia. Having a deep understanding of
the Russian geopolitical interests in the Far East, he was able to clearly formulate the main goals of Russia’s policy
in this region at the time when the Xinhai revolution broke out in China. Unfortunately, after 1917, Korostovetz failed
to find a place for himself in the diplomatic field, and so he became the author of many published and unpublished
works on the history of diplomacy and international relations in the Far East. The purpose of this article is to give
an overview of Korostovetz’ activities in various diplomatic positions in China and evaluate his role in the development
of Russian-Chinese relations, as well as analyze his articles and books about China and show the depth in
which he understood political development, history and culture of this country.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 22-28-00858 “Russian diplomats
in China (2nd half of the 19th — early 20th centuries): political and socio-cultural dimensions”, https://rscf.ru/en/
project/22-28-00858/

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 3

value: I. Ya. Korostovetz

value: diplomacy

value: China

value: Russia

value: Russian Empire

value: Russian-Chinese relations

value: Mongolia

value: Beijing

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kornoukhova, G. G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kornoukhova G. G. ‘Russian Sugar Exports to Persia in 1900–1917’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 610–624. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.305 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article examines problems of selling Russian sugar in Persia towards the end of the Russian
Empire’s existence during the first decades of the 20th century. The article clarifies Russian sugar exporters’
achievements and what problems they faced promoting their products on the Persian market. The source base
made it possible to establish the dynamics of export indicators, the specifics of the price situation, and consumers’
demands in Persia for this period. The author examines the peculiarities of the sale of Russian sugar in the
northern and southern regions of the country and the competitive advantages of the two rival powers, Russia
and France. Special attention is paid to the issue of sugar sales in Persia during World War I: problems faced by
sugar exporters and the project to introduce a sugar monopoly in Persia. The analysis leads to conclusions about
the dynamic development of Russian sugar exports to Persia. Thanks to the simultaneous efforts by the Russian
government and Russian business circles, the Russian Empire was able to monopolize the North Persian sugar
market and achieve certain gains in the markets of southern Persia. A decisive role in this matter was played by
the government’s initiative, thanks to which a regular sea connection with the ports of the Persian Gulf was established,
as well as the opportunity to sell Russian sugar at competitive prices. It is also important that government
measures were carried out in parallel with the growing activity of Russian entrepreneurs, who were engaged in the
production and export of sugar to the large Middle East market.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Iran

value: trade

value: Russo-Iranian relations

value: sugar industry

value: Russian entrepreneurship


dc.contributor.author

value: Bakhin, Sergey V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bakhin, Sergey V. 2022. “Transnational law: The scientific breakthrough of professor Liudmila Nikiforovna Galenskaya”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 4: 1099–1110. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.416 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses the main provisions of Professor L. N. Galenskaya’s monograph “Legal
regulation of transnational relations” published in 2022. The totality set of L. N. Galenskaya’s
ideas is characterized as a scientific breakthrough, which makes it possible to explain the correlation
of various regulators of international relations — international and transnational law.
The article examines the nature of relations regulated by transnational law, the mutual position
(relationship) of international, transnational and private international law. The issues of special
principles of transnational law and its subjects, the nature of regulated relations, branches
of transnational law are analyzed. According to L. N. Galenskaya, the regulators in the field of
transnational law are the basic principles of international law, to the action of which all legal
relations are subject — both within the framework of international and domestic relations. In addition, as a special regulator, it highlights the special principles of transnational law. The legal
principles cannot be considered either as fundamental ideas in law or as norms of a special
kind. Among them, the principle of equality of legal systems, the principle of non-discrimination,
the principle of legal protection should be highlighted. In the sphere of cross-border
relations, on the one hand, the principle of freedom of subjects to participate in transnational
relations operates, on the other hand, participation in them is possible only with the general
or special permission of the state. Moreover, in the sphere of transnational relations, the principle
of constant connection with the state of nationality of the subject operates. Since the
monograph was released published in 2022, when in the year that Professor L. N. Galenskaya
celebrates her anniversary, the author tells separately about the scientific achievements of the
hero of the day and her long-term work at Leningrad (St Petersburg) State University.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 13; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: transnational law

value: international law

value: domestic law

value: international relations

value: transnational relations

value: subjects of transnational law

value: sources of transnational law


dc.contributor.author

value: Shkarevsky, D. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shkarevsky D. N. ‘The Features of the Formation of the Camp Justice of the USSR (1944–1959)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 687–697. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.310 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
In modern historiography, much less attention has been paid to problems of the development of bodies
of the camp (penitentiary) justice, than to activities of places of detention. Meanwhile, camp courts belonged to bodies of special justice along with military tribunals and were an important element of the state mechanism.
This research identifies the main stages of the formation of the camp justice bodies and determines the features
of their functioning. The article defines the structure and number of camp ships, as well as elements of
mechanism of their organization. For the first time, the main stages in the development of bodies of camp justice
are highlighted: 1944–1948 (the formation of this system), 1949–1952 (relatively stable existence), and 1953–
1959 (period of sharp reduction and elimination). Plans to reform the system of camp courts are discussed. The
initiator of the creation of the system of camp courts was the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Among the organizational features of the functioning of these bodies, the asymmetric nature of the system of the
bodies of the camp justice is named for the first time. Along with the camp (penitentiary) courts, military tribunals
of the NKVD/MVD troops continued to operate, and special camp courts with wider jurisdiction operated in the
structure of special buildings, which considered not only criminal, but also civil cases. The peculiarities of the
functioning of these bodies include: a weak material and technical base, the struggle of clans in the leadership of
justice, a high level of conflict in the system of camp justice, and the minor role of lawyers in the process and their
dependence on the camp administration and the court.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Soviet justice

value: special justice

value: GULAG

value: court

value: camp

value: penitentiary justice

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Yudin, K. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Yudin K. A. Soviet Film Policy of the Second Half of 1950s — Late 1970s, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 752–773. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.315 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The subject of this article is the film policy of the Soviet leadership in the period of “cold warming.” The
term is used as a conditional-instrumental designation of the period — the second half of the 1950s to the late
1970s, clearly manifested as a management style in which elements of “détente” in the field of culture, cinematography,
which appeared much earlier than this phenomenon in international relations, continuously coexisted with
an atmosphere of tension between the USSR and the USA. On the basis of a wide range of sources, including archival
documents used here or are subjected to in-depth analysis for the first time, this article addresses political,
ideological, institutional, media, and communicative aspects of Soviet film politics in historical dynamics, from
Khrushchev’s “modernization” to Brezhnev’s “conservative appeasement”. The leading role of such structures
as the USSR State Committee for Cinematography, film export organization, and Ideological Commissions of
the Central Committee of the CPSU in following established traditions of state pragmatism is established. This
was expressed in the opening of external information “gateways” on the principle of duality. Import and “free”
transmission of foreign film production, the assumption of private and departmental interaction with Western,
American cinema figures, the reception of “alien” artistic and administrative-organizational experience of improving
the filmmaker, were interrupted by strict control, demonstrative strengthening of censorship, and control and
supervisory activity of party-state structures to counter “bourgeois media attacks”. As a result, this led to the return
of excessive ideological and political principles, the inertial construction of barriers, the re-conceptualization
of figurative-visual stereotypes and dogmatic prejudices.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
Thе research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 18-18-00233 “The images
of enemy in Cold War popular culture: their content, contemporary reception and usage in Russian and U. S.
symbolic politics”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: cinema

value: Soviet film policy

value: Cold War

value: Cold Warming

value: détente

value: ideology

value: political control

value: USSR


dc.contributor.author

value: Musaev, V. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Musaev V. I. ‘Free Religious Communities in the North-West of Russia Between 1917 and the Late 1920s’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 710–725. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.312 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals studies the existence and activities of the free Protestant communities (Baptists,
Evangelists, Adventists, Pentecostals) in Petrograd/Leningrad and the Russian North-West, from establishment
of Soviet power until the end of the 1920s. Soviet power had mixed consequences for the free communities. On
the one hand, the new ruling party’s generally negative attitude to religion and its orientation towards constructing
an atheist society had negative consequences for all religious organizations. On the other hand, due to elimination
of the state church, free communities acquired equal rights with other religious groups. During the first years
of Soviet power, anti-religious repressions centered first and foremost on the Russian Orthodox Church. The
attitude of the new regime towards religious sects that were previously oppressed under the tsarist regime was
more tolerable. Atheist propaganda in the 1920s was not so active as in the next decade. Confiscatory measures against church organizations had less serious consequences for free communities that did not possess considerable
assets or real estate. During the 1920s, due to the difficulties experienced by the Orthodox, Roman-Catholic,
and Lutheran churches, the free sects managed to intensify their activities and to expand their influence among
the believers in the North-West, especially among the ethnic minorities (Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Germans).
This situation had lasted until the late 1920s, when a total offensive against religion was initiated.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 3

value: Russia

value: North-West

value: sects

value: religion

value: Christianity

value: Soviet Power

value: religious policy

value: protestant communities


dc.contributor.author

value: Turygina, N. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Turygina N. V. ‘Rumors at the Service of the Wehrmacht: Russian Emigration in Serbia and the Bolsheviks in 1944–1945’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 793–803. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.318 (In Russian)

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 19-78-00085 “Russian emigration between
the ‘old’ and ‘new’ homeland in the conditions of World War II: problems of identity and patriotism”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: Russian emigration

value: Serbia

value: Liberation of Belgrade

value: World War II

value: NKVD

value: political repression

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Bogatyrev, D. K.

value: Ivanov, V. A.

value: Khabibulin, A. G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bogatyrev D. K., Ivanov V. A., Khabibulin A. G. ‘The Idea of the Historicism in the Logos of Law’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 785–792. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.317 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
In 2019 in Moscow and in 2021 in London, a monograph was published by famous Russian scholars
S. I. Zakhartseva, D. V. Maslennikov and V. P. Salnikov: Logos of Law: Parmenides — Hegel — Dostoevsky. On
the Speculative and Logical Foundations of the Metaphysics of Law. This article analyzes the idea of historical law
in the Logos, which is being developed by the authors of the monograph. In essence, they pose a problem that
clearly goes beyond the ongoing discussion for a long period of sovereignty. The authors, interpreting Hegel’s
historicism in law in the context of the entire historical and philosophical tradition from Parmenides to Dostoevsky,
offer a new look at the idea of the historical in the doctrine of law, state and sovereignty and make an attempt to
develop a sovereign Russian philosophy of law. In their numerous publications over recent years, Zakhartsev,
Maslennikov and Salnikov see the theoretical and methodological foundation for the development of a sovereign Russian philosophy of law. In parallel, Zakhartsev and Salnikov develop the foundations of their original concept
of the comprehensive theory of law, which is an attempt to synthesize the constructive content of various theoretical
systems that describe legal phenomena.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: history

value: philosophy

value: law

value: Hegel

value: court of history

value: state

value: sovereign philosophy of law


dc.contributor.author

value: Krasavchenko, T. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Krasavchenko T. N. ‘The Myth of homo soveticus: Perspectives from Russian and Foreign Scholars’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 774–784. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.316

dc.description.abstract

value:
The subject of this article is the study of the phenomenon homo soveticus in the West (C. Friedrich,
Z. Brzezinski, S. Fitzpatrick, S. Kotkin, A. Yurchak and others) and in Russia by sociologist Yuri Levada since the
1980s; by social anthropologist Natalia Kozlova in the late 1990s, and from the early 2000s to the present by historians
and literary scholars from Russian cities (Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tiumen, Krasnodar,
Moscow) and from Hungary and Poland, whose work is published in an interdisciplinary collective monograph
by Ural Federal University (Ekaterinburg) in 2021. The authors of the monograph belong to different generations
and national humanities’ schools, but they are united by a common historical memory, by an approach to homo
soveticus as a multiform, not monolithic phenomenon. The personality typology of the 1930s is not identical to
that of the 1960s, 1970s, or 1980s, and Soviet rule, despite all its might, could not completely control and subjugate
people of the USSR — not only because the country was very large and diverse, but mainly because the ideology and politics of this rule contradicted life. The monograph opens new perspectives on an original, holistic
approach to the study of the homo soveticus phenomenon, which includes its versions in the countries of Eastern
Europe, as well as its perception by Russian emigrants.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.subject

value: Soviet society

value: USSR

value: cultural studies

value: social anthropology

value: historiography


dc.contributor.author

value: Dolgova, E. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dolgova E. A. ‘“Small” Troubles of “Big” Movement: The Housing Issue During the Transfer of the USSR Academy of Sciences from Leningrad to Moscow’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 726–741. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.313 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores the economic and housing support in the transfer of the USSR Academy of Sciences
from Leningrad to Moscow in the 1930s. The relocation of the institutions of the Academy and affiliated
groups was an important vector of changes in the geography of the Soviet scientific and technological map in
a key period for its formation and development. Taking into account differences in the economic support of
various groups (academicians, researchers, stuff, the young scientists), inequality in the distribution of apartments is an interesting facet of the social history of the Soviet scholarly community. It demonstrates its “material
world”, internal differentiation, and interaction with power in the context of “big projects”. This story also demonstrates
the disciplinary differences through variation in support for institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences
(geological, biological, chemical and physical and mathematical sciences) via apartments in Moscow, through
the transfer of non-academic humanitarian scientific institutions to Leningrad. This story is also interesting from
the perspective of architectural history: the project of building the Academy of Sciences was a part of the general
plan for the reconstruction of Moscow (1930–1950) and contributed to the formation of its architectural look
as a “scientific capital”. The study was prepared on the materials from the Archives of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, the State Archives of the Russian Federation.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was prepared with the support of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 20-78-
1009 “Soviet science as an industry: personnel, infrastructure, organizational and managerial practices (1920–
1970s)”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 3

dc.subject

value: Academy of Sciences

value: scientists

value: life

value: inequality

value: housing issue

value: architecture

value: General Plan for the Reconstruction

value: Moscow

dc.title

value: Article


title: Maksim Starostin’s War Diary. 1941–1945

dc.contributor.author

value: Nielsen, J. P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nielsen J. P. ‘Maksim Starostin’s War Diary. 1941–1945’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, 2022, pp. 742–751. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.314 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article seeks to shed light on the diary of Maksim Ivanovich Starostin (1902–1948), First Secretary
of the Murmansk Provisional Committee of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Murmansk Defense Committee,
and written during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945). As a colonel and later major-general, Starostin
was a member of the Military Council of the Soviet Northern Fleet and the Military Council of the 14th Army, which
conducted the defense of the Kola Peninsula. He travelled during both summer and winter to inspect the conditions
of the soldiers at the front, at the same time working intensively to provide the city of Murmansk with building
materials and food supplies. Starostin also played an important role organizing the fishing industry. A particular
challenge that demanded much of his attention was the unloading of Allied vessels delivering equipment and
goods of critical importance for the Soviet Union’s struggle against Nazi Germany. A significant problem in this
regard was a lack of available manpower. Effective supervision of personnel was regarded by Starostin as a key to
success. In many respects he was an ideal party leader, loyal to the political leadership of the country, but at the
same time independent and not afraid to criticize decisions made at higher levels. Despite this, however, on the
14th of April 1945 the Party Central Committee elected to transfer Starostin to Moscow, only weeks before victory.
As a consequence, Starostin was prevented from celebrating Victory Day in Murmansk, a city to which he had
given all his strength during the Great Patriotic War. Perhaps Starostin, in the eyes the Stalinist leadership, had
become too powerful and independent to be left alone in the High North.

dc.subject

value: diary

value: Great Patriotic War

value: regional party leaders

value: Arctic

value: Murmansk

value: Russian North

value: military discipline

value: Maksim Starostin’s War Diary. 1941–1945


dc.contributor.author

value: Khodjakov, M. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Khodjakov M. V. ‘Confectionery Production in Besieged Leningrad. 1941–1943’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 812–839. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.401 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article based on archival materials analyses a problem that has not received comprehensive coverage
in the historical literature. In Soviet times, it was considered the height of cynicism to talk about the confectionery
factories during famine and mass mortality in besieged Leningrad. Later the authors often preferred
to focus on the real and fictitious abuses by the Leningrad leaders, who allegedly enjoyed sweet life even under
the blockade. The analysis of documents, many of which were previously inaccessible for researchers, indicates
that candy and chocolate factories did not cease their work during the blockade. Like all food industries facing the lack of supplies they had to actively use substitutes. As a result, new varieties of sweets emerged, produced
with a minimum content of sugar and maximum filling with confectionery waste. At the same time, the factories
switched to manufacturing products needed for the front and were engaged in the production of medical supplies
and consumer goods. Since the autumn of 1941 the local party bodies supervised all the branches of industry in
Leningrad. They had the final say on management decisions and planned performance, including the production
of chocolate and sweets. The distribution of confectionery products had a clear focus. Its main consumers
were the army, the navy and the population of the besieged city. However, the reduction in the production during
1941–1942 and conservation of a number of factories made chocolate and sweets a scarce product, inaccessible
to many residents of Leningrad. The situation changed only after the blockade was breached in 1943 and the
confectionery production was restored as its capacity increased.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 4

value: siege

value: Leningrad

value: confectionery factories

value: chocolate

value: sweets

value: ration cards


dc.contributor.author

value: Gavrilova, O. A.

value: Sun, Yizhi

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gavrilova O. A., Sun Yizhi. ‘Renovation under the Blockade: Demolition of Wooden Buildings in Leningrad. 1941–1942’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 853–869. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.403 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
Based on a complex of published and archival sources, the article deals with a problem that has not
been adequately covered in historiography. Since half of the housing stock of Leningrad on the eve of the war
was made up of wooden buildings, it was they who at the turn of 1941/1942 have become one of the resources for
solving fuel problems. Carrying out the planned demolition of about 6 thousand wooden residential buildings, as
well as numerous wooden kiosks, fences, summer theaters, restaurants, pavilions, the city government solved a
number of urgent tasks. Thus, it got rid of emergency and fire hazardous objects, provided enterprises and institutions
with precious fuel, and provided the population of the besieged city with the opportunity to independently
engage in firewood. Brigades of workers, employees and other categories of the population, created in factories,
factories and households, carried out the demolition of wooden structures, and carried out another important
mission. They contributed to the fact that some of the townspeople were relocated from dilapidated wooden
buildings to rooms and apartments that were empty as a result of the death of hundreds of thousands of Leningraders
during the first blockade winter. This was to ensure the safety and proper operation of stone houses. Several
waves of evacuation of disabled categories of the population created additional opportunities for preparing
for an active resettlement policy. Thus, significant areas of urban housing stock were subject to renovation in the
shortest possible time, and its technical and transport support became the main problem. The implementation of
this action was possible as a result of a significant reduction in the population of Leningrad.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 22-28-00617 “‘The Forbidden
City’: Housing Policy in Leningrad in the 1940s”.

value: housing stock

value: wooden houses

value: fuel crisis

value: firewood

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Krasnozhenova, E. E.

value: Kulinok, S. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Krasnozhenova E. E., Kulinok S. V. ‘Forms and Methods of Combating the Partisan Movement on the Border Territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 870–883. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.404 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the forms and methods of the Nazi occupation authorities’ struggle against the
partisan movement on the border territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia. From the very first days of
the occupation of the region, the German occupation bodies and services paid considerable attention to the
development of the most effective forms and methods of combating the partisan movement. The fight against
the partisan movement was based on a variety of reconnaissance work: aviation and combat reconnaissance,
visual observation, intelligence intelligence work. Agent cadres were trained in special training centers (courses
and schools) created by the German special services. Another form of struggle against the partisan movement
was the organization and training of pseudo partisan detachments. Committing crimes under the guise of partisans
against the civilian population, pseudo-partisan units discredited the partisans in the eyes of the civilian population, thereby depriving the resistance movement of social support and support. The study noted that the
most massive and brutal method of fighting the partisan movement was punitive operations aimed at eliminating
partisan detachments and brigades, seizing food, mass destruction and seizure of civilians for subsequent forced
labor. It is shown that under the guise of fighting partisans, the Nazis punished not only adults, but also children
and adolescents. To fight the partisan movement, the invaders also used agitation and propaganda work. Orders
were regularly posted in public places urging the population to fight the partisans. A special place was occupied
by anti-partisan agitation in the periodicals. Under the occupation, the forms and methods of fighting the resistance
movement against the Nazi regime were constantly improved taking into account the gaining practical
experience of the struggle by the invaders.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Great Patriotic War

value: North-West

value: RSFSR

value: Belarus

value: occupation

value: partisan movement

value: crimes

value: intelligence

value: propaganda


dc.contributor.author

value: Boldovskiy, K. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Boldovskiy K. A. ‘The Cadres of Besieged Leningrad on the Nomenclature Lists of the Central Committee of the ACP(b)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 840–852. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.402 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The research is based on briefing papers and other reporting documents prepared during 1943–
1944 by the Cadres department of the Leningrad City Committee of the ACP(b) for the Cadres Department of the
Central Committee of the Party. It contains information on the senior leaders of besieged Leningrad, who were
on the nomenclature lists of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. These lists
included heads of organizations and enterprises that were considered the most important for the country. Briefing
papers and reports contain information about the personal composition of managers, their education, age,
previous jobs. Based on the analysis of these documents, the article concludes that during the Great Patriotic
War, the cadres of Leningrad leaders consisted entirely of local officials. During the period of 1941–1944 less than
half of the posts included in the nomenclature of the Central Committee for Leningrad were occupied by workers
who were sent from other regions. Most of the leaders of the party and Soviet apparatus held their positions from
the pre-war period throughout the entire period of the Siege. Cadre appointments were approved by heads of the
Leningrad city committee, while the second secretary of the city committee A. A. Kuznetsov played the main part
in this process. This policy led to the formation of a stable group of “Siege officials”, which remained in leadership
positions in Leningrad until the start of purges in 1949–1950. Most of the Siege leaders belonged to the same
age group (30–40 years old), about half of them had a higher, most often engineering, education. The article also
discusses some typical cases of dismissal of executives from their positions. The author shows that during the
Siege, such punishments were used by the local party leaders, and not by the initiative of the central authorities.

dc.subject

value: siege

value: Leningrad

value: Stalinism

value: nomenklatura

value: “Leningrad affaire”

value: control system

value: USSR

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Ivanov, A. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ivanov A. A. ‘Reactionaries, Black Hundreds, White Guards, Fascists: Definitions of Russian Right-Wingers in the Early 20th Century’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 884– 905. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.405 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents a detailed analysis of definitions that, having arisen during the political struggle of
the early 20th Century, subsequently became entrenched in historical literature in relation to the right-wing monarchist
movement. Special attention is paid to the circumstances of the emergence, use and validity of such terms
as “conservatives”, “reactionaries”, “rightists”, “the Black Hundreds”, “bison”, “the Whites” (“the White Guards”),
“right-wing revolutionaries”, “fascists”. It is for the first time that the author has introduced to scientific community
the sources illustrating how certain definitions were used in relation to Russian right-wingers in the periodicals
and journalism of pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia and the reaction to them from the Black Hundreds and
Russian nationalists. The article shows that the same terms and definitions could have different interpretations
and be endowed with opposite characteristics when used by opposing political forces. Such nicknames as “the
Black Hundreds” and “bison” sounded like swear nicknames in the mouths of the members of the revolutionary
and liberal camps. However, some right-wingers proudly raised them to their banners. At the same time, the monarchists
rejected the nickname “right-wing revolutionaries” in every possible way, since they saw it as a tool for
discrediting and distorting their political goals. The later term “fascists”, retrospectively applied to the Black Hundreds
by their opponents, inspired in some of their former leaders a desire to present the pre-revolutionary movement
of Russian monarchists as genetically close to the European right-wing movements of a later time. Attention
is also paid to the little-known term “the Whites” (“the White Guards”), which was used in relation to the right-wing
camp during the First Russian Revolution, but later was supplanted by other nicknames and almost forgotten.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 20-09-00105
“Political Parties in Russia in the Beginning of the 20th Century”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: right-wingers

value: conservatives

value: reactionaries

value: Black Hundreds

value: right-wing revolutionaries

value: White Guards

value: fascists

value: Russia


dc.contributor.author

value: Apanasenok, A. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Apanasenok A. V. ‘Faithful Collective Farmers and “Communist Priests”: Coexistence of Orthodox and “Socialist” Cultures in the Life of the Soviet Village in the Late Stalin and Khrushchev Periods’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 1018–1034. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.412 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper is devoted to the problem of the existence of Orthodox traditions in the life of Soviet collective
farms during post-war decades. Its main goal is to find out how the traditional confessional culture of the village
has adapted to the realities of “developed socialism”. Considering the Orthodox practices of Soviet peasants
in the late Stalin and Khrushchev periods, the author departs from the traditionally rigid opposition of the concepts
of “Soviet” and “religious”, starting from the thesis about the possibility of mutual influence of the corresponding
cultures and their practical coordination at the level of everyday life. The research source base was made up
of materials from the central and regional offices of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church
under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, as well as documents of party structures that actively discussed the
problems of mass religiosity during the Khrushchev period. Based on them, the paper discusses the depth of
penetration of Soviet ideology into village life, the manifestations of the post-war Orthodox revival, the attitude of
local party cadres to it and specific ways of adapting “village Orthodoxy” to official Soviet discourses. The paper
concludes that traditional Orthodox practices were filled with additional meanings corresponding to the values
of patriotism, socialist construction, and the struggle for peace officially declared by the Soviet state. In addition,
the appearance of a new type of “Soviet priest” in the village is demonstrated — a priest who shares communist
values with the exception of atheism and broadcasts them to his parishioners. Finally, the paper shows examples
of practical coordination by peasants of elements of Orthodox and new “socialist” culture both at the level of
worldview and in everyday life.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 21-09-
43066 “Soviet Identity and Problems of Religiosity: Orthodox Practices in the Everyday Life of Soviet Citizens in
the 1940–1980s”.

value: Soviet Union

value: religion

value: peasantry

value: Orthodoxy

value: confessional practices

value: socialism

value: culture


dc.contributor.author

value: Dmitrieva, N. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dmitrieva N. V. ‘Sacred New Building: Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Reval and the Spread of Orthodoxy in the Governorate of Estonia at the End of the 19th — Beginning of the 20th Century’, Modern History of Russia, 2022, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 906–924. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.406 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the formation of the imperial policy to spread Orthodox Christianity using the
example of the construction of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Revel in the Governorate of Estonia. Late 19th —
early 20th century was marked by significant changes in the governance of the region, not only in the administrative
and legal sphere, but also in the religious one. Estonia administration viewed strengthening the presence
of the Orthodox Church through the mass construction of churches and the symbolic development of space as
one of the most effective means of integrating the province and the empire. The construction of the Alexander
Nevsky Cathedral in Reval was associated with significant historical events, including the 200th anniversary since
Estonia became a part of Russian Empire. It determined its central role in the representation of the empire on the
outskirts. At the same time, the prevalence of the Lutheran population in the province, as well as the economic
dominance of the German nobility, caused difficulties with the construction process. The search for funds and the
choice of a place for the Cathedral were the main reasons why the implementation of such a large-scale project
took so long. Cathedral was designed to visually emphasize that the region was a part of the Russian Empire. The
analysis of the preparatory work, using unpublished office materials from various departments, made it possible
to identify contradictions between central and local authorities on this issue, as well as to understand the mechanisms
of their interaction within the framework of existing practices. The materials of personal and official correspondence
of key political and religious actors involved show different understanding of the goals and means
how to spread Orthodox Christianity in the region at the turn of the 19th — 20th century.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was prepared with the support of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 22-28-
01912 “The Empire’s ‘soft power’: Non-conflict forms and practices of integration of Russia’s western regions in
1881–1904”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 4

value: Governorate of Estonia

value: Estonia

value: Orthodox Christianity

value: Reval

value: Tallinn

value: religious policy

value: Russian Empire

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Boiko, I. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Boiko I. V. ‘Japanese Elite Education for Russian Emigrants in Manchukuo’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 999–1017. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.411 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Russian emigration in Manchuria at the beginning of the 20th century represents a very special history.
The destinies of the Russian emigrants reflected the harsh circumstances of the civil war and collectivization,
Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931, followed by the Japanese capitulation, which ended the WWII. The
article is aimed on the analysis of the Russian emigrants societal position in Machukuo, specified for the Russian
students of the Japanese university Kenkoku. The article highlights several waves of the Russian emigration to
Manchukuo, each as distinctive by its reasons and social composition. Pursuing the multicultural composition of
the new state Manchukuo, the Japanese policy was just loyal towards the Russian immigrants, which provided
them the equal rights with the other nationalities at the access to higher education. The “National Building University”
— Kenkoky, which was founded in 1938 and aimed on training the higher state administrative personnel,
was open for the various nationalities, including Russians. The destinies of the Russian alumni of the Kenkoku
university when they returned to the motherland after the Japanese capitulation was not an easy. Substantial reminiscences
of the witnesses, Russian and non-Russian historic publications, personal archived documents are
the basis for the given research. The Manchukuo short history in general and the history of the higher education
there in particular have been occupying an increasing research interest all over the world. Distinctively, this issue
remains unexplored in Russia. The article outcomes and materials are useful for the historians, engaged into the
study of the Russian emigration to Manchuria and residence of the emigrants during the Manchukuo history.
The multicultural principles of the Japanese university Kenkoku, applied for the Manchukuo diverse population
represents an outstanding experience for the future generations as well.

dc.subject

value: Chinese Eastern Railway

value: Russian emigration

value: Manchukuo

value: Kenkoku university

value: Kwantung army

value: Japanese prisoners of war

value: Khabarovsk war crime trials


dc.contributor.author

value: Shalamov, V. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shalamov V. A. ‘“The Myth of Elsa Brandström” and its Influence on the History of Prisoners of War of the Countries of the Quadruple Alliance in Russia’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.414 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
During the First World War, prisoners of war from the countries of the Quadruple Alliance were distributed
among concentration camps throughout the Russian Empire. At first, due to the country’s unpreparedness
to receive such a large number of captives, their conditions of detention were unsatisfactory. Neutral organizations
come to their aid. Elsa Brandstrom, a sister of mercy of the Swedish Red Cross, is best known. She was
the daughter of a Swedish envoy to Russia, who was distinguished by pro-German views. During the war years,
thanks to her tireless energy, germanophilia and russophobia, she gained extraordinary popularity in the German
environment. When the civil war broke out in eastern Russia, Elsa Brandstrom drove across the front line with
large funds intended to help prisoners of war. After returning to her homeland, she published a memoir for charitable
purposes, in which she summarized all her experience of the war. Contemporaries perceived her book as
the main source on the history of captivity in Russia. Her altruism and desire to help former prisoners and after
the war created around her a myth of holiness and infallibility. Numerous public appearances and lectures have
strengthened her credibility. The lack of critical understanding of her activities and her publications, as well as the
lack of opposition from the Russian side, gave rise to the illusion of the correctness of her judgments. Ultimately,
this led to a distortion of the history of the stay of prisoners of war of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance in
Russia. To date, Russian and foreign historiography has accumulated a sufficient volume of criticism to consider
how the “Elsa Brandstrom myth” was formed and what impact it had.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Red Cross

value: Sweden

value: World War I

value: Civil War

value: Russia

value: POWs


dc.contributor.author

value: Tropov, I. A.

value: Konkin, A. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tropov I. A., Konkin A. A. ‘Events of the Civil War in the North-West of Russia in the Ego-Documents of the Military Personnel of the Northern-Western Army (1918–1920)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 970–983. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.409 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the analysis of sources of personal origin, reflecting the views of the military
personnel of the White Guard North-Western Army on the events of the civil war that unfolded in the north-westernregion of Russia in 1918–1920. These documents make it possible to obtain the necessary, valuable and in
many cases unique first-hand information from people who directly participated in the civil war. Meanwhile, the
ego-documents of the participants in the white movement in the North-West of Russia rarely become the subject
of special study. The study was based mainly on previously unpublished documents from the Large fund of the
Archive-Museum of the Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad (ASHRA Archive-Museum). The features
of understanding by the military personnel of the circumstances of the emergence of the white movement in the
region, including the role of the “great powers” in this process, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the
problems of motivation of military personnel who voluntarily joined the ranks of the White formations, their attitude
towards the civilian population and towards the enemy — the Red Army soldiers, including prisoners. The
question of the level of provision of the White Guard detachments with food and uniforms is revealed. The analysis
of ego-documents created by representatives of the white movement in the North-West of Russia significantly
expands the knowledge available in science about the features of civil confrontation in the region, contributes to
a deep understanding of the role of the human factor in extreme everyday life.

dc.subject

value: sources

value: White Movement

value: North-Western army

value: extreme everyday life

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Mineeva, E. K.

value: Zykina, A. P.

value: Ivanova, T. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mineeva E. K., Zykina A. P., Ivanova T. N. ‘Modernization of the School Education System in the National Autonomies of the Middle Volga in the 1920s’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 984–998. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.410 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
School education has traditionally been the most important area in the history of every nation and
region. The official authorities often used the school to their advantage, to carry out certain policies and manage
the territory. The aim of the work is to study the modernization processes in the field of school education, which
were carried out in the autonomies of the Middle Volga region during the 1920s. In the comparative aspect, this
problem has not been previously considered in Russian historiography. The study was carried out mainly on the
basis of the analysis of diverse sources, especially archival materials. Using the example of such national autonomous
entities as Mari El and Chuvashia, both general trends and distinctive features that existed during the formation
of the new Soviet school system are shown. It can be argued that the educational policy of the 1920s was
not fully sound, since the radical transformations of that time period led to extremely undesirable consequences.
Among the positive results of the formation of a new school and the modernization policy in the field of education,
we can name quantitative changes marked by an increase in the number of educational institutions, the number
of teachers and the contingent of students. The policy of the educational program, proclaimed in the 1920s by
the Soviet government, was also not brought to the end. The reasons for the failures were both objective (the
consequences of the Civil War, famine, insufficient funding for education) and subjective (public dissatisfaction
with certain measures in the field of school affairs, the refusal of individual teachers to cooperate with the new
government, etc.) factors. As a result, in the early 1930s, the course of the Soviet government in relation to secondary
schools was seriously revised.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: education

value: USSR

value: modernization

value: Soviet school

value: likbez


dc.contributor.author

value: Somov, V. A.

value: Volkova, E. S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Somov V. A., Volkova E. S. ‘Soviet Mentality: Markers of Socio-Historical Identity’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 1035–1048. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.413 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
Modern historiography of Soviet society is at the stage of forming an impartial assessment of its place
in the history of Russian civilization. The most famous articles on the history of the USSR are often a documented expression of the author’s research position, which does not always strive for impartiality. Such studies evoke the
feeling of an ongoing “civil war” — now on the “fronts” of science and journalism. Moreover, a number of authors
concentrate on studying, mainly, the negative features of the “Soviet project”, transferring these characteristics
to the entire Soviet society. Following in line with the noumenal approach to the study of Soviet society, the authors
call on the scientific community to move from a detailed factual description of the Soviet era to identifying
its basic characteristics, while abandoning politicized assessments. The purpose of the study is to determine the
main components of the Soviet mentality based on an analysis of its key manifestations in different periods of
the history of the Soviet state. To achieve this goal, markers of the socio-historical identity of the Soviet person
are introduced, such as “revolution”, “idea”, “atheism”, “war”, “doublethink”, etc. It was established that the set of
mental characteristics was not constant, they were updated in depending on the specific historical situation. The
noumenal characteristics of a Soviet person were historically formed as a result of the dialectical interaction of
the ideal type of a “non-party Bolshevik” — a socially oriented collectivist with a heightened sense of duty and his
antipode — the notorious “Sovok” — an irresponsible careerist and social opportunist. In conclusion, it is noted,
that the Soviet mentality can be defined more as a vector of promising targeted development than as a stable
socio-psychological type.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 4

value: Soviet mentality

value: revolution

value: atheism

value: Great Patriotic War

value: doublethink

value: anti-Sovietism


dc.contributor.author

value: Kashevarov, A. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kashevarov A. N. ‘The History of the Russian Church Diaspora in the Third Quarter of the 20th Century in a New Monograph by the Moscow Researcher A. A. Kostryukov’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.416 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the new book “The Russian Church Abroad under Metropolitan Philaret (Voznesensky),
1964–1985” by the Moscow historian A. A. Kostryukov. Despite the presence of a number of works on
the history of the Russian Church Abroad in the 1960s–1980s, major studies that comprehensively characterize
the period of the reign of Metropolitan Filaret, before the appearance of the book by A. A. Kostryukov, was not
in historiography. The absolute merit of the monograph under review is an objective and unbiased study of the
relationship of the Russian Church Abroad with the Moscow Patriarchate and other Local Churches, as well as
the exposure of myths, misconceptions and the identification of “blank spots” in relation to a number of topics
important for the history of the Church Abroad: the condemnation of ecumenism, unfulfilled hopes in relation to
the “catacomb church” in the USSR, on the canonization of the royal family, the new martyrs and confessors of
Russia. The monograph also outlines the key problems and important events in the history of other branches of
the Russian Church Abroad in the last quarter of the 20th century — the Western European Exarchate of Russian
Parishes, which was administratively subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the North American Metropolis,
which in 1970 received from the Moscow Patriarchate the status of autocephalous (independent) under
the name of the Orthodox Church in America. Thus, A. A. Kostryukov studied the complex processes concerning
the entire Russian church diaspora, including its connections and relations, both with the Moscow Patriarchate
and with other Local Churches and, above all, with the Patriarchate of Constantinople. On the whole, the work
under review is the first fundamental work on the history of the Russian Church Abroad in the third quarter of the
20th century.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Russian Church Abroad

value: Metropolitan Filaret (Voznesensky)

value: Moscow Patriarchate

value: North American Metropolis

value: Russian emigration

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Sinelnikova, E. F.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sinelnikova E. F. ‘The Scientific Community of the Early Soviet Era in the Context of the Social History of Russian Science’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 1063–1068. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.415 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the study of Moscow historian E. A. Dolgova, dedicated to the structural transformations
of the Russian scientific community in the 1920s–1930s. Working in the problematic field of the social
history of science, the author managed to consider and analyze a significant complex of sources. There are interesting
materials extracted from a number of federal and regional archives. The results of E. A. Dolgov’s research
work is reflected in the monograph “The Birth of Soviet Science: Scientists in the 1920s–1930s”, published in
2020. Analyzing the scientific community in the focus of socio-economic policy of the 1920s–1930s, the author
provides valuable data on the size of the academic ration, the distribution of scientists by category, the number of
scientists-members of the party and candidates of the CPSU(b) in Moscow, Petrograd-Leningrad and the provinces.
It was concluded that the scientific community in the period under study functioned as a hierarchical one.
Among the factors determining the status position of a scientist in this hierarchy, the leading ones were non-partisanship/
partisanship and social origin. In the study, the special attention paid to the analysis of scientist and
scholars’ public role. The demand for a positive representation of Soviet science, including in the international
arena, found expression in the expansion of forms of popularization of its results, the rise of science fiction literature and the emergence of popular science cinema. In general, E. A. Dolgova’s monograph is major fundamental
research, and, no doubt, will take its rightful place in modern Russian history of science historiography.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: history of science

value: scientific community

value: scientists

value: Soviet science

value: USSR

value: early Soviet period


dc.contributor.author

value: Mironov, B. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mironov B. N. ‘Collective Portrait of Delegates to the Congress of Soviets in 1917–1936’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 936–969. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.408 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
Analysis of the party, socio-professional, ethnic, educational, gender and age composition of the
delegates to the All-Russian and All-Union Congresses of Soviets in 1917–1936 discovered that the revolution
brought to power new people. If the majority of the members of the State Duma and the Constituent Assembly
belonged to the political cream of the elite and counter-elite, then the majority of the delegates to the Soviets
were bone from the bone of the lower orders and reflected the cultural level of the majority of voters and shared
socialist ideas and were zealous conductors of them in life. Overrepresented in the Soviets were members and
candidates of the CPSU, men, youth and persons of early adulthood, employees, military personnel and intellectuals,
Russians, educated; and underrepresented are members of other parties and non-party people, peasants,
pro-bourgeois elements and persons from the former privileged strata, women, non-Russians, persons of mature
and old age, illiterate. By age and education, delegates were not suitable for serious parliamentary activity, since
they lacked education, worldly wisdom and political maturity. The new electoral law of 1918 was of fundamental
importance for the creation of a loyal pro-Bolshevik deputy corps. The law established a system of indirect, multistage,
class, qualification elections, very similar to the pre-revolutionary electoral law of 1907. Qualifications were
introduced that increased the number of pro-Bolshevik voters; the election procedure was changed, allowing the
authorities to take control of the nomination of candidates and the voting process. The policy of restriction found
a response and approval among the broad masses, gave them a feeling of deep satisfaction, since they began
to feel themselves like privileged classes. Many, primarily millions of deputies of the Soviets of various levels,
sincerely believed that they were taking part in governing the state.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 20-09-00353
“The Disintegration of the Soviet Union in the Human Dimension: An Interdisciplinary Study”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Congress of Soviets

value: delegates

value: electoral laws

value: qualifications

value: lishenets

value: electoral technologies

value: electoral behavior


dc.contributor.author

value: Tverdyukova, E. D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tverdyukova E. D. ‘“The Requisition of My Car… Must be Furnished Legally”: Letters from P. P. Bekel to the Automobile Department of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet (1918)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 1078–1088. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.417 (In Russian)

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Pavel Pavlovich Bekel

value: automobile

value: requisition

value: Revolution of 1917

value: Automobile department

value: Article


title: Regional Effects of the Stolypin Reform

dc.contributor.author

value: Nefedov, S. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nefedov S. A. ‘Regional Effects of the Stolypin Reform’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 925–935. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.407 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The main goal of P. A. Stolypin’s reform was to increase yields in peasant farms. The unification of
peasant allotments into farms opened the way for the use of more advanced agricultural machinery. Historians
argue about the extent to which the reforms affected the dynamics of yields on the eve of the First World War.
In recent years, mathematical methods have been used to solve this problem. However, the application of these
methods requires careful selection of both independent and dependent variables. In this paper, the share of
consolidated lands in the total area of allotment lands in different provinces is used as an independent variable,
and the dependent variable is the net grain yield on allotment lands. Correlation analysis shows that, in general,
in 43 provinces of European Russia, land consolidation explained 30 % of the yield dynamics. But at the same
time, there were very large regional differences. In 26 provinces of Great Russia, the reform did not have a significant
impact on yields; in many provinces, yields decreased. The failure of the reform in Great Russia was due
to the presence of strong peasant communities here, who practiced land redistribution and resisted the spread
of farms. On the contrary, in 11 marginal western and southern provinces, the reform was marked by success.
For a long time, communities with hereditary home ownership dominated here, and these communities generally
supported Stolypin’s program. The spread of farms has led to a significant increase in yields here, and 50 % of this
growth is due to the consolidation of peasant allotments.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: land

value: farms

value: steading

value: allotment

value: obshchina

value: increasing yields

value: resistance

value: peasants

dc.title

value: Regional Effects of the Stolypin Reform


dc.contributor.author

value: Sechin, Alexander G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sechin, Alexander. “The Sources and Meaning of the Term Decency in the Writings of Prince Dmitry Golitsyn on Fine Arts”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 4 (2022): 682–707. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.407 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The author focuses on one of the most important terms of normative aesthetics and art, decency,
which occupies a prominent place in the writings of Prince Dmitry Golitsyn (1734–1803),
devoted to the issues of architecture and fine arts. A detailed study of the origins of decency
and the meaning of this concept leads to the identification of three stages in its development,
consistently considered with the involvement of both source texts and the works of modern
scholars. The first stage was the flourishing of classical ancient Greek art, which corresponds
to the concept of τὸ πρέπον, formed in the consciousness and rhetorical culture of Athens. In
relation to the fine arts, its importance cannot be overestimated, since decency was not conceived without an adequate and eye-catching external expression of typical images, including
their social status and ethical content. Under its influence, a system of canons of European art
was born in ancient Greece. The second stage is associated with the Renaissance, when the
idea of convenevolezza arises. It was focused on the Classical Antiquity and the appropriate
iconographic tradition and therefore had a pronounced retrospective character. Finally, the
classicism of the Enlightenment era, or neoclassicism, the time of Golitsyn’s life and work,
picks up the baton of the norm in art and the deviations from it made by nature itself. Golitsyn’s
interpretation of decency in his treatises and its correct understanding by art historians
are important, since these works formed the basis of the Russian doctrine of normative,
primarily academic art. Decency in the understanding of the ancient Greeks, Italians of the
Renaissance and enlighteners of the 18th century did not completely dissolve in the works of
the great and ordinary masters of those distant times. It is invariably revived when it comes to
the visualization of traditions, proprieties and various norms within artistic culture, about the
artist’s service to the model, the canon.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by the Russian Scientific Foundation (RSF) according to the research
project no. 22-28-01007 “Manuscripts of Prince D. A. Golitsyn (1734–1803) devoted to the issues of fine art.
Full transcript, scientific commentary and preparation for publication”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 12; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: Dmitry Alekseevich Golitsyn

value: propriety

value: convenevolezza

value: τὸ πρέπον

value: visualization

value: canon

value: antique art

value: Renaissance

value: neoclassicism

value: A Strict Young Man


dc.contributor.author

value: Bocharov, Yuri S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bocharov, Yuri. “Voluntary and Lesson in English Music Sources of the 17th and 18th Centuries”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 4 (2022): 562–590. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.401 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article focuses on the use Voluntary and Lesson as terms in the English musical practice in
the 17th and 18th centuries. Based on the unique example of the interpretation of these terms
as synonyms in edition of Carl Trinks’s organ pieces in 1810 (this fact is remained unnoticed
in musicology), the author compares Voluntary and Lesson, noting, first of all, significant
differences in the use of these specific names of musical compositions and also paying attention
to the reflection of this practice in the general and musical lexicographic sources of that time.
The author also criticizes a number of ideas that have already been established in Western
musicology. For example, he does not agree with the interpretation of a small fragment from
the “Mulliner Book” entitled Voluntarye as an independent keyboard piece by R. Farrant, and
he doubts the real existence of the 12-movement J. Ch. Pepush’s Voluntary (published only
in 1988) as a single musical work. But most importantly, he opposes spread of the Voluntary
concept to all polyphonic organ works by English composers of the 17th and 18th centuries
(including organ compositions from M. Locke’s “Melothesia”, many Th. Roseingrave’s fugues,
etc.). The author notes the term Lesson was used more variously than modern musicology
interprets, extending not only to solo (mainly keyboard) music, but also compositions for
melodic instruments with basso continuo and even ensembles, as well as instructive exercises
and simple compositions for beginners.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 20-012-
00152 (“Genres and forms of early instrumental music from the perspective of an authentic approach to
historical musicology”).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Voluntary

value: Lesson

value: English music

value: keyboard instruments

value: fugue, sonata

value: terminology

value: lexicography

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Abdullina, Darina A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Abdullina, Darina. “Mythologem ‘Happy Soviet Childhood’ in a Children’s Portrait of the 1930s–1960s”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 4 (2022): 591–611. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.402 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the process of the birth and development of the mythologem “happy soviet
childhood” in a children’s pictorial portrait. The author identifies two stages: the 1930s and
1950s–1960s. In Stalin’s time, children’s images were depicted in the utopian world of a “bright
future”. It was like the “paradise garden” in the “golden age”. Surrounded by natural abundance,
small models looked at the world of “fathers” and served as educational models. After World
War II, children’s images moved to the safe space of the house and family. Portrait painters emphasized
the material well-being of Soviet childhood. Many toys and other children’s objects
appear in the children’s portrait, the image of the children’s room is clearly drawn out. Paraphernalia
served as markers of a “happy Soviet childhood” for portrait painters. It also addresses the
problem of depicting the “disciplined” body of a Soviet child, the peculiarities of the interaction
of the children’s image with the social and subject environment. The article notes that in the portrait
artists allow themselves to depart from mythology, as they refuse to depict the ideologically
significant theme of collective and collective work towards the dominance of the motive of the
family, leisure and home holidays. This indicates the desire of portrait painters to show an individual
beginning in the child as opposed to impersonal-social. Consequently, this mythology had
a development dynamics.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 12; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: children’s portrait

value: childhood history

value: Soviet happy childhood

value: Soviet childhood

value: mythology

value: the concept of Soviet childhood

value: social realism

value: the image of a child


dc.contributor.author

value: Morozova, Anna V.

value: Daroudi, Aysan

dc.identifier.citation

value: Morozova, Anna, and Aysan Daroudi. “Written and Pictorial Sources on the Architecture of Persia and Central Asia during the Era of Timur’s and Timurids’ Rule”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 4 (2022): 724–743. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.409 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the study of the most valuable source at the culture and architecture
of Persia and Central Asia during the reign of Timur (late 14th — early 15th centuries) — the
diary of the Spanish ambassador to the court of Timur. At this stage in the development of researching
on the Persian and Central Asian architecture of the Timurid period, along with the
problem of “analysis” of monuments and artistic style, the problem of “synthesis” of image of
these architecture is urgent. The authors of this article propose a methodology for restoring the
general impression of this architecture, which can serve as a basis for the process of “synthesis”,
based on the study of the contemporary written source of the early 15th century — the diary of
the Spanish grandee Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who was part of the Spanish embassy, sent by the
Castilian king Enrice III to the court of Timur at 1403–1406. Being an educated man and receptive
to the new, Clavijo was able to isolate the characteristic features of the worldview of a man of
the East, primarily an oriental despot, and the associated features of the art of the East. He and
his colleagues in the embassy drew attention to the cunning, treachery, ingenuity, secrecy of the
eastern rulers. The Spaniards were struck by the luxury, power and wealth of Timur’s state, which
at that time was at the zenith of glory. The Spaniards, accustomed to the stability of architectural
images in their native Spain, were amazed at the variability of the artistic images of the East.
They drew attention to the love of the representatives of the peoples of the East for free draperies,
giving themselves to the will of the wind, in the temporary architecture and in festive women’s
clothes, that by their nature were well consistent with the decoration of architectural buildings.
The Spanish envoys revealed that subservient to the first and most faithful fresh impression,
tenaciously grasping the main difference between the architecture of Timur’s state and contemporary
European architecture. This difference consisted in the desire to create an image that is
changing, diverse, fluid, mobile, not instantly solved and full of mystery, but at the same time
striking the imagination with its luxury and wealth and according to the understanding of their
masters, customers and spectators. The conclusion about the specifics of Timurid architecture,
made on the basis of a study of the diary of the Spanish ambassador, is supported by the authors
of the article turning to the analysis of written and pictorial sources created by representatives of
the studied culture itself.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Persia’ art

value: Central Asia’ art

value: Timur State’ architecture

value: Spanish-Persian cultural contacts

value: Spanish-Central-Asian cultural contacts

value: Orient’ understanding of Europeans

value: Timurid art’ specificity

value: Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo

value: the 15th century’ Spanish embassy


dc.contributor.author

value: Bertash, Alexander V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bertash, Alexander, archpriest. “A. Poleshchuk: Creative Biography of the Russian-Estonian Architect and a Retrospective Direction in Russian Church Architecture of the Early 20th Century”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 4 (2022): 647–665. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.405 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article is devoted to the creative biography of the largest Russian-Estonian architect at the
turn of the 19th–20th centuries A. Poleshchuk and retrospectivism in Russian church architecture
at the beginning of the twentieth century, which was his main creative method. The works and
biography of the great master are still poorly studied, scientific publications are practically not
devoted to him. At the same time, being a pupil of the St Petersburg Academy of Arts, the architect
was awarded the title of architecture academic, the position of professor, proved himself in the capital as the author of such monumental structures as the Geological Committee and the
Church of St Isidor with the house of the St Petersburg Orthodox Estonian brotherhood. He owns
the project of the most monumental Orthodox church in the Baltics of the twentieth century —
the Assumption Cathedral of the Pyukhtitsa Monastery, where he worked from his student years
under the guidance of his teacher prof. M. Preobrazhensky. A native of Estonia and an Estonian
himself on the maternal side, the architect made an invaluable contribution to the formation of a
professional architectural school in the country. He was the chairman of the Estland Engineering
Society and the Estland Technical Society in Petrograd, then was actively involved in teaching in
Tallinn as professor of architecture at Tallinn Polytechnic College and chief architect and educational
adviser to the Construction Board. A. Poleshchuk is known as an architectural theorist, a
specialist in the theory of vaults, the author of the fundamental courses “Lectures on the art of
building” in 10 volumes, and a two-volume guide to bridge construction. The article examines
in detail the main milestones in the creative path of A. Poleshchuk in the context of the history
of architecture at the beginning of the 20th century, mainly, church retrospectivism. The features
of his work, diverse in typology and stylistics (Russian style, neoclassicism, neo-Renaissance,
neo-baroque), are analyzed. In conclusion, a stylistic classification of the retrospective directions
of church architecture of the late 19th — early 20th centuries with examples of relevant monuments
is proposed. The article is based both on little-known published materials and, mainly,
on newly discovered archival documents from the depositories of St Petersburg, Tartu, Tallinn.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 12; Issue 4

dc.subject

value: architect A. Poleshchuk

value: retrospectivism

value: Russian style

value: neo-baroque

value: neo-Russian style

value: St Petersburg Academy of Arts

value: Russian church architecture

value: Estonian architecture

value: Pühtitsa Monastery

value: Russian-Estonian church in St Petersburg

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Sokolova, Iana S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sokolova, Iana. “Some Remarks about the Ceiling Painting of Bartolomeo Tarsia from the Dance Hall of the Great Peterhof Palace”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 4 (2022): 628–646. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.404 (In Russian)

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper is dedicated to the painting ceiling created in the middle of the 18th century by the
Venetian artist Bartolomeo Tarsia for the Dance Hall of the Great Peterhof Palace. The plafond
was badly destroyed during the Second World War and was re-painted by Soviet artists
in the second half of the last century from preserved pre-war photographs and a preparatory
drawing. These documents formed the basis of our research. Starting from the 19th century,
the subject of the plafond is interpreted mainly as “Apollo and the Muses on mount Parnassus”.
An accurate examination and analysis of Tarsia’s preparatory drawing, along with an appeal to
well-known prototypes from Western European painting, made it possible to come to some
conclusions about the subject of the artwork, the nature of its iconography, and also to revise
the established interpretation. In particular, we considered the problem of the iconography of
Parnassus and Helikon, we also noted the co-presence on the ceiling of the figures of Minerva,
the Muses and Pegasus, referring to one specific episode from Ovid’s Metamorphoses; it was
also discovered that in the Tarsia’s native Republic of Venice — in Padua — there is a plafond
by Giuseppe Le Gru, known as the “Triumph of the Sciences”, correlated in time of creation
and content to Tarsia’s plafond. Like Parnassus, the subject with Minerva and/or Apollo and
the Muses on Mount Helicon has an allegorical meaning — the prosperity and glory of the
sciences and arts. The Peterhof plafond also has this allegorical character. The image of the
supreme goddess Juno crowning the composition serves as an additional confirmation of this,
and also allows us to attribute this ceiling to examples of the embodiment of female mythological
iconography, which generally corresponds to the logic of the decorative decoration of the
palace and corresponds to the spirit of the time. In addition, the possible parallels with other
works of the middle of the 18th century, with which the Peterhof plafond shows ideological
and compositional similarity, are proposed in the paper. Among such examples, there is one
of the illustrations by Giambattista Piazzetta for the grandiose Venetian edition of “La Gerusalemme
liberata (Jerusalem delivered)” by Torquato Tasso in 1745.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Bartolomeo Tarsia

value: Peterhof Grand Palace

value: monumental painting

value: 18th century art

value: Torquato Tasso

value: La Gerusalemme Liberata

value: Giambattista Piazzetta

value: Minerva

value: Helicon

value: Parnassus