dc.contributor.author

value: Mit’ko, Serapion (hegumen)

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mit’ko A. E. The structure of Orthodox missiology in educational perspective. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 204–220.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the problems of studying the structure of modern orthodox
missiology in the system of theological knowledge. For much of its recent history,
orthodox missiology has developed as an academic discipline of religious education.
The teaching of missiology in theological seminaries was accompanied by a scientific
search for its theoretical and methodological status in the system of orthodox theology,
its structure, conceptual apparatus, and method. The article discusses the need
for a systematic categorical analysis of the current state of missiology as a branch of
Orthodox systematic theology. The solution to this problem involves identifying the
development vectors of Orthodox missiology. Modern missiology is in the process of
becoming an independent branch of Orthodox systematic theology. In this regard,
modern Orthodox missiology is characterized by a lack of systematic planning of scientific
work. Despite this, Orthodox missiology has significant potential for development
in certain areas. The article analyzes the structure of modern Orthodox missiology.
It is noted that the presence of a certain structure of missiology as an independent
branch of Orthodox systematic theology indicates a certain level of self-organization
achieved in the development process. In this respect, missiology has the fundamental
experience of structuring, on the basis of which further development in the direction
of additional systematization is possible. Recent scientific research has determined
that missiology is a theological discipline. The task of updating the teaching of missiology
in accordance with the newly obtained results is once again on the agenda.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 2; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: mission

value: missiology

value: structure of orthodox missiology

value: theoretical missiology

value: practical missiology

value: applied missiological disciplines

value: theology

value: system of theological knowledge

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Malewski, Henryk

dc.identifier.citation

value: Malewski, Henryk. 2020. “Criminal procedure of a specialist in the Republic of Lithuania in the context of international cooperation”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 414–430.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses the concept of “special knowledge,” its use in the process of detection and
investigation of crimes, as well as some problematic issues of the specialist’s activities both in
the framework of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania and in the aspect
of international cooperation. According to the author of the article, one of the most important
activities of representatives of, first of all, the European forensic community at the present
stage is the work on bringing together the paradigms of various national forensic schools.
This paper takes a new look at the specialist’s activities both in the framework of the Code of
Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Lithuania and in the aspect of international cooperation.
At the present level of the development of science, not a single country, let alone as small
as Lithuania, can avoid close international cooperation with other entities. This also applies
to forensics, which develops recommendations, techniques and means of disclosing, investigating
and preventing crimes, which should lead to improving public safety. Cooperation in
this area is carried out at various levels. International cooperation of academic centers and
non-governmental forensic organizations seems to have significant potential in this area. The
Lithuanian Forensic Society is focused on strengthening international cooperation in the field
of criminalistics and forensic expertise. To achieve this goal the international symposiums
“Forensics and forensic expertology: science, training, practice” are organized, which have become
not only a platform for the exchange of scientific research results and best practices, but
also a place where you can find partners for further research. The article provides a brief historical
overview of the changes in the position, functions, rights and obligations of a specialist
in criminal procedure in the Republic of Lithuania. Some disputable aspects of the status of
a specialist in the current Code of Criminal Procedure of Lithuania are emphasized as well.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: special knowledge

value: specialist

value: specialist activity

value: international cooperation

value: forensic associations

dc.title

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Abdrasulov, Ermek B.

value: Abdrasulova, Aizhan E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Abdrasulov, Ermek B., Aizhan E. Abdrasulova. 2020. “Application of methods of interpretation and analogy of law in the activities of the court and the constitutional control body in the Republic of Kazakhstan”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 447–463.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The categories of interpretation, concretization and legal analogies in the law enforcement
activities of the court and the constitutional control body, as well as the views of scientists
about their functional purpose, are the subject of the study. The article analyzes the functions
and significance of interpretation, concretization and analogy of law from the perspective of
the methodology of legal theory, which envisions the need to study state-legal phenomena by
focusing on legal practice and that science is necessary to serve the needs of practice and that
practice is a truth-criterion of scientific research. Emphasis is placed on judicial errors arising
from a misunderstanding of judicial interpretation and concretization of legal norms that
may border rulemaking. The inadmissibility is substantiated of turning the interpretation of
the rule of law into simple commentary results in failing to achieve the effectiveness of legal
regulation. The article emphasizes that in law enforcement, concretization is the result and at
the same time the goal of the interpretation process since it is a method, a way of interpreting
the law, resulting from the fact that the law cannot cover all the nuances of public relations
with regulation. Examples of application of interpretation and analogies of law in the activities
of the court and the constitutional control body are analyzed based on the practice of courts’
appeals to the Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article argues that
concretization in law enforcement does not act as an independent category; it is the goal of
the interpretation process and at the same time its result. The authors conclude that the wrong
choice of the optimal variant for a case’s court decision, without using an analogy in law with
various methods and techniques for interpreting legal requirements, can lead to inconsistencies
and problems in legal regulation.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: interpretation of law

value: concretization of law

value: analogy in law

value: judicial practice

value: constitutional council


dc.contributor.author

value: Tomashevski, Kirill L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tomashevski Kirill L. 2020. “Digitalization and its impact on the labour market and employment relations (theoretical and comparative legal aspects)”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 398–413.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is based on the study of modern processes in the economy, program documents
adopted in Belarus and Russia, comparative legal analysis of the legislation investigated, the
concept of digitalization, digital technologies and a number of related concepts. The goal of
the article is to understand the concepts of “digitalization”, “digital technologies” and to find
out what are the features of the transformations that are occurring in the labor market, individual
and collective labor relations in the context of the impact of digital technologies on
the labor sphere. The author explores the very concept of digitalization and the relationship with the growth of the economy (industry) 4.0. Programs of digitalization of the economies of
Belarus and Russia and their harmonization within the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) are
analyzed. The author explores a wide range of challenges that the global digital transformation
creates for the EEU, the economies of the member States, their business entities and citizens.
Special attention is paid to the impact of digitalization in the modern economy on the labor
market and employment. Digitalization is transforming existing workplaces, requiring new
skills from employees to perform new tasks that require continuous improvement of skills,
acquiring new knowledge throughout life, skills in using new software, and new automated
and robotic technological processes. Such transformations require a rapid retraining of employees
or their replacement by employees who already have the appropriate knowledge and
skills. The author analyzes the challenges that the digital economy poses to labor law and is
influenced in both individual and collective labor relations. Attention is drawn to those innovations
that have already become the subject of legislative regulation on the example of
Belarus and Russia, as well as those that require an appropriate settlement in the near future.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was carried out at the expense of a grant from the Russian Scientific Foundation (project
no. 19-18-00517), as well as within the framework of the State Program of Scientific Research “Economy and
humanitarian development of belarusian society” for 2016–2020 (5.06).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: digitalization

value: digital technologies

value: digital economy

value: labor relations

value: employees

value: employers

value: remote work

value: freelance

value: Internet platform

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Shchepelkov, Vladislav F.

value: Suslina, Elena V.

value: Veklenko, Vasiliy V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shchepelkov, Vladislav F., Elena V. Suslina, Vasiliy V. Veklenko. 2020. “Administering norms about fraud of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: Current state and perspectives”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 368–382.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is based on monitoring the administering of law, which can be found in free databases.
Using the results of the research of sentences and determinations for terminating a
criminal case made in 2017–2018, the authors identified the most typical problems in cases
of crimes under the Articles 159–159.6 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The
analysis of practices allowed the authors to conclude that the biggest difficulties are connected
with understanding the terms “deceit,” “abuse of trust,” “default on obligations” and with the
non-identified characteristic of material trespassing resulting from a fraudulent act under Article
159.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The possibility of acknowledging
fraud in a case of less than 2500 rubles (with the qualifying features) as an insignificant
act (part 2 of the Article 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) is discussed in
the research based on preparation for the expert determination for the Constitutional Court
of the Russian Federation on the St. Petersburg State University Centre for Expert Advice.
The authors analyze sentences and decisions for the termination of a criminal case based on
adhering to recommendations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, formulated
in the Resolution of November, 30, 2017 no. 48 “About the court practice on cases of fraud,
appropriation and misapplication”. As a result of the research, suggestions are made for the
enhancement of legislation and introduction of amendments to the resolution of the Plenum.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: fraud

value: deceit

value: abuse of trust

value: entrepreneurship

value: default on an obligation

value: fraud in getting payments

value: crimes’ qualification

value: insignificant act


dc.contributor.author

value: Sun, Qi

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sun Qi. 2020. “The liability of the principal company for the obligations of a subsidiary: Сomparing the analysis of the Russian and Chinese legislation”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 464–480.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The foundation of the modern economy both in China and Russia is the activities of companies.
Development of jurisprudence had led to the creation of a legal entity model as a separate
and independent subject of relationships. Entrepreneurs in China and Russia establish legal
entities and conduct their business in such a way. A large and complex business is organized
by the model of a holding. A holding consists of a parent company and a subsidiary company.
As legal entity is separate and independent, it is not liable for the subsidiary company’s debts.
Today where the holding model is used, there are some problems related to the standardization
of work in a subsidiary, obtaining a balance of interests between the parent company,
subsidiary company and creditors, and legal liability of the parent company for the subsidiary.
This article is devoted to issues associated with the liability of a parent company for a subsidiary
company both in China and Russia. Research is based on Chinese and Russian law, and
regulations concerning corporate relationships as well as on a summary of court rulings. The
article deals with China’s and Russia’s laws and regulations on legal liability such as Chinese
and Russian law on companies, other legal acts about the legal status of a parent company and
subsidiary company. The author analyses complicated issues regarding holding a parent company
responsible for obligations of a subsidiary company according to Chinese and Russian
law. Shareholders of a subsidiary company often abuse the independent nature of a company
resulting in damages for third parties (for example the company’s creditors). Chinese and
Russian law should control abuses and misuses of the law. Conclusions made in this article,
from comparative research in Chinese and Russian law regarding the liability of a principal
company, can be taken into account by lawmakers within the framework of measures for enhancing
legal regulation of the abovementioned problem.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: law of the people’s Republic of China

value: comparative analysis

value: corporate responsibility

value: main company

value: subsidiary company


dc.contributor.author

value: Polukarov, Alexander V.

value: Eynard, Manuel

value: Sangadzhiev, Badma V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Polukarov, Alexander V., Manuel Eynard, Badma V. Sangadzhiev. 2020. “Administrative regulation of minimizing the causes of corruption in the social sphere”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 383–397.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The problems of the progressive development of our society are dictated by the shortcomings
of the legal, organizational anti-corruption, especially in the social sphere. This article is aimed
at developing proposals to minimize the causes of corruption in the social sphere. The article
notes that corruption, along with other reasons, entails negative consequences in the form of
inefficient use of budget expenditures, which, according to the law, should have been aimed at
solving important social issues, but they are not being addressed. Formed in the modern period,
the decentralized nature of the management of the social sphere does not allow building a
clear system of administrative opposition to the causes that determine corruption in the social
sphere. Based on this, we believe that we should take a different approach to the development
of administrative regulation of the fight against corruption in the social sphere, but for this it is
necessary to know the causes and conditions that determine corruption in the social sphere, as
well as the needs of the law enforcement practice to combat this phenomenon. The article reveals
the possibilities of administrative means of combating corruption, as well as identifying
and eliminating the causes and conditions that determine the level of corruption in the social
sphere using legal and organizational means. Also, the essence of the legal and organizational
support of the fight against corruption is revealed in the work, the types of organizational and
legal means involved in the mechanism of ensuring the social function of the state are determined.
This article was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the
Russian Federation under the program to increase competitiveness of the Peoples’ Friendship
University of Russia (RUDN University) among the world’s leading research and educational
centers for 2016–2020.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: corruption

value: anti-corruption dialectics

value: social sphere

value: tortology

value: reasons of corruption

value: corruption determining factors

value: healthcare

value: education

value: control

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Gulieva, Natavan B.

value: Drapezo, Roman G.

value: Shelestyukov, Vitaliy N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gulieva, Natavan B., Roman G. Drapezo, Vitaliy N. Shelestyukov. 2020. “Contactless sale of drugs and psychotropic substances by means of the Internet: Judicial practice of the Kemerovo region”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 353–367.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the article, the materials of the developing judicial practice on the contactless sale of drugs
and psychotropic substances by means of the Internet are investigated. The authors consider
the insufficiently studied criminal and criminological aspects of the stated problem. The
methods of selective observation, statistical analysis and a method of generalization of collected
material were employed in the research. Biographical details, statistical data from the portal
of legal statistics of the State Office of the Public Prosecutor of Russia, more than 400 court
sentences, materials of criminal cases and pre-investigation checks were used as an empirical
base. In the work the problems of qualification for contactless sale are characterized by the
difficulties of procedural proof and the use of imperfect technical means for recognizing the
means of sale are considered. In particular, the conducted research has led to the conclusion
that a law enforcement official can only detect SMS-, MMS-messages and the usage of electronic
payment service providers that do not represent specific difficulties in detection and
procedural fixing. Not less widespread actions presently, such as such as the creation and use
of bot networks, intermediate “false” servers and special online stores are not recognized and,
as a result, are not relevantly reflection in procedural documents. This circumstance prevents
the establishment of an objective truth because it does not entail the imputation of such a
qualifying element as the sale of drugs via the Internet. In the article, statistical data characterizing
the dynamics of growth of illegal sale through the Internet around the country is provided.
The indicators across Kuzbass, demonstrating the inability of law enforcement to reveal
all the possible ways of contactless sale are separately provided. In this regard, the authors offer
various approaches to interpreting the means of contactless sale that will allow law enforcement
to react to the emergence of new ways of sale in a timely manner.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: crime

value: contactless sale of drugs

value: criminal qualification

value: Internet network

value: DarkNet

value: problems of proof

value: proof


dc.contributor.author

value: Osokin, Roman B.

value: Zalivina, Natalia N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Osokin, Roman B., Natalia N. Zalivina. 2019. “Legal status of precursors, analogues and derivatives of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 342–352.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article investigates the problem of determining the legal status of the concepts of precursors,
analogues and derivatives of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The author
made an attempt to analyze the international (within the CIS countries) and Russian legislation
regulating illegal drug trafficking in order to eliminate disputes arising in the classification
of funds and substances prohibited in free civil circulation. In addition, the article discusses
the basic concepts relating to the definition of precursors, analogues and derivatives of narcotic
drugs and psychotropic substances, interpreted by Russian and international legislation.
The analysis was carried out using traditional methods of modern jurisprudence. It should be
noted that in order to classify a drug or substance as prohibited for circulation, it is mandatory
to conduct chemical and pharmacological forensic examination. Thus, deficiencies have been
identified in forensic studies that do not allow for providing an unambiguous answer for assigning
an object as a precursor, analog or derivative narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.
It is noted that the lack of a single method of obtaining the result of an expert opinion leads
to a large number of conflict situations that appear in law enforcement and judicial practice.
Also, shortcomings and inaccuracy of terminology are revealed, which lead to an ambiguous,
and sometimes incorrect from the point of view of the law, interpretation. On the basis
of the study, the author developed proposals to improve the criminal legislation in the field
of determining the legal status of precursors, analogues and derivatives of narcotic drugs and
psychotropic substances in drug trafficking.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 11; Issue 2

value: criminal law

value: international norms

value: legal status

value: narcotic drugs

value: psychotropic substances

value: derivatives

value: analogues

value: precursors

value: forensic examination

value: physical and chemical research


dc.contributor.author

value: Nurmagambetov, Rashit G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nurmagambetov, Rashit G. 2020. “Theoretical problems of defining the concept of limits of constitutional regulation”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 264–272.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article carries out a political and legal analysis of the problematic issues of determining
the limits of constitutional regulation as independent legal phenomena. The author, on the
basis of an analysis of various points of view, explores the peculiarities of the concept of the
limits of constitutional regulation at a single historical stage in the development of a state.
Based on the analysis of modern literature, the author comes to the conclusion that the reason
for which, for a significant amount of time, the limits of constitutional regulation were not
the subject of scientific research is the politicization of the categorical-conceptual apparatus,
its variability and dependence on the ideology of the elite. According to the author, it is now
possible to observe in Russia an increasing politicization of constitutional law. This cannot but
influence the expansion of its sphere, which in this historical period of time includes a fairly
wide range of relations that are of fundamental importance for a country — the underlying relations
and ties that define the foundations of the constitutional system, the relationships that
define the basis of the legal status of a person and citizen, his rights, freedoms and obligations,
the relations that determine the order of interaction for federal bodies of state power with the
bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, and the relations that define the basis of the legal situation of the state bodies and relationships that specify the principles of
local self-government in the Russian Federation. Recognizing the opinions of scholars based
on the theoretical dogmas of representatives of legal science, the article proposes to expand
the content of this concept by incorporating the distinctive features of constitutional regulation,
describing their role (purpose) in the process of constitutional regulation.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: the Constitution of the Russian Federation

value: limits of regulation

value: constitutional regulation

value: public relations

value: state-power interference

value: society

value: rights and freedoms

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Leanovich, Elena

dc.identifier.citation

value: Leanovich, Elena. 2020. “Private international law issues of intellectual property: The online dimension in Belarus”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 431–446.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The main peculiarity of intellectual property rights in the domain of private international law
rights is rooted in the territorial character of these rights. Territoriality complicates the process
of applying conflict of laws rules, recognition of foreign courts’ judgements and arbitral awards
and operation of other mechanisms of private international law in respect of intellectual
property. Intellectual property relations on the Internet are immanently international in their
nature. They usually include the so-called “foreign element,” which launches the mechanisms
of private international law. At the same time, the specifics of the online environment and
the complexity of solving the conflict of laws of intellectual property due to its territoriality
outline a frame of legal research. The main challenges are connected with the possibility,
expediency and specificity of the application of mechanisms of private international law to
intellectual property relations on the Internet. The principle of territoriality of intellectual
property is strictly understood in the legal system of the Republic of Belarus. Application of
foreign laws on intellectual property and recognition of intellectual property rights based on
them demand profound legal justification, and in the majority of cases are hardly possible.
The article illustrates reasons to revise this approach in relation to intellectual property in general
and intellectual property on the Internet in particular. The author suggests methods for
a gradual transition to the flexible understanding of the territoriality of intellectual property
and incorporation into the Belarusian legislation of new material and conflict of laws rules.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: intellectual property rights

value: private international law

value: conflict of laws

value: territoriality of intellectual property

value: territorial character of intellectual property rights

value: online intellectual property relations

value: digital rights

value: ubiquitous infringements

value: ubiquity

value: Internet service providers


dc.contributor.author

value: Khokhlov, Eugeniy B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Khokhlov, Eugeniy B. 2020. “Reflections on socialism and the Russian legal tradition”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 481–507.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the essence of socialist concepts, formulated mainly during the nineteenth
century and the social, economic and political consequences that arose after the attempts
to implement one of these concepts, namely Marxist-Leninist philosophy, in Russia.
The reason for this analysis lies within the relationship of two categories — the ideology of
socialism and the Russian legal tradition. What is the origin and what is the consequence
amongst these two categories: did the ideology of socialism give rise to Soviet socio-political
practice, especially during the first years of the Soviet regime, or did this practice become a
manifestation of Russian legal consciousness that implemented this practice using the socialist
slogans and distorting the socialist idea? Namely the latter position was maintained by the numerous
critics of Soviet real socialism. The author concludes that the socialist idea is universal
in nature: in its practical implementation, it must inevitably lead to the economic, social,
political and ideological consequences that had been embodied in the Soviet socialist model.
In this sense, the Soviet model is the ultimate example of real socialism, which, however, does
not mean at all that it is unique: any other country, intending to build socialism, will be inevitably
forced to create something similar in its fundamental features. The concept of socialism,
formulated in the nineteenth century, has two main ideological sources: the first one is the
reaction to the ideology and practice of liberalism, which become the dominant doctrine at
the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the second one is the belief in the
power of the human mind. The article analyzes the changes that will have to occur during the
implementation of this, in essence, noble idea.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: socialism

value: liberalism

value: the Soviet socialist model

value: the state as a subject of economy

value: the rights and freedoms of the individual

value: Russian legal tradition


dc.contributor.author

value: Kanecki, Oskar

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kanecki, Oskar. 2020. “The courts of the times of interregnum of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 508–528.

dc.description.abstract

value:
After the death of the last male representative of the Jagiellonian house, Sigismund II Augustus
(Polish: Zygmunt August), most of the courts of nobility acting on behalf of the monarch
suspended their activities. The nobility fulfilled the resulting deficiency by establishing confederations
(called the hoods) in counties and provinces, which became the basis for deputies
subsequently elected to the courts during the times of interregnum. They were functioning in
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1572–1764. They consisted of former court officials and representatives of the nobility and they were mostly housed in castles. The legal
basis for the issued verdicts was the general applicable law. The subject-matter jurisdiction of
the courts of the times of interregnum mainly involved criminal and fiscal matters, and the
deprivation of possessions. They also judged the nobility, as well as the clergy, Jews, peasants
and even townspeople and soldiers. Their activities were accompanied by relatively numerous
incidents. In spite of this, courts of the times of interregnum quickened the process of
executing justice in the times of interregnum. The shorter time of proceedings and structure
contributed to this. Introducing procedural improvements were of special importance for a
sovereign deprived of his state. The ineffectiveness of courts during the time of remarkably increased
delinquency would undoubtedly lead to anarchy. Torture was used in the proceedings
held before kangaroo courts. Commencing from 1632, the disputes arising during the election
session for the Sejm were settled by a general court of the times of interregnum consisting
of marshals, 3 senators and 12 representatives of Małopolska, Wielkopolska and the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania. Its tasks involved mainly judging the crimes committed by the nobility,
which had arrived in Warsaw for the royal elections. The general court of the times of interregnum
made judgments most often in the Warsaw castle.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 11; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

value: council of nobility

value: sejmik

value: resolution of the council of nobility

value: the courts in the times of interregnum

value: the convocation Sejm

value: the election Sejm

value: interregnum

value: the general court of the times of interregnum

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Sibiryakov, I. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sibiryakov I. V. ‘The Celebration of the Centenary Anniversary of the First Defense of Sevastopol’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 483–502.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article analyzes the main reasons for holding an all-Union holiday in 1954 in honor of the centennial
anniversary of the first defense of Sevastopol. The main forms of this holiday in Sevastopol and elsewhere are
discussed, as well as the special political component of this holiday adopted soon after the transfer of the Crimea
to the Ukrainian SSR. The author analyzes a large amount of materials from the central and local periodicals dedicated
to the holiday and reveals a number of images of Sevastopol, which was supposed to gain a foothold in
the historical memory of Soviet citizens after this holiday. The dominant images of Sevastopol in this holiday were
a city-fortress, a city reborn from ruins, and a city of military glory. The author notes the important role of representatives
of the creative intelligentsia in preparing and holding the holiday, which provided a special emotional
character. The article notes that a key source of information about the holiday for the majority of the Soviet population
was central newspapers, which devoted a variety of materials to this event. The holiday contributed to the
integration of the cultural and historical space of the post-war Soviet Union. The experience of its implementation
was used for future all-Union commemorative events of historical orientation.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: heroic defense

value: anniversary

value: memory policy

value: holiday

value: Sevastopol


dc.contributor.author

value: Kovalev, B. N.

value: Feferman, K. M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kovalev B. N., Feferman K. M. ‘Islamic and Turkic Factors in the German Propaganda in the Occupied Territory of Russia (1941–1944)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 348– 365.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with several topics raised in Nazi Germany’s propaganda about Islamic and Turkic
issues directed at the population of occupied northwest territories in 1941–1944. The article analyzes newspapers
published by the occupation administration in this region, as well as the published secondary sources. On
the face of it, these topics were of little interest to local readers, yet they occupied a sizable place among topics
handled by the media run by the occupation regime. A special emphasis was laid on familiarizing readers with
conditions of Islam in the Crimea, the only Soviet area with a sizable Muslim population that was occupied by
Germany. The region was showcased by Nazi Islamic-themed propaganda. In addition, propaganda also dealt
with “unbearable” conditions of Muslims in the Soviet hinterland (Central Asia), and pan-Islamic issues, such as
the activities of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Hadj Amin al-Husseini. One idea ran through all these themes: the
natural support of Islam and Muslims for Nazi Germany, and the equally natural antagonism between Islam/Muslims
and the Soviet state. German propaganda also put a premium on the Turkic factor by emphasizing the role
played by Turkey, a country spiritually close both to Germany and Soviet Muslims of Turkic descent.

value: Nazi Germany

value: occupation

value: USSR

value: Russia

value: propaganda

value: Islam

value: Muslims

value: Pan-Turkism


dc.contributor.author

value: Nagornaya, O. S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nagornaya O. S. ‘Women in the Structures of the Soviet Cultural Diplomacy of the Cold War: Between Mobilization and Participation’. Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 9, 2020, pp. 451– 467.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article discusses the involvement of women in structures of Soviet cultural diplomacy, as well as
complicated negotiations between cultural-diplomatic actors and party-state structures, a complex interweaving
of institutional and ideological influences “from above” with the stubbornness of lay diplomats. At the center
of the investigation are their gradual professionalization and generational change. Archival materials on Soviet
party-state authority and (quasi) civil organizations reflect a discursive, institutional, and partly individual dimension
of the Soviet women’s movement and its activities at the international level. The author concludes that in
attempting to exploit the potential of women’s issues outside the country, the Soviet party-state found no solution
to contradictions between the ambitious role of women in the Cold War and their own patriarchal patterns. After
the late 1960s, the women’s issue also developed in global contexts of human rights. If within the USSR the topic
was perverted in public discussions, at the international level it developed independently. This questioned the
image of the Soviet Union as a country where gender equality was already realized. The gradual discrediting of the USSR as the main peacemaker made further use of the peace issue within the women’s movement more
problematic. Afterwards, activities of the Soviet Women’s Committee were formalized as a bureaucratic practice,
more focused on domestic audiences.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 16-18-10213.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 10; Issue 2

value: cultural diplomacy

value: Cold War

value: international relations

value: Women’s International Democratic Federation

value: women

value: women movement

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Bureeva, E. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bureeva E. V. ‘The Komsomol Wedding of 1960s in the Ideological Education of Soviet Youth: Intentions and Implementation’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 503–520.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The introduction of new civil ceremonies began in the 1920s, when the “red wedding” (“Kyzyl Tuy”) was
first mentioned. However, the weakness of Komsomol organizations, the strength of tradition, and the priority of
agricultural tasks did not allow such work to continue until the 1960s, when a new phase in the active construction of youth holidays commenced. Official public holidays were controlled by party bodies and were held in accordance
with strict regulations, and producing holidays was organized by state bodies and the Komsomol. The
Komsomol wedding, as a rule, was conducted by the Komsomol committees and was not strictly regulated. The
Komsomol wedding in this period went beyond the limits of family celebration only; it became part of mass educational
work for the introduction of new traditions and the involvement of the general public. The tradition of mass
Komsomol weddings almost stopped in the 1970s. Holding a wedding largely depended on the region and place
of residence of the young. More often they occurred in cities, where a significant increase in students was occurring
in this period. Such weddings occurred less often in rural areas, where national traditions, including religious
ones, were preserved. The experience of introducing a Komsomol wedding in the 1960s clearly demonstrates
that young people were increasingly included in the system of state administration; however, party leadership was
still seeking optimal forms and methods of working with youth.

dc.subject

value: Komsomol

value: wedding

value: civil ceremonies

value: Soviet holidays

value: ideological education


dc.contributor.author

value: Rybakov, R. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rybakov R. V. ‘In Search of a New Identity: A Study of Youth Representations in Autobiographies of the Early 1920s’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 426–439.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article seeks to clarify the heuristic possibilities of studying the socio-political identity of young
people by using autobiographical material. The main source of data are Komsomol autobiographies, prepared in
1922 in connection with ongoing revisions of the composition of active members of the Russian Communist Youth
Union in the Omsk province. These materials reflect not only the individual experiences of people living in a particular
historical epoch, but also as one means of constructing collective identity and social memory. Young people
chose different strategies for describing their lives. In preparing their autobiographies, boys and girls intuitively
focused on those events that allowed them to demonstrate their commitment to communist ideals and proximity
to Soviet power. Despite qualitative differences, a comparison of autobiographies identifies several recurring themes and motifs: childhood, education, family relationships, and memories of the revolution and the Civil War.
In an effort to meet social and political demands, young people did not hide their shortcomings. Non-proletarian
origin, received education, and religious education turned into a peculiar mechanism of justification and self-criticism.
Thus was formed the positive image of a person who rejects his former life and its values. The preparation
of autobiographies served an important socio-political function of legitimizing the personality and its status in the
communist youth union.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) and the Ministry of Education
of the Omsk Region, project no. 18-49-550004.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: youth

value: everyday life

value: Soviet identity

value: autobiography

value: Omsk


dc.contributor.author

value: Klinova, M. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Klinova M. A. ‘The Evolution of the Image of Labor Activity of the Population in “Pravda” (1946– 1953)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 468–482.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article deals with the reconstruction of the content and specificity of the image of standard labor
activity in the USSR as constructed in the newspaper Pravda from 1946 to 1953. The use of quantitative and qualitative methods (content analysis and discourse analysis) reveals explicit and implicit dynamics of this formal
image of labor. The first and fifteenth editions from each month were sampled for a total of 192 issues. The
analysis concludes that “correct” employment strategy of the population, as it was developing in the USSR in the
1930s and was preserved during the 1940s, included selfless and joyful labor for the good of the Motherland. The
welfare of private citizens was shaped by its close dependence on the country’s welfare, which was paramount
in relation to personal benefits. Changes in the political situation and trajectory of policies in 1953 led to shifts in
labor policy, including a decrease labor complexity, heroism, and labor of joy experienced in the labor process.
One result of (but not motive for) the normalization of labor was a rise in personal incomes, and income was not
determined by the capabilities of the state or the worker’s overall labor contribution. Concern for improving the
welfare of the population was increasingly interpreted as the country’s primary task.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: labor

value: newspaper

value: Pravda

value: socialist competition

value: labor duty

value: population welfare

value: late Stalinism

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Sobolev, G. L.

value: Khodjakov, M. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sobolev G. L., Khodjakov M. V. ‘Archival Fetishism and Historiographical Nihilism in One Approach to Studying the History of the Defense of Leningrad’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 529–539.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article describes The Defense of Leningrad. 1941–1945, a collection of documents and materials
about the Blockade of Leningrad. The editors of the book attempted to demonstrate the uniqueness of their published
sources, obtained from collections of the State Defense Committee, I. V. Stalin, A. A. Zhdanov, V. M. Molotov,
G. M. Malenkov, and A. I. Mikoyan, which are stored in the archive RGASPI. However, an acquaintance with
the materials in this collection reveals that many have already been in circulation and are the basis for numerous
monographs and articles. In the introduction to the collection, there is no historiographical discussion. Choosing
such an approach to presenting the material, the editors not only ignored achievements of their predecessors,
but also fell under the influence of these supposedly “new” documents. They “rediscover” questions of military
and party leadership in Leningrad besieged by enemy armies, the scale of mortality among the civilian population,
and they “learn” about the existence of privileges in providing residents with food. Unfortunately, the archeographical
part of the introduction violates accepted professional norms: the editors do not indicate whether this or
that document has already been published or is it being published for the first time. Recognizing the importance
of publishing documents on the history of the Blockade of Leningrad from Russian archival collections, we draw
attention to the need for correctly introducing materials into scholarly circulation.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: siege of Leningrad

value: new documents

value: archival materials

value: food supply

value: Second World War


dc.contributor.author

value: Grebenkin, I. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Grebenkin I. N. ‘Military Bureaucracy and Military Bureaucrats: From Russian Empire to Soviet Republic’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 297–314.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article focuses on the role and history of military bureaucratic institutions in Imperial Russia during
the revolutionary events of 1917. The author scrutinizes the military bureaucracy as a part of state military elite in
tsarist Russia resulting from modernization at the beginning of the twentieth century. Positions in various structures
and levels of military management during February 1917 are analyzed. The ambiguous and contradictory
role of the main military administration was a reflection of the general crisis in the imperial state management in
early 1917. The Provisional Government inherited the old military management apparatus and its staff. A relevant
feature of the Military Ministry apparatus functioning under new conditions was its interaction with the political
leadership. An analysis of the evolution of the state military bureaucratic structures in 1917 and various trends in
their reformation reveals that in even revolutionary circumstances, the Military Ministry continued to perform its
technical functions, although it lost control over the army. During the October coup, military management institutions
did not become centers of counter-revolutionary resistance, and later came under control of the Soviet
government in a relatively peaceful way.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 19-09-00117А.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 10; Issue 2

value: bureaucracy

value: army

value: World War I

value: revolution

value: Russia

value: Supreme commander’s headquarters

value: Military ministry

value: Provisional government

value: Council of People’s Commissars

value: People’s Commissariat of military affairs


dc.contributor.author

value: Izmozik, V. S.

value: Rabinowitch, A. Е.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Izmozik V. S., Rabinowitch A. Е. ‘Nikolay Glebov-Putilovskiy. Worker and Leader during the Russian Revolution of 1917’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 381–397.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article describes the fate of Nikolay Glebov-Putilovskiy, a skilled worker who became a member
of the Social Democratic party at 19. A person of many talents (propensity for music, painting, political writing),
Glebov spent many years agitating for the unity of the workers’ movement and the development of the workers’ conscious autonomy. After ten years of forced emigration, Glebov returned to Petrograd in 1917 and, under the
name N. N. Glebov-Putilovsky, became one of the most influential worker leaders at the Putilov Factory. In March
1918, he established the United Workers’ Party, which became a popular political movement among the factory’s
workers. In the Russian Civil War, the UWP campaigned to fight against “the rule of commissars” and for the
unification of “all sensible socialist forces” and free soviets. In June 1920, UWP announced its dissolution and
assimilation by the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks (RCPb). Although Glebov was not accepted into the
party, he held several high-level positions: editor of Lenoblizdat, head of the Anti-Religious Museum, deputy
head of education at the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. His opinion was valued by the
renowned artist P. N. Filonov. In 1938, N. N. Glebov was arrested and died in custody.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Petrosoviet

value: Putilovsky Factory

value: United Workers Party

value: repression

value: great terror

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Bogomazov, N. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bogomazov N. I. ‘The Warsaw-Vienna Railway during Battles on the Russian Front (Summer — Autumn 1914)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 274–296.

dc.description.abstract

value:
One of the oldest and most profitable railways of the Russian Empire, the Warsaw-Vienna Railway,
connected Warsaw with Germany and Austria-Hungary and had a European gauge (except the Kalisz line). In
1912 the railroad was bought by the government to become state-owned. Due to its geographical location, it
almost immediately appeared in the area of hostilities once World War I broke out and was forced to adapt to new
conditions. In the first month of the war, the main battles took place on the flanks of Russian Poland (in East Prussia
and Galicia), but by September with the beginning of the Battle of the Vistula, the Warsaw-Vienna line was in
the very center of the confrontation between the Russian and the German/Austro-Hungarian armies. Approaching
the suburbs of Warsaw, the Germans were forced to withdraw to their original positions. When retreating, the
German army completely destroyed not only the track and bridges, but also the water supply, station buildings,
etc. The military situation required the speedy restoration of the railway for the needs of the Russian army, which
was difficult given the European gauge of the Warsaw-Vienna line. However, the skillful actions of military transport
commanders, as well as the civilian administration, allowed the restoration of traffic. By early November,
traffic from Warsaw to the front line was restored.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 19-78-00075.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: railways

value: Warsaw-Vienna railway

value: battle of the Vistula River

value: First World War

value: restoration

value: supply

value: transportation

value: Ronzhin

value: Dernov


dc.contributor.author

value: Baksht, D. A.

value: Petin, D. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Baksht D. A., Petin D. I. “Alexander Karaulov (1868–1920), Head of the Agency of the Russian Government of Admiral Kolchak: Reconstructing a Biography”, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 366–380.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article provides a historical-biographical study of a high-ranking officer for the domestic special
services, Alexander Vasil’evich Karaulov. Being a worthy specialist in his field, this man devoted thirty years to his
military career, successively serving in the ranks of the Russian Imperial Army, the Separate Corps of Gendarmes,
and then in anti-Bolshevik armed formations and special services. Historical-biographical and problem-chronological
methods are fundamental in preparing this work, defining its genre and nature of presentation. The connection
of the subject with general historiography is presented. Sources include unpublished materials in the
State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Military Archive, the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region,
and the archive of the Office of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Omsk Region.
Of these, the greatest potential for research is the record of Colonel A. V. Karaulov compiled in Omsk in the spring
of 1919. Published materials and periodicals played a supporting role. Thanks to these sources, the complex and
tragic biography of one of the leaders of the special services of Kolchak’s government was reconstructed with the
greatest possible detail.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Civil War

value: officers

value: special services

value: state security agencies

value: political police

value: gendarmerie

value: counterintelligence

value: White Movement


dc.contributor.author

value: Posadsky, A. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Posadsky A. V. “Medicine in the White South during the Russian Civil War: Structures, Solutions, Everyday Life,” Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 315–329.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article investigates military medical affairs in the territory of the White South during the Russian
Civil War. This was a situation in which this territory faced an epidemic situation under the catastrophic conditions
of the First World War, in which efforts were aimed at sanitation in the context of military tensions and chaos after
the 1917 revolution. One focus is on the relationship between the army and public military medical structures,
the fight against epidemics as a main task, and the fates of doctors and medical institutions of the White South
in the context of front-line service. Efforts to overcome epidemics by the Special Meeting under the commander-
in-chief of the armed forces in south Russia are discussed. The behavior of structures of the Russian Red
Cross in the White South is revealed, and a parallel is drawn between the mobilization of efforts in the field of
medical care within the armed forces there and elsewhere on the Don. One source used is memoirs by military
doctors in the ranks of white formations, which portray life, work, moods, and attitude to work, in particular, recollections
by the outstanding Russian psychiatrist Dr. N. Krainsky. The epidemic situation among white troops is
estimated, as well as the evacuation of the wounded from the army of General N. Bredov to Poland.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was prepared with the support of the The Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project
no. 18-00-00814 (18-00-00813) “Patriarchal world and factors of population resilience during the ‘long war’ of
1914–1922”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Russia

value: doctors

value: medical staff

value: Red Cross

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Bardileva, Yu. P.

value: Kuz, V. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bardileva Yu. P., Kuz V. V. ‘The Struggle of Believers against the Disclosure of Holy Relics in the European North of Russia in 1918–1920’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 398–413.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Based on a systematic and problem-chronological approach, and drawing on materials from federal
and regional archives of the Russian Federation and works of Russian and foreign scholars, this article identifies
the theological foundations of veneration for holy relics and their roles and value for believers. This sets up a
study of the causes and consequences of the campaign for the disclosure of holy relics in the European North of
Russia, believers’ actions to protect the relics of revered saints, and results of this struggle. Questions about the
origin of the cult of relics, their early Christian or ancient origins, and the evolution of ceremonies connected with
them are the focus of modern studies. The understanding of the term “relics” and the idea of their sacred status
have undergone significant evolution in the history of the Russian Church. Understood differently in Orthodox
theology and among ordinary clergy and parishioners, the cult of relics became one of the most important directions
for atheistic and anti-clerical policy of the Soviet government in its first years. An inspection of the contents
of shrines was supposed to reveal the corruption of the saints, and thus to expose “the centuries-old deception
of the working people by the clergy” and thus to nullify the influence of the Church. Data on how the majority of
believers responded to this policy are analyzed. The article concludes that the fight against relics as an important
element of anticlerical measures led to apparent success, but failed to achieve the main goal — to eliminate the
cult of saints and martyrs as such.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Russian Orthodox Church

value: European North

value: monasteries

value: disclosure of holy relics

value: believers

value: clergy


dc.contributor.author

value: Sushko, A. V.

value: Nosova, M. S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sushko A. V., Nosova M. S. ‘Leningrad Children in Omsk during the Great Patriotic War’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 330–347.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article is an attempt to reconstruct the daily life of children evacuated from besieged Leningrad to
the Omsk region Siege. Three stages of the lives of young Leningraders in Omsk are highlighted: the evacuation
and road to Omsk, living conditions in evacuation, and homecoming back to Leningrad. Further, the problem of
historical memory for these young Leningraders in Omsk is discussed. Sources include materials of authorities involved
in placement of evacuated children, oral histories that documented memories of children who survived the
war in the Omsk region, and data from Omsk periodicals that regularly coveriedtheir stay in Omsk. The children
were divided into two groups based on living conditions in evacuation. The first is group included children who
came with relatives who took care of their children, and the second was children evacuated as part of schools and
orphanages and who did not have relatives and were under the supervision of state employees and institutions.
Children who came with relatives were in a better situation, because no one in the region expected such a massive
evacuation of children’s institutions and local authorities needed time to create normal living conditions for
children who arrived with orphanages and boarding schools.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 10; Issue 2

value: Great Patriotic War

value: Blockade

value: Leningrad

value: children

value: everyday life

value: evacuation

value: re-evacuation

value: Omsk

value: historical memory

dc.title

size: 2 MB


dc.contributor.author

value: Usmanov, N. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Usmanov N. V. ‘Urals Chekists and the American Relief Administration (1921–1923)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 414–425.

dc.description.abstract

value:
As a horrific famine engulfed Russia in the summer of 1921, officials were hard pressed to ask the
international community for aid. The Urals was among stricken areas. With the accord of Soviet Government,
the American Relief Administration, better known as ARA, operated as a significant charitable organization from
autumn 1921 until summer 1923. This American organization possessed considerable food and other material
resources. The Russian authorities believed there was a danger that ARA employees would gather counter-revolutionary
forces, and so the ARA was placed under the supervision of the Cheka and GPU. Secret agents of
the Soviet special services were introduced into the foreign organization to track its activities. Members of the
Bolshevik Party were supposed to help Chekists. According to information passed on by these Chekists, the ARA committeed no serious violations of Soviet law. At the same time, some unlawful actions of local ARA employees
took place in the Urals, which Chekists suppressed. While the Cheka usually had an understanding with of ARA
leadership, the Americans tried to protect their employees from excessive surveillance by the Chekists. Employees
of the Cheka and the GPU in the Urals also protected ARA resources from embezzlement and misuse.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: famine

value: Soviet Russia

value: Ural

value: chekists

value: American Relief Administration

value: food

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Belousov, Mikhail S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belousov M. S. The Dispatches of Spanish Ambassador as a Source of Interregnum’s Political Culture. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 2, рp. 357–374.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article analyzes a set of dispatches related to the business correspondence of the Spanish
Ambassador, Juan Miguel Paez de la Cadena, in St. Petersburg. The article gives an archaeographic
description of the historical source of research into the problems of the history of
the revolt of 1825. It further shows the peculiarity of the life of the metropolitan information
field immediately after the death of Emperor Alexander I. This approach to studying the main
plots of the history of the interregnum enables to highlight major problems concerning the
Russian society and to pay special attention to the Polish question in this case. An analysis of
the messages of the second half of December-early January demonstrates, on the one hand, the
prevalence in the Russian ruling circles of the mythologem about the all-European conspiracy
of secret societies, and, on the other hand, the nature of its transformation in the midst of a
deep political crisis in the Russian Empire. The article shows how this concept and which of
its elements acquire a new dimension and are reflected in the rhetoric of the young emperor
and his entourage, and above all, K. V. Nesselrode. It is related to the problem of a priori definition
of the key organizers of the rebellion. According to the renewed discourse, this role was
assigned to the Poles and representatives of the titled aristocracy. It was them who, relying on
the Spanish experience, intended to involve soldiers by deceit, commit violent acts against the
tsar’s family and sow anarchy and disorder.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by the grant No. 19-78-00040 “Anthropology of the Political Crisis: A
Case of the Interregnum of 1825” of the Russian Science Foundation.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Decembrists

value: Paez de la Cadena

value: St. Petersburg uprising

value: interregnum

value: Polish question

value: conspiracy


dc.contributor.author

value: Krapivin, Mikhail Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Krapivin M. Yu. Petrograd Group of Progressive Clergy and the Soviet Confessional Policy during the Civil War. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 2, рp. 392–408.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In June — July 1919, informal consultations between representatives of the authorities and a
group of “֧progressive” Orthodox clergy were held in the premises of the Executive Committee
of the Petrograd Council. They discussed the possibility of publishing an appeal on behalf of
the invited persons condemning the actions of the White Guards and interventionists as well
as expressing solidarity with the Bolsheviks in their struggle against external enemies. Meetings
with the clergy were organized by the leadership of the so-called Common sub-department
of the Petrograd city department of justice. This kind of initiative contradicted the state
policy in the religious issue. At the same time, it corresponded to the directives of the Secret
Department of the Cheka. The article describes the course and results of the “private meeting”
of the summer of 1919; analyzes the proposals made by its participants, and the variants of
the text of the final document discussed at the meetings. In the end, most of the invitees felt
that the clergy’s performance with a politicized declaration was contrary to the Decree on the
separation of church and state and therefore unacceptable. The history of the “consultations”
that once took place in the Common sub-department unexpectedly became the subject of
a “discussion” that unfolded in the spring and summer of 1921 between investigators of the
Petrograd Provincial Cheka and a participant in the “private meetings” of 1919, one of the
leaders of Renovationism in the Russian Church A. I. Boyarsky. The struggle to establish the
truth brought about criminal prosecution and prison sentences for the archpriest.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research in
the framework of the research project No. 18-09-00299 A.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Civil war

value: Orthodox Russian Church

value: progressive clergy

value: Petrosovet

value: Petrograd Provincial Emergency Commission

value: A. I. Boyarsky


dc.contributor.author

value: Dashkovskiy, P. K.

value: Zibert, N. P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dashkovskiy P. K., Zibert N. P. ‘The Legal And Economic Situation of Orthodox Clergy in the 1930s in the South of Western Siberia’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 440– 450.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The Resolution “On Religious Associations” and other normative legal acts adopted by the Soviet
government during the 1930s were aimed at the gradual destruction of religious life. this paper analyzes methods
of work used by the Soviet state to prevent the spread of religious creeds in the West Siberian Territory,
which negatively affected the position of the Orthodox clergy. In addition, the attitudes of various segments of the
population to changes taking place in spiritual life are discussed. During this period, worshipers were subject to
numerous compulsory fees and were involved in various labor duties. At the same time, the elimination of priests
as a class was accompanied and complicated by numerous conflicts of priests and parish church councils, as
well as with local authorities. A serious problem was the desecration of churches and the frequent theft of church
property, which greatly complicated, and often made impossible, the holding of church services. The increase
in retail prices in 1931 ravaged the parishioners of many churches and put worshipers in an extremely distressing
situation. At the same time, the repression of clergy intensified, during which many were arrested and executed.
The reduced number of clergymen threatened the functioning or even existence of many parishes in Western
Siberia, and the intensification of persecution of clergy after 1937, along with the active closure of churches, led to
the disappearance of the Barnaul diocese, with its territories becoming part of the Novosibirsk diocese by 1940.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by Russian science foundation (RSF), project no. 19-18-00023.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: confessional policy

value: orthodoxy

value: Russian Orthodox Church

value: clergy

value: West Siberia

value: Soviet Power

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Gruzdinskaya, V. S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gruzdinskaya V. S. ‘Exclusion from the Academy of Sciences in the Mirror of Documentary Evidence (1928)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 540–551.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 18-09-00397.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University


dc.contributor.author

value: Andreev, D. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Andreev D. A. ‘The Phenomenology of the Russian Autocracy at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century Through the Optics of “Political Everyday Life”’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 521–528.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article discusses one of the main issues in K. A. Solovyov’s 2018 monograph on the political system
of the Russian Empire from Emperor Alexander III until the reforms of 1905–1906. Solovyov, a chief research
fellow of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, states that the regime in this period
should be studied from the point of view of “the political everyday life”. This would help scholars develop a “new
political history” and reconstruct the past in a way closer to historical reality than is done at present. This approach
has met criticism. Despite a number of successful examples of the use of Solovyov’s optics of “political everyday
life,” it is not sufficiently comprehensive or robust for understanding the phenomenology of the late autocracy, because
it does not take into account the most important features of this regime: the status of the monarch and the
nature of his power. Those phenomena cannot be understood in the context of exclusively administrative practices.
To support this claim, the author analyzes both the concepts of political thinkers Solovyov studied and did not
mention. The author suggests that the prism of “everyday life” cannot provide a correct interpretation of events.

dc.subject

value: political everyday life

value: autocracy

value: Slavophilism

value: absolutism

value: political system

value: political history


dc.contributor.author

value: Erokhina, Yulia V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Erokhina Yu. V. Church court in Russia: The view of a lawyer. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 315–340.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the article, the author attempts to consider the church court through the prism
of a theoretical analysis of some aporias of the church court and their implementation
in practice. As a rule, aporias arise based on the fact that contradictions are
inherent in the object itself or its perception. The author analyzes the aporia of
the church court, fictitious, logically correct statements and judgments about the
nature and activities of the church court, which cannot be put into practice without
resolving the contradictions. The first aporia: the basis of the judicial activity
of the church should be unchanged. The second aporia: the activity of the church
court should be considered outside the state system of secular law. An appeal in
the article to pre-revolutionary church and secular law will help to partially reveal
the principles of church proceedings and structure, and to reveal contradictions
in the understanding of modern church court. Depending on the relationship
between the church and the state, their interaction, the model of the church court
is transformed: the church court is part of the state judicial system or the church
court is not part of the state judicial system. The author concludes that the indicated
aporia of a church court are logically correct judgments. Aporias reveal
contradictions in views on church court from the part of church and secular law.
Many contradictions and intractable issues were identified during the state judicial
reform by Emperor Alexander II, but they were not taken into account in
modern times when creating a modern church court. The Statute of the Church
Court contains legal categories of secular law. The Russian Orthodox Church is
faced with the task of resolving the contradictions associated with the nature and
activity of the church court. An explanation is provided why the considered aporia
of the church court cannot yet be practically realized.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 2; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Russian Orthodox Church

value: The Statute of the Church

value: church court

value: law

value: church law

value: canon law

value: aporia


dc.contributor.author

value: Guterman, Alexander E.

value: Shteyner, Pavel M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Guterman A. E., Shteyner P.M. Linear operators preserving majorization of matrix tuples. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy, 2020, vol. 7 (65), issue 2, pp. 217–229.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In this paper, we consider weak, directional and strong matrix majorizations. Namely, for
square matrices A and B of the same size we say that A is weakly majorized by B, if there
is a row stochastic matrix X such that A = XB. Further, A is strongly majorized by B,
if there is a doubly stochastic matrix X such that A = XB. Finally, A is directionally
majorized by B, if for any vector x the vector Ax is majorized by the vector Bx under
the usual vector majorization. We introduce the notion of majorization for matrix tuples,
which is defined as a natural generalization of matrix majorizations: for a chosen type of
majorization we say that one matrix tuple is majorized by another matrix tuple of the
same size if every matrix of the “smaller” tuple is majorized by the matrix in the same
position in the “bigger” tuple. We say that linear operator preserves a majorization if it
maps ordered pairs to ordered pairs and the image of the smaller element does not exceed
the image of the bigger one. This paper contains a full characterization of linear operators
that preserve weak, strong or directional majorization for matrix tuples, as well as linear
operators that map matrix tuples ordered with respect to the strong majorization to matrix
tuples ordered with respect to the directional majorization. We have shown that every such
operator preserves respective majorization for each component. For each of these three types
of majorizations we provide counterexamples demonstrating that the inverse statement does
not hold, that is, if majorization of each component is preserved, majorization of matrix
tuples may not be preserved.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The work is supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant N16-11-10075).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy;Volume 7 (65); Issue 2

dc.subject

value: matrix majorization

value: vector majorization

value: linear preservers

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Vostokov, Sergei V.

value: Leonova, Ekaterina O.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vostokov S. V., Leonova E. O. Calculations in generalised Lubin—Tate theory. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy, 2020, vol. 7 (65), issue 2, pp. 210–216.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In this paper, we study different extensions of local fields. For an arbitrary finite extension
of the field of p-adic numbers K/Qp it is possible to describe, using the famous Lubin—Tate
theory, its maximal abelian extension Kab/K and the corresponding Galois group. It is a
Cartesian product of the groups appearing from the maximal unramified extension of K and
a fully ramified extension obtained using the roots of some endomorphisms of the Lubin—
Tate formal groups. Here, we are going to consider so-called generalised Lubin—Tate formal
groups and the extensions that appear after adding the roots of their isomorphisms to
the initial field. Using the fact that for a finite unramified extension Tm of degree m of
the field K one of such formal groups coincides with a classical one, it became possible
to obtain the Galois group of the extension (Tm)ab/K. The main result of the paper is
explicit description of the Galois group of the extension (Kur)ab/K, where Kur is the
maximal unramified extension of the field K. We also applied similar methods to the study
of ramified extensions of K.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The work is supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant N16-11-10200).

dc.subject

value: maximal unramified extension

value: formal group law


title: Sessions of Section of the House of scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the theoretical mechanics of prof. N. N. Poljakhov November 20, 2019

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sessions of Section of the House of scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the theoretical mechanics of prof. N. N. Poljakhov. November 20, 2019. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy, 2020, vol. 7 (65), issue 2, p. 355


dc.contributor.author

value: Antonov, Konstantin M.

value: Kyrlezhev, Alexander I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Antonov K. M., Kyrlezhev A. I. A new interpretation of the history of Russian religious thought: Philosophy of religion as a significant aspect of religious philosophy. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 368–383.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The conversation between Alexander Kyrlezhev and Professor Konstantin Antonov
is devoted to the monograph of the latter, “‘How is religion possible?’: Philosophy of
religion and philosophical problems of theology in Russian religious thought of the
19th–20th centuries”. The phenomenon of religious philosophy as a special type of
thinking arising in the secular culture of Modernity and having a universal character
is discussed. Within the framework of the Russian tradition, a “single field of the
philosophy of religion” is revealed, including theology, the science of religion, secular
criticism of religion, and religious philosophy proper. The novelty of the research
approach of the monograph’s author is emphasized, who for the first time made the
philosophy of religion of Russian religious thinkers of the 19th–20th centuries, who
experienced the influence of German classical philosophy and the culture of romanticism,
the subject of consideration. The heroes of the book carry out philosophical
reflection in conditions of moving away from religion and subsequent religious conversion,
which determines the specifics of their thought, aimed both at criticizing
traditional theology and at formulating their own theological ideas. The subjectivity
of Russian thinkers and their attempts to ontologize religious experience, as well as
their views on organized religion, established religious practices, and other religious
traditions, are discussed. In conclusion, parallels are drawn between the specifics of
Russian religious thought and the latest post-secular trends in the intellectual and
public spheres. The relevance of the Russian tradition of thinking about religion is
revealed to comprehend modern religious and social processes as well as Orthodox
theology in general.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 2; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Russian religious thought

value: religious philosophy

value: philosophy of religion

value: Orthodox theology

value: religious conversion

value: secular culture

value: secularization

value: desecularization


dc.contributor.author

value: Kostromin, Konstantin A. (archpriest)

value: Tserpitskaya, Olga L.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kostromin K. A., Tserpiskaya O. L. Political and theological aspect of the new martyrs’ feat on the example of hieromartyr Platon, bishop of Revel. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 221–233.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The new martyrs of Russia are the reason for a separate study within the framework
of political theology. Neither the trend of the study, nor the two theorized approaches to it, contain attempts to reflect upon the situation in which both the political
system and the Russian Orthodox Church found themselves in 1917. We can and
should consider their feat as a “political” one. The article is devoted to the problem
of the political feat of the new martyrs on the example of the Hieromartyr Platon of
Revel. The heroic feat combines the Bishop’s loyalty to traditional religious ideals, an
attempt to preserve Church life in changing political and cultural conditions, and a
change in the political environment that leads to the death of those who defend the
values of the Russian world. The article defines the principles of considering the feat
of the new martyrs as “political”, presents the life of the Hieromartyr Platon through
the prism and as confirmation of these principles. Also, a description of the political
situation of the period of his Ministry is provided in the article. Together, this
allowed us to define the essence of the political feat of the new martyrs as the ability
to remain citizens of their Fatherland regardless of the political circumstances.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: political theology

value: Platon of Revel

value: new martyrs

value: political feat

value: national identity

value: Orthodoxy

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Petrov, Alexander Yu.

value: Egorova, Yuliia S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Petrov A. Yu., Egorova Yu. S. Mikhail Buldakov’s Role in the Historical and Cultural Heritage of Russian America. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 2, рp. 343– 356.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the activities of Mikhail Buldakov who was born in Velikii Ustiug. He
became the chief of the Russian-American Company which was the first and largest monopolistic
joint stock company in the Russian Empire. The authors trace Buldakov’s life from that
of an ordinary person, a fur-dealer in Siberia, to one of the most influential persons among
the Russian merchants of his time. The authors have investigated the innovations proposed
by Buldakov, which put Russia among the leading powers of that time. Buldakov’s family ties
have been researched, and these include the founders of the first permanent settlements in
North America: Grigorii and Natalia Shelikhov and the chamberlain Nikolai Rezanov. The
article analyzes the measures put forward by Buldakov to motivate the company’s employees,
and reveals features of the management of the Russian-American Company in crisis years.
The authors explore the role of Buldakov in preserving Russian cultural and historical heritage
in Alaska as well as objects of Alaskan native material culture in Russian contemporary
museums. The attention is paid to preservation and evolution of Russian heritage in the North
Pacific. The authors study the role of Buldakov in the context of historical and cultural heritage
of Russian America on the basis of a wide range of sources. Rare documents from regional
national and foreign archives, museums and libraries have been used. The article highlights
the role of Siberian cities and merchants in the movement of the Russians to the shores of
America. The article is intended to arouse interest in the problem of promoting the historical
and cultural heritage of Russia in the North Pacific among the public.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article has been prepared with financial support of the Russian Science Fund («Historical and
cultural heritage of Russian America», science project no: 17-18-01567) in Ryazan State University named
after S. Yesenin.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Russian America

value: heritage

value: Russia

value: USA

value: Alaska

value: colonization


dc.contributor.author

value: Mironov, Boris N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mironov B. N. Church and State before and after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 2, рp. 646–667.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses the collective monograph “1917: revolution, state, society and the
Church” written by well-known Russian historians. According to the author of this review, the
team prepared an interesting and useful study. Its characteristic features are: interdisciplinarity,
relevance, juxtaposition of the past with the present, good sources, high quality texts, good
design. A serious drawback of the book is the lack of historiography. In all chapters there is
no evaluation of the contributions made by the predecessors. The absence of a critical analysis
of the existing literature on the issues studied in the monograph does not enable not only
the readers but also the authors themselves to adequately assess the meaning and novelty of
the study. This is especially distressing in those cases when different, sometimes opposing,
points of view are expressed in the literature. For example, there have been expressed several
opinions regarding the position of the episcopate and the clergy on the relationship between
the Church and the state, the restoration of the patriarchate, the overthrow of the monarchy and
the legitimization of the Provisional Government, the role of the Orthodox Church Council
of 1917–1918. For a long time, and probably still, most Russian and foreign researchers have
believed that during the synodal period the Russian Orthodox Church turned into a mute
instrument in the hands of a secular state fulfilling its will submissively even if it was contrary
to its spiritual duty and its corporate interests. Some authors of the collective monograph also
adhere to this concept although a fundamentally different concept is expressed in foreign
and Russian historiography (G. Freeze, M. A. Babkin, P. G. Rogozny, etc.). If the authors had
defended their points of view in an open discussion and had critically evaluated the concepts
of their opponents, the book would certainly have benefitted.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by grant No. 20-09-00353 from Russian Foundation for Basic Research
“The disintegration of the Soviet Union in the human dimension: an interdisciplinary study”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Russian revolution of 1917

value: state

value: society

value: Russian Orthodox Church

value: late imperial Russia

value: Soviet Union


dc.contributor.author

value: Dvornichenko, Andrey Yu.

value: Shaposhnik, Vyacheslav V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dvornichenko А. Yu., Shaposhnik V. V. And again Ivan the Terrible or about a New Book by the American Scholar. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, issue 2, рp. 633– 645.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The study of the epoch of the first Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible is an inexhaustible theme
for the humanities, the object of constant attention in culture, and a very specific part of a
historical memory. There are so many works dedicated to this period that some years ago
a new term emerged — “groznovedenie” (the study of Ivan the Terrible) — which is related
to exploration of this period of the Russian history. An object of this article is a new book
written by a renowned American scholar Charles J. Halperin. He is one of the world’s leading
historians of medieval Muscovy. He is also well-known for his works on George Vernadsky,
on the history of the Golden Horde as well as on many other complex problems of Russian
history. The book summarizes the results of his long-standing research into the epoch of Ivan
the Terrible and his contemplation upon the Russian history. The authors of this article stress
the unbiased attitude of Charles Halperin to this very complex epoch with its various problems.
They point out the American scholar’s perfect knowledge of the Russian and Western
historiography, and of a wide range of historical sources. In contrast to some western scholars,
Halperin recognizes authenticity of these sources. A notable feature of the book written by
Galperin is a variety of new, original and fresh interpretations and conclusions related to all
periods of Ivan’s reign, among which there is a phenomenon of the Oprichnina. The historian
not only places this period within a wide historical context, but constantly makes many interesting
comparative-historical parallels. The authors of the article do not agree with some
of Galperin’s ideas and statements, but they are fully confident that this book is a remarkable
contribution to “groznovedenie”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 2

value: Charles J. Halperin

value: historiography

value: sources

value: Ivan the Terrible

value: reforms

value: Oprichnina

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Fried, Torsten

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fried T. Mecklenburg and the Third Rome — the Evocation of Empire. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, issue 2, рp. 584–604.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article examines the scale of the propaganda for the Russian Empire in Mecklenburg.
For many years, the Duchy in the north-east of the Holy Roman Empire had been one of the
leading powers in the southern Baltic region. And although the political significance of Mecklenburg
steadily faded after the Thirty Years’ War, the dukes continued to act on the European
stage. In the 18th Century in particular, many and varied contacts arose between the Russian
ruling house and that of Mecklenburg. Both the Tsars and the dukes were united in their efforts
to prove their rank in the nobility and make themselves known to the outside world. In
exploiting their dynastic relationships, very different media were used to present royal power.
In this way, a Russian Imperial decoration might become the starting point for other representations
of power. The Mecklenburg royal family were particularly concerned with emphasising
the imperial rank of their allies. Undoubtedly, this involved associating the empire with Rome
and its successors (“translatio imperii”), and references to a “Third Rome” which were also
clearly made in Mecklenburg.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Mecklenburg

value: empire

value: Third Rome

value: Russia

value: representation of sovereignty

value: Order of St. Andrew

value: medals


dc.contributor.author

value: Lyandres, Semion M.

value: Nikolaev, Andrei B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lyandres S. M., Nikolaev A. B. On the Cult of Alexander Kerenskii and Historiographical Tradition. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 2, рp. 668–678.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This essay discusses the recent monograph by the St. Petersburg historian B. I. Kolonitskii.
Best known for his pioneering works on the revolutionary political culture, in this new book
the distinguished historian focuses on the process by which a political cult was constructed
around the figure of A. F. Kerenskii and on the development of the image and credentials
through which Kerenskii represented himself (and was represented by his admirers) during
the first months following the overthrow of the old regime. His pre-revolutionary image as a
people’s tribune was supplanted by that of a revolutionary minister and later by the leader of
the revolutionary army and savior of the Russian Revolution. The author pays special attention
to Kerenskii’s deliberate efforts to cultivate the press and to bolster his revolutionary image
through carefully crafted speeches and public appearances. According to the author, Kerenskii
was his own most prolific and effective image-maker. Kolonitskii concludes the book by bringing
up instructive comparisons with the later cults of Bolshevik leaders, though he sensibly
avoids direct parallels or equations. However, the monograph is not free from omissions
and contradictions. There is a glaring inconsistency between the part of the title referring to
Kerenskii’s “antimonarchical revolution” and the absence of any substantive discussion of the
ways in which this enormously important yet little studied question influenced the construction
of his cult of the national leader. Kerenskii’s leadership during the first days of the February
Revolution is overstated, while the timing of aspects of his cult creation by sympathetic
writers during March-June should be attributed to subsequent weeks or months.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: A. F. Kerenskii

value: leader of the revolution

value: cult of the leader

value: political culture

value: February Revolution

value: M. V. Rodzianko

value: B. I. Kolonitskii


dc.contributor.author

value: Aidarova-Volkova, Galina N.

value: Fakhrullin, Rawil Farid ulı

value: Kees, Boterbloem

dc.identifier.citation

value: Aidarova-Volkova G. N., Fakhrullin R. F., Boterbloem K. A. Historical-Architectural Analysis of the Panoramic Image of Kazan by Cornelis de Bruijn. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, issue 2, рp. 566–583.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This essay presents the results of application of modern software for analysis of microscopic
images in order to establish the veracity of an intriguing primary source, an early eighteenth-
century depiction of the skyline of the city of Kazan. This image is an engraving made
on the basis of a sketch of the city’s panorama created by the Dutch artist and diarist Cornelis
de Bruijn during his journey down the Volga in May 1703. The meticulous comparison between
the computer processed drawing by de Bruijn and early photographs of Kazan enables
to conclude that the Dutch traveler provided a highly accurate picture, the first of its kind, of
the contours of Early Modern Kazan. In terms of precision, his picture surpassed earlier illustrations
of the city such as those published by Adam Olearius. As a result, certain questions
regarding the age of some of Kazan’s landmarks, for example, the Söyembikä Tower, are clarified.
It has been established that this building predates the eighteenth century, and the authors
suggest that its purpose may have been different from being military or defensive. In addition,
de Bruijn’s illustration elucidates the nature of the renovation carried out in the defensive
towers of Kazan’s city walls during Peter the Great’s reign when the risk of raids or invasions
into Muscovite territory from the south and east diminished considerably, which reduced the
importance of Kazan as a fortified stronghold.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Architectural history

value: art history

value: Kazan

value: Volga

value: Early Modern Literature

value: Travel Accounts

value: digital humanities

value: Dutch masters

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Ekdahl, Sven Erik

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ekdahl S. E. Locating the Theatre of War at the Battle of Grunwald by Metal Detectors. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, issue 2, рp. 448–468.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents some main features of the battlefield archaeology at Grunwald (1410).
A special attention is devoted to an intriguing question of the acceptance by historians and
archaeologists of a fallacious theory about the march routes and battlefield deployment of the
armies created by the famous Prussian historian Johannes Voigt in 1836. The author rejects
the credibility of the thesis by Voigt and his many modern followers; refers to a contemporary
source that has remained unknown in scholarship, and offers an alternative interpretation.
The article reconsiders not only written sources but also archaeological investigations and
historical maps. The research is based on the use of methods associated with archaeological
exploration. The presented data are the results of search with metal detectors (and partly GPR)
in the fields of Grunwald from 2014 to 2019, when 600 hectares of land were explored. It
turned out that the previous hypotheses by historians and archaeologists about the location of
the main battlefield east of the road from Stembark to Lodwigowo are not reliable. The main
battle took place 2 to 3 km further west, namely south and east of the village of Grunwald.
Of particular interest to Lithuanian and Russian historians are the many military artefacts
found on both sides of the road from Grunwald to Lodwigowo, where, according to the author’s
research, the troops of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vytautas, faced the left wing of the
Teutonic Order’s army. In addition, the use of a radar station (Ground Penetration Radar) in
2016 enabled to suggest a possible location of mass graves.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Battlefield Archaeology

value: Ground Penetration Radar (GPR)

value: Grunwald

value: metal detector

value: Tannenberg

value: Teutonic Order