dc.contributor.author

value: Moravcíkova, Michaela

dc.identifier.citation

value: Moravcíkova M. The Prague Spring of 1968 and its impact on religious life and statechurch relations in Czechoslovakia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 378–389.

dc.description.abstract

value: The oncoming of communism in Czechoslovakia in 1948 meant for churches and religious communities the “nationalization” of church property and the implementation of supervision through the State Office for Church Affairs. The communist state never thought about the separation of church and state, but rather assumed such a step would be in given historical conditions an increase in the social impact of churches. The consequence of the delegation of the Russian Orthodox Church in Czechoslovakia was a fusion of the Uniate Church in Slovakia with the Orthodox Church. The pressure on the church caused various illegal activities that became the target of persecution by state security forces. The Prague Spring was the culmination of attempts at social reform in Czechoslovakia that were intensively conducted after January 1968. The weakened grip on power and the overall trend of democratization led to a significant recovery in activities of churches, until they were suppressed in August 1968 by Warsaw Pact troops. The paper is an attempt to analyze the most significant reversal in church policy of Czechoslovakia in connection with the democratization of socialism under the influence of Alexander Dubček’s reformism. It follows this development through the prism of Soviet Union concerns about the weak position of the Soviet bloc, as well as the suppression of reforms, and the subsequent establishment of the Slovak Republic in the framework of a socialist federation. It notes the role of civil society activists and Catholic dissidents who developed vastly different level of activity in both parts of the federation. Finally, it aims at the synthesis of knowledge of the interactions of religious institutions and elites and the communist government and political elites in the period around 1968.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was undertaken under the auspices of a grant from the VEGA Grant Agency, contract no. 1/0172/17 “Associations as an element of democracy and the expression of freedom of association in public relations and private law.”

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 35; Issue 2

value: Czechoslovakia

value: Church-state relations

value: Prague Spring


dc.contributor.author

value: Frohlich, Bruno

value: Hunt, David R.

value: Birna, Jonsdottir

dc.identifier.citation

value: Frohlich B., Hunt D. R., Birna J. Aleut Mortuary Practices. Re-Interpretation of Established Aleut Burial Customs. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 2, рp. 499–524.

dc.description.abstract

value: The Unangan/Aleut people have lived in the Aleutian Islands for more than 9,000 years. About 250 years ago this unique and successful balance between nature and man was disturbed to such a degree, that the Unangan people almost became extinct. Russian fur hunters and traders (promyshlenniks) killed, annihilated, raped, introduced new diseases (leprosy, smallpox, syphilis and consumption (tuberculosis)), and forcefully displaced Unangan people for the purpose of promoting their fur business. This resulted in major declines in the Unangan population size. It is estimated that an original population of more than 15,000 people in 1741 (time of arrival of Russians in the Aleutian Islands) to less than 2000 in 1800. This drastic reduction in the population size and increasing Russian control did not result in a thoroughly eradication of the Unangans’ culture and spiritual belief. Also, it is doubtful that the Russian Orthodox Church had much control over the Unangans’ spiritual activities, as previously suggested by the church’s records. Our research, based on the historical record, archaeological excavations and particularly on the reconstruction of the traditional mortuary practices, strongly support our present hypothesis that the Unangans’ devotion to their traditional spirituality was well established and operational at any given time, including: — after the arrival of the promyshlenniks (1741), — after the establishment of the Russian American Company (1799), — after the introduction of the Russian Orthodox Church (ca. 1800), — after the sale of Russian America to the USA in 1867, — and most likely well into the 20th century.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Aleutian Islands

value: mortuary practices

value: spirituality

value: mummification

value: reconstruction

value: Chaluka

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Mikhailov, Igor F.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mikhailov I. F. Representations in human sciences: time for reconsideration. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 297–307.

dc.description.abstract

value: The concept of representation has played a fundamental role in cognitive science since its inception in the 1950s. Representation gained this emphasis insofar as cognitive psychology and linguistics since their beginnings were based on a “computer metaphor” and, accordingly, on the classical Turing concept of computations as operations with symbols construed as representations of some data or content. With the emergence of numerous non-classical models of computing in recent decades (distributed, analog, genetic, quantum, etc.), representation has been attacked by various anti-representationalist or “post-cognitive” schools. This article shows that the complete rejection of representations in theoretical schemes of radical connectionism and radical enactivism, as well as the irrelevance of this concept in the cognitive paradigm of “dynamic systems,” means a step back to traditional natural science with its weak ability to explain cognitive phenomena. Meanwhile, the strong representationalism closely related to computational symbolism is fraught with paradoxes, such as the “homunculus paradox,” and its interpretation on real neurophysiological facts is a theoretical problem. On the contrary, moderate, or weak, representationalism proceeds from the fact that complex computing systems use representations of computational outcomes in their subsystems or at their particular levels as input for computations in other subsystems or at other levels. Therefore, the concept of representation is of operational value to cognitive science, but it cannot be a universal clue to cognitive or philosophical problems.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 35; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: computation

value: representation

value: cognitive science

value: symbolism

value: connectionism

value: enactivism

value: dynamic systems

value: predictive mind


title: Memory and time

dc.contributor.author

value: Gubin, Valerii D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gubin V. D. Memory and time. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 358–368.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article is devoted to the philosophical aspects of the theory of memory, that is how memory makes possible the experience of time for us. The material is divided into three parts: 1) “Memory and the past”; 2) “Memory and the present”; 3) “Memory and the future”. In the first section it is considered that for a person, oneself, one’s world, history, culture have a sense of being worked through memory, passed through the crucible of memories. And everything that a person sees through the shadow of memory seems to be transfigured, filled with meaning, mysterious, paradoxical. The world in fact is revealed to us through the work of memory. Its main function is to return the past, revive it, melt its frozen outlines, re-live it again. In the second section it is shown that for a living memory there is no rupture between the past, the present and the future. And all the long-dead, gone, from the point of view of everyday consciousness, factually is. Memory does not restore the past, it always generates it, does not allow it to disappear. In the third section we analyze the fact that we are always in the future in relation to the past that we are trying to remember. The future is the blood of the present. The present and the past are alive, because they are shrouded in the future. Everything that is not just remembered, but restored by creative imagination, does not change, it lives forever. All this allows us to talk about the memory of the future. The paradoxical structure of the memory makes it possible for us to live in time and create the world around us and ourselves.

dc.subject

value: memory

value: memory as the basis of spirituality

value: living and dead memory

value: fantasy

value: imagination

value: inconceivable memory

value: memory and eternity

dc.title

value: Memory and time


dc.contributor.author

value: Moiseev, Artem V.

value: Sokolov, Sergei D.

value: Tuchkova, Marianna I.

value: Verzhbitsky, Vladimir E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Moiseev A. V., Sokolov S. D., Tuchkova M. I., Verzhbitsky V. E. (2019). Ediacarenianmiddle Cambrian basic volcanism of Wrangel Island: age and geodynamic setting (Russian East Arctic region). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 64 (2), 267–280.

dc.description.abstract

value: New results from the study of zircon U—Pb ages by SIMS and the geochemistry of basic volcanism of Wrangel Island’s central part are considered. Volcanites are represented by rhyolites and spilitized basalts. For a long time, the age of rocks was considered early Carboniferous, since they are discordantly overlapped by late Carboniferous limestones. Recently, the age of rhyolites was estimated at ~590–610 million years; their compositions were compared with A-type granites. For basic volcanites, there is a large spread of U-Pb SIMS ages of zircon grains. The age of crystallization corresponds to the Ediacaran-middle Cambrian time (~510–608 million years). The volcanic rocks’ compositions have high concentrations of TiO2 up to 3.4 wt. %. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element pattern exhibit pronounced enrichment of light REE in respect to medium (La/Sm)n = 1.4–2.4 and heavy (La/Yb)n = 2.2-6.1 REE. Primitive-mantle normalized spidergrams show negative Nb-Ta anomaly, significant enrichment with LILEs and most HFSE. The geochemical characteristics of the basic volcanic rocks of Wrangel Island indicate the similarity to traps of the Noril’sk area in northen Central Siberia and intraplate environment. The geological observations and the obtained ages suggest that the basic volcanic rocks are comagmatic with rhyolites having the geochemical features of A-type granites. It is assumed that this bimodal association was formed within the continental rift zone. It is assumed that the rocks were formed in a one single rift system with the coeval orthogneisses and gabbroids of the Alaskan Seward Peninsula.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: Авторы признательны ПАО «НК “Роснефть”» за финансовую поддержку полевых исследований. Аналитическая работа выполнялась за счет средств гранта РНФ № 16-17-10251. Работа над статьей завершилась при финансовой поддержке гранта РФФИ № 17-05-00795. Сотрудники ГИН РАН обеспечивались базовым финансированием за счет субсидии по теме № 0135-2016-0022.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Earth Sciences;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: geochemistry

value: volcanic rocks

value: geodynamics

value: tectonics

value: Arctic region

value: Wrangel Island

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Georgievsky, Mikhail V.

value: Golovanov, O. F.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Georgievsky, M. V., Golovanov, O. F. (2019). Forecasting changes in river water resources of Russian Federation based on CMIP5 runoff data. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 64 (2), 206–218.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article is devoted to the analysis of river runoff data provided by the latest generation of the Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) in the framework of the CMIP5 project. The main aim of this research is to forecast the probable changes in river water resources of the main rivers of the Russian Federation. At the first stage of investigation, a comprehensive analysis of the river runoff computational models and the quality of the initial AOGCMs information were carried out. This analysis was performed in several steps. First, the average long-term model river runoff for the base period of 1981–2000 was compared with the average long-term values of the observed discharge for the seven largest rivers of the Russian Federation (Volga, Pechora, Northern Dvina, Ob, Lena, Yenisei and Amur). In addition, the spatial distribution of the river runoff throughout the territory of Russia provided by the AOGCMs was analyzed. Then, the adequacy (negative or unrealistic runoff values) of the simulated future runoff changes for each of the forecast scenarios was checked. If any of the verification tests revealed incorrect model data, the model was excluded from further research. As a result, 24 AOGCMs were selected. At the second stage of research, a model ensemble was formed based on the 24 selected models for the implementation of forecasting estimates. The forecasting estimates were carried out for two forecast periods (2021–2040 and 2041–2060) in relation to the 1981–2000 period. Calculations were performed for two (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) forecast scenarios. As a result, future changes in river water resources of the 34 largest rivers of the Russian Federation were obtained and analyzed; additionally, maps of future changes in annual runoff depth over the territory of Russia were constructed.

dc.subject

value: forecasting changes

value: river water resources

value: coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models

value: CMIP5 runoff data


dc.contributor.author

value: Kulakova, Tatyana A.

value: Volkova, Anna V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kulakova T. A., Volkova A. V. Ethical dimensions of anticorruption policy. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 336–348.

dc.description.abstract

value: The goal of this article is to analyze mechanisms for improving anti-corruption policies in contemporary Russia. The apply network public administration, in which the power of integration and solidarity of society form a network of communicative power. Such modern institutions of anti-corruption policy as codes of ethics and anti-corruption expertise, which were offered by the state, do not fully take into account the potential of public sentiments, demands, and network civic activism in the transformation and improvement of anti-corruption institutions and practices of . This article presents results of a 2018 sociological survey on the perception of corruption in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. The authors proceed from the assertion that in modern Russia, the processes of making and adopting political decisions still remain closed, but the government seeks to delegate some responsibility, involving business in publicity; there is a desire to make the processes more transparent. In the face of declining interest from civil society to participate in public policy processes on the basis of formal mechanisms, and an increase in the activity of forming their own, citizens are actively exploring possibilities of digital communications for cooperation (cooperation platform). An important condition for cooperation is the mutually beneficial interest of the parties, as well as bilateral trust and openness, which implies minimizing corruption. The novelty of the study is also in the formulation of the problem of the digital environment of trust, since formal structures still focus on the technological component and the presence of formal feedback channels with citizens.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was undertaken with funding for the project RFBR 18-011-00705 “Explanatory Potential of Network Theory in Political Research: Methodological Synthesis as Analythical Strategy”.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 35; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: public policy

value: anti-corruption policy

value: code of ethics

value: citizen participation

value: responsibility


dc.contributor.author

value: Berezkin, Rostislav V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Berezkin R. V. Worship of Zhou The Pious son in Changshu County of Jiangsu Province, China: Official and popular aspects. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 369–377.

dc.description.abstract

value: Changshu county of Jiangsu province in China (now under the jurisdiction of Suzhou city) is noteworthy for the cults of local deities that can be traced to the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1260–1368) periods. They are still thriving in this area. The cult of Deity Zhou (Zhou shen) or Pious Son Zhou (Zhou xiaozi) is very important, as it was shared by the elite and common folk in the late imperial period (14–19th centuries). However, while the elite emphasized the role of Zhou as a paragon of filial piety in the tradition of Confucian thought, commoners worshipped him mainly as the deity-protector, known for his miraculous responses to their prayers, which was very characteristic of Chinese folk beliefs on the whole. One form of elite and commoner cooperation was various temple activities held for deity Zhou during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties. In this article, the author compares  various literary materials concerning the Zhou’s beliefs, with the aim of demonstrating differences between elite and popular interpretations of this deity, as well as to analyze the evolution and continuity of Zhou’s beliefs in Changshu over the course of several centuries. Materials used here mainly were obtained by the author during fieldwork in Changshu in 2011–2015 as well as in Shanghai libraries. Many folklore and epigraphic materials collected by the author are unique. They have not yet been published even in China and are analyzed here for the first time.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by the grant from the State Social Sciences Foundation of China “Survey and Cross-Disciplinary Research on Folk Beliefs Related Arts of the Taihu Lake Region”, no. 17ZDA167. 本文为国家社会科学基金重大项目“太湖流域民间信仰类文艺资源的调查和跨学科研究” (批准号 17ZDA167）阶段性成果之一. The author also expresses his gratitude to Yu Yongliang, Xia Genyuan, Yu Dingjun, and Dou Heng for providing materials and assistance during fieldtrips.

dc.subject

value: Chinese folk beliefs

value: local deities

value: Chinese folklore

value: precious scrolls

value: temple festivals

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Кorochkova, Olga N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Кorochkova O. N. Middle Trans-Urals and Taiga Ob’ in the System of Relations of the West Asian Metallurgical province. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, рp. 718–739.

dc.description.abstract

value: For years, the history of formation of metalwork traditions among the population of the taiga periphery of West Asian (Eurasian) Metallurgical province of the Late Bronze Age has remained an important research question. The article devotes special attention to the issue of infiltration and the nature of the barriers, which limited the introduction of the principal innovations of the Bronze Age (cattle, metal work, transportation) into the area where appropriating economy dominated local lifestyles. Various cultural models of the Bronze Age in the Ob’ river system and in the Middle Urals are being considered. The beginning of the Bronze Age in these regions was stimulated by the cultural impact caused by Seima-Turbino migrations. The introduction of bronze weapons did not significantly affect the indigenous systems of life. Upon the termination of the Seima-Turbino cultural influx, local cultures lost evident features of the Bronze Age. It’s confirmed that in the Middle Urals, rich in copper, there was a surge in mining and metal production twice in the pre-literate period, reflected in Koptyak and Itkul archaeological cultures. Their spectacular finds demonstrate that the raw material factor by itself does not determine the emergence of “high technologies”. Instead, factors related to demography, e. g. lifestyle, communication, division of labor, and developed algorithms for transmission of knowledge are much more important. The unique phenomenon arising in short-lived formations did not lead to further development. The Middle Urals gradually lost its advantage for human settlements, as well as its the status of the metalworking center, because of scarcity of the population, weak involvement into intercultural relations, and the loss of exclusivity of copper since the discovery of the benefits of the iron.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 16-06-00174.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Bronze Age

value: Urals

value: West Siberia

value: West-Asian metallurgy province

value: Seim-Turbino

value: metalworking


dc.contributor.author

value: Vetrov, Viktor M.

value: Ineshin, Evgeny M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vetrov V. M., Ineshin E. M. The Most Ancient Ceramics of Baikal Siberia in the Context of the Traditions of Ceramics of East Asia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 2, рp. 453–473.

dc.description.abstract

value: Here we discuss research questions that arised in Siberian and the Russian Far Eastern archaeology due to discovery of the ancientmost ceramics. Usually study of ceramics and stone implements do not intercept. Lithic industries even if followed by ceramics are being discussed as Upper Paleolithic materials. Here we present previously unpublished data from Ust-Karenga archaeological complex along with the context of lithic industry. Description of the ancient ceramics is given in the context of archaeological materials from adjacent territories that contemporary to Ust-Karenga finds. Real links between these materials are established based on radiocarbon dating, mineralogy and micro element compositions of rocks used to manufacture diverse stone tools. Autors argue that the emergence of ceramic production took place in South China between 17,000–14,000 years ago. Then it spread northeast reaching Vitim and Chikoy basins when ceramic tradition holders started moving because of the late glacial environmental changes. Presumably, this might take place at around 13,000 years ago. New adaptation models such as fishing, food storage and necessity to use resources of vast had been challenged. This is in line with paleoathropological evidence and with the results of paleogenetics studies that indicate the southeastern origin of the mtDNA genome found for the bearers of the ancient ceramic tradition revealed in Siberia. Based on comprehensive evaluation of both lithic and ceramic component of archaeological context, authors see the necessity to revise the approach in search for cultural definition and principals of periodization in the Stone Age archaeology of Northern Asia.

dc.language.iso

value: en

value: wedge-shaped cores

value: Siberia

value: late Pleistocene

value: glaciation

value: microblades

value: adaptation

value: three in one principle

value: ancient ceramics


dc.contributor.author

value: Golubev, Konstantin A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Golubev K. A. Constructing Narratives about the Taliban by Russia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 229– 241.

dc.description.abstract

value: The paper focuses on the specifics of the Russian Foreign Ministry’s rhetoric about the Taliban Movement during the period between 1999 and 2018. Using a morphological approach to analysis of the narratives produced by the Ministry, it is demonstrated that the main characters within those narratives had gone through significant metamorphoses over the studied period, echoing the shifts in Russia’s self-identification and the latter’s perception of the relevant actors, as well as in its policy towards Afghanistan. Thus, Russia no longer seeks the approval of the international community, nor does it speak like a partner of the West. Rather it tends to act alone by taking the initiative of bringing the Afghan warring parties together at the negotiating table in Moscow. Russia’s representation of the Taliban Movement went a full circle from “a real force existing in Afghanistan” to “a criminal force” that has no legitimacy and back to “an integral element of the Afghan society” with whom seeking a peaceful reconciliation is deemed necessary. Its representation of the United States, on the contrary, changed from “ally” to “foe.” Given that the Russian policy towards Afghanistan is heavily dependent on Russia’s relationship with the United States of America, and if the downward spiral of that relationship continues, one should expect it manifest in a more overt Russian support for the Afghan opposition, resulting in an indirect war by proxy between the two powers in Afghanistan.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 12; Issue 2

value: Russia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs

value: Taliban

value: narrative construction

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Keates, Susan G.

value: Postnov, Aleksander V.

value: Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Keates S. G., Postnov A. V., Kuzmin Y. V. Towards the Origin of Microblade Technology in Northeastern Asia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, рp. 390–414.

dc.description.abstract

value: Microblade technology is one of the most remarkable phenomena in the Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia, primarily the northern and eastern regions of Asia. Here we present an overview of the most recent developments in attempting to understand the emergence and spread of this technology, based on data known for Siberia and the Russian Far East, Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan. The main assumptions for selection of the earliest microblade complexes are: 1) the presence of three artifact types: wedge-shaped microcores; microblades; and retouched (utilized) microblades; 2) a reliable chronology based on critical evaluation of radiocarbon dates; and 3) the stratigraphic integrity of artifacts. The pressure flaking was a technique to make microblades, and this is important issue which was often not taken into account previously. Based on these criteria, the oldest microblade-bearing complexes for each of the regions listed above were selected. Using these data, we can conclude that the earliest evidence of microblade technology is known from the Korean Peninsula where it is dated to ca. 25,500–24,200 BP. In other regions (China, Siberia, Russian Far East and Japan), the first microblade assemblages are dated to ca. 21,100–19,400 BP. As a result of our analysis, two possible explanations for the emergence of microblade technology in northern and eastern Asia can be considered: 1) invention and diffusion from a single core area; and 2) independent creation in several places and subsequent expansion. Currently, we cannot solve this issue, but generate some suggestions which may bring us closer toward identifying its origin and spread. Factual data as presented in this paper can be used as a primary source for future research.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was prepared with the support of Tomsk State University grant program; State assignment number 0330-2016-2018; the Russian Science Foundation (RNF), grant number 14-50-00036.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Upper Paleolithic

value: microblade technology

value: lithic analysis

value: chronology

value: spatiotemporal patterns

value: Asia


dc.contributor.author

value: Chlachula, Jiri

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chlachula J. Across Beringia: The Palaeolithic Peopling of Canada. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 2, рp. 356–389.

dc.description.abstract

value: Pleistocene peopling of the American continent has been one of the most discussed and controversial issues of human beginnings for over a century. The western coastal and interior Canada is the key area as far as the search for evidence of the earliest paleo-American dispersals from NE Asia. The territory experienced multiple glaciations, each leading to changes in palaeo-landscape and erosion with massive continental accumulation of glacial/glacigenic deposits, most extensive of which occurred during the early and late Last Glacial stages at the end of the Pleistocene (74–56 ka BP and 24–12 ka BP, respectively). The moderate mid-Last-Glacial interstadial (55–24 ka BP) climates generated mosaic and biotically rich habitats of boreal forests and parklands comparable to those of today, with a vital potential to support early prehistoric occupations. The related non-glacial (MIS 3) geological formations of the former riverine and open prairie settings are believed to have represented the principal culture-bearing contexts of the pre-Last Glacial (>24 000 yr BP) palaeo-Canadian / pre-Clovis peopling. The regional geological history and geomorphologic configuration predetermined the temporal and spatial framework of the pre-Holocene archaeological records buried under the present surface. This logical assumption is confirmed by patterned discoveries of the “pre-glacial” sites along the eastern (Alberta) foothills of the Rocky Mountains sealed by massive (10–80 m-thick) Cordilleran and Laurentide tills and associated glacial lake beds that provide a definite proof of the Native Canadian settlements of the western prairies prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. The associated cultural records are defined as Palaeolithic given their geo-chronology and the uniformity of the lithic industries found in Siberian traditions of the same period that were the cultural substrate of the initial New World migrations.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The investigations of the Palaeolithic sites in Alberta were supported by the Canadian Cooperation Fund and the SSHRC of Canada.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: geoarchaeology

value: western Canada

value: mid-Last Glacial

value: palaeogeography

value: glaciations


dc.contributor.author

value: Slobodin, Sergei B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Slobodin S. B. Neolithic of the Northeast Asia and the Arctic Small Tool Tradition of the North America. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 2, рp. 415–452.

dc.description.abstract

value: The origins of several northern cultures — Native peoples of the Arctic and Subarctic (Inuits, Chukchi, Koryaks, Aleuts) are associated by most researchers with the development and spread of Neolithic cultures in Northeast Asia. These Neolithic cultures later gave rise to the Arctic Small Tool Tradition (ASTt) in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Neolithic cultures of Arctic and Subarctic Northeast Siberia (Yakutia, Chukotka and Kolyma regions) began their development during Mid-Holocene, approximately 6500–5500 years ago. Their basis are the Neolithic cultures of the Baikal Lake region, but as they formed they gained a unique character. Thus, in Yakutia, we can distinguish Syalakh, Belkachi, and Ymiyakhakh cultures, which later developed into the Neolithic cultures of Kolyma and Chukotka (Upper Kolyma, Ust-Belskaya, and Northern Chukotka). During the Neolithic, microblade technology continues to be used, and new shapes of bifacially flaked tools appear, which find analogies in the ASTt toolkits of the Arctic and Subarctic Zone of North America. In the Kolyma and Chukotka Neolithic complexes and in the ASTt complex in Alaska and Canada we find common tool types: small triangular points, rounded dorsally and ventrally retouched scrapers, beak-shaped combined tools, angular and multifaceted burins, end and side inset blades, gravers and adze with partially polished blades etc. Common traits of these cultures (traditions) formed, it appears, not only due to the direct spread of the Neolithic technologies and people into Alaska, but also due to the commonalities in the environmental and climatic zones of the Arctic and Subarctic which housed these cultures from the beginning of the second half of the Holocene.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This work was supported by the Fulbright program.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Neolithic

value: Northeast Asia

value: Arctic Small Tools tradition

value: Alaska

value: Canada

value: Greenland

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Lisitsyn, Sergey N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lisitsyn S. N. The Eastern Frontier of the Gravettian in the Kostenki-Borshchevo Palaeolithic Locality, the Don Basin, Russia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, рp. 525–554.

dc.description.abstract

value: The Gravettian cultural phenomenon refers to the middle phase of the European Upper Palaeolithic periodization (30–20 ky BP (uncal)). The previous pattern of the Gravettian in the Kostenki-Borshchevo area of the Middle Don basin yielded a two-phase periodization. The early phase was thought to be presented by Kostenki 8/II dating back to ~27 ky BP (uncal). The second phase comprised the Kostenki-Avdeevo culture (the Eastern Gravettian) sites: Kostenki 1/I, Kostenki 13, 18, Kostenki 14/I (23–21 ky BP (uncal)) and five typologically particular assemblages altogether being in accordance with the late Gravettian. New data on the archaeology and absolute chronology obtained in the recent excavations enabled to clarify the Gravettian sequence as well as to integrate the local assemblages into general European taxonomy. The main advance was achieved in the defining of the middle Gravettian phase newly dated 25–24 ky BP (uncal) (sites Kostenki 4, Borshchevo 5 and probably Kostenki 9). This cultural complex was associated with the Pavlovian being determined by tools typology and in particular by the series of stone items treated with polishing. It was specified that along with the Kostenki-Avdeyevo culture the latest phase comprised Kostenki 21/III as the local final Gmelin type Gravettian formerly conjoined together with Anosovka assemblage (Kostenki 11/II). The latter was attributed to the non-Gravettian/proto-Magdalenian. Thus, the Gravettian technocomplex in the basin of the Don acquired a three-part sequence of the early (27–25 ky BP (uncal)), middle (25–24 ky BP (uncal)) and late (23–21 ky BP (uncal)) phases which corresponds to the periodization in Central Europe.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was carried out withint the Government Research Project No. 0184-2018-0012. It was also supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research project No. 18-00-00837 granted to K. N. Gavrilov.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: the Middle Upper Paleolithic

value: the Gravettian

value: material culture

value: periodization

value: cultural attribution


dc.contributor.author

value: Rostedt, Tapani

value: Kriiska, Aivar

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rostedt T., Kriiska A. Quartz Assemblage from the Early Mesolithic Helvetinhaudanpuro Settlement Site in Eastern Central Finland. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 2, рp. 639–665.

dc.description.abstract

value: Research of the occupation in the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea areas has been vivid over the last centuries and it has had different perspectives and thematic ranges. In this paper we present a overview of the history of Stone Age quartz research in Finland and general quartz working techniques and, above all, some results considering analysis of the quartz material from the Early Mesolithic settlement site of Helvetinhaudanpuro in Finland. It is surprising how little in archaeology has been paid attention to the changes in the variations of lithic technologies when groups of people moved from one area to another. If there were not any possibilities to use familiar stone materials as a technological starting point, adaptation to new materials was essential. In the lithic material of Helvetinhaudanpuro we detected characteristics connected to adaptation from flint to the local quartz. The shift in raw materials took place within a few hundred years and appears to coincide with the change in social networks related to the break in connections with previous habitation areas. The quartz techniques seen in Helvetinhaudanpuro are similar to those from other Finnish Mesolithic sites; bipolar technique dominates, but platform percussion has also been in use to some extent. There are some aspects in this material that are unusual, even special, and more compatible to flint than quartz technology: Helvetinhaudanpuro-type points, inserts and possible use of pressure flaking in some cases. These tool shapes and technical achievement indicate a deeper socio-cultural background and are a distinctive link between flint and quartz knapping technology.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by the research project of the Estonian Research Council ‘Estonia in Circum-Baltic space: archaeology of economic, social, and cultural processes’ (IUT20-7) and “Natural selection and migrations in shaping human genetic diversity in East European Plain. An ancient DNA study” (PRG243).

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 2

value: Early Mesolithic

value: Finland

value: quartz

value: lithic techniques


dc.contributor.author

value: Hoffecker, John F.

value: Pitulko, Vladimir V.

value: Pavlova, Elena Y.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Hoffecker J. F., Pitulko V. V., Pavlova E. Y. Climate, Technology, and Glaciers: The Settlement of the Western Hemisphere. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 2, рp. 327–355.

dc.description.abstract

value: A major problem in human prehistory is the late settlement of the Americas, which were not occupied until after 15,000 years ago from Beringia. The most likely barriers to earlier settlement are: 1) high-latitude environments (characterized by low biological productivity and extreme winter temperatures); and 2) the North American ice sheet complex, which probably blocked both coastal and interior migration routes between Beringia and NW North America at various times before 15,000 years ago. Here we argue that each was a barrier to earlier settlement, but to different human taxa. Neanderthals, Denisovans, and other nonmodern representatives of Homo did not occupy latitudes above 60° North, which precluded occupation of Beringia and migration to the Western Hemisphere. The critical variables probably were: 1) resource scarcity, reflecting low plant and animal productivity; and 2) low winter temperatures. Homo sapiens, expanding out of Africa after 75,000 years ago, occupied virtually all terrestrial habitats in Eurasia no later than 32,000 years ago, including year-round settlement of the Arctic. Adaptation to high-latitude environments was achieved primarily with technologies of functional and structural complexity comparable to those of recent hunter-gatherers in similar settings. There is evidence of human settlement in Arctic Beringia before and during the Last Glacial Maximum (28,000–16,000 cal BP), and we conclude that the North American ice sheet complex is the only credible barrier to modern human occupation of the Western Hemisphere before 15,000 years ago.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The authors gratefully acknowledge support granted by the National Science Foundation, USA, to the “Workshop to Explore the Genetics, Paleoecology, Archaeology and Anthropology of Human Migrations across the Arctic” (OPP-1421233) held at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA in February 2016 which allowed engineering the idea of the article. Unlimited thanks due to Rock Foundation (New York, USA) for long-term support given to the research in Yana-Indighirka lowland conducted by Vladimir Pitulko since 2000. Vladimir Pitulko and Elena Pavlova are also grateful to the Russian Science Foundation for supporting the Yana research through RSF project No. 16-18-10265P-RNF.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: settlement of the Americas

value: Neanderthals

value: modern humans

value: paleoecology

value: Northern Asia

value: Beringia

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Tkach, Evgeniia S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tkach E. S. Models of the Corded Ware Culture Distribution in the Upper Western Dzvina River. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, рp. 621–638.

dc.description.abstract

value: Artefacts of Corded Ware cultures (CWC) dating to the 3rd millennium BC have been identified in the territory of the most part of Europe. There are two hypotheses explaining their spread in the area. The first of them suggests direct migration of human groups representing this culture, while the other presupposes the model of cultural diffusion. On the territory of the Upper Western Dzvina River, CWC materials are distinguished in two regions — in the Lovat’-Dvina interfluve and along the shores of the lake Belaya Struga in Pskov region. This paper analyses culturally important CWC artefacts (which serve as cultural markers) unearthed from the cultural deposits, such as ceramics with cord ornamentation and triangular flint arrowheads. Additionally, stone battle-axes collected in between of these regions were studied. It is possible to identify two models of CWC distribution. The first one is a migration model which is presented by the materials of CWC A-horizon. These are A-type beakers with “herringbone” ornamentation, amphoras, and A-type battle-axes. They are analogous to CWC materials in the territory of Central Europe and Baltic Coast. A-horizon dates to the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. The second model suggests cultural diffusion. According to it, elements of the CWC might have emerged due to exchange/trade connections and cultural influence (imported products indicates the long-distance exchange network with the Middle Dnieper culture population). Connections with the Baltic Coast areindicated by the presence of Baltic amber. The spread of the patchwork technique in ceramics and cord ornamentation show a strong cultural influence on the local Neolithic materials from the main area of distribution of CWC.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was conducted in the framework of the Federal Scientific Research of the State Academy of Sciences № 0184-2019-0002 “First people in the North of Russia: Arctic and Subarctic in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Corded Ware cultures

value: Upper Western Dzvina River

value: migration

value: diffusion


dc.contributor.author

value: Vishnyatsky, Leonid B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vishnyatsky L. B. About the Genuine Author of the Magical Hypothesis of Art Origins. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 2, рp. 584–598.

dc.description.abstract

value: The paper deals with the history of formation of the “magical hypothesis” of art origins, which replaced the “art for art’s sake” one at the turn of the last century and dominated the field till the middle 1960’s. The birth of the magical hypothesis is usually dated to 1903, when Salomon Reinach published his “L’art et la magie”. However, contrary to the traditionally held view, the magical hypothesis was first formulated and substantiated not by S. Reinach but by the Russian journalist and popular science writer L. K. Popoff. In 1880 he published a book entitled “From the prehistoric life of man”. One of its chapters was devoted to the question of functions of the drawn and sculptured animal images dated to “l’age du renne”. Popoff used ethnographic evidence to suggest that these images were “inspired by belief in the existence of a material relation between a being and its image and in the possibility of acting on the first through the second”. Though he presented his ideas and arguments also in French (1890) and English (1891), his hypothesis, born before its time, went unnoticed and received no recognition. The author gives account of Popoff ’s works devoted to the problem of art origins and assesses the degree of their novelty in comparison with works of his West European predecessors (E. Tylor) and contemporaries. Some consideration is given to the question as to whether S. Reinach had known of the hypothesis of his Russian forerunner. In addition, the paper includes a biographical essay containing little known facts of Popoff ’s life.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Paleolithic

value: art origins

value: history of science

value: S. Reinach

value: L. K. Popoff


dc.contributor.author

value: Serbin, Andrés

dc.identifier.citation

value: Serbin A. Latin America and the Caribbean and a New Global Order: Facing Global and Regional Challenges. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 139–152.

dc.description.abstract

value: Latin America and the Caribbean as a region faces an intricate process of transition. This process is conditioned by the changes currently ongoing in the international environment, by a reconfiguration of the regional political map and by an exhaustion of the attempts to build regionalization and political consensus of the preceding decade, associated at the time to the boom of commodities and the rise of populist and leftist governments. To the difficulties faced by CELAC — where the construction of consensuses by an atomized region vis a vis external actors becomes extremely difficult, it should be added the evident weakening of the ALBA with the exhaustion of the Venezuelan capacity to nourish with oil resources the cooperation that sustains the Bolivarian scheme and a crisis underway in UNASUR where — particularly as a result of the Venezuelan crisis and the paralysis of the institution — six of its member countries (half of its total membership) have questioned the functioning of the agency and threaten to withdraw their membership. Although the Venezuelan crisis may be the epicenter of this regional situation and its impact — possibly polarizing — on the crossroads that are confronting regionalism and regional integration, introspection is not enough. The potential convergence of MERCOSUR with the Pacific Alliance, the redefinition of the external policies of its members as a result of electoral changes or the re-shaping of its domestic dynamics do not fully explain the current shift and it is necessary to combine it with the understanding of the pressures imposed by a changing global environment, where the crisis of globalization, the difficulties to build global governance, the weakening of multilateralism and the decline of the international liberal order are associated with the reconfiguration and diffusion of power worldwide, within a framework of a series of developments plagued by uncertainties and risks for the region. In this perspective, this article addresses the different dimensions of global transformations and its impact on the region and the challenges that the region faces in order to adapt to the changes in the current international environment.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Latin America

value: Caribbean

value: international order

value: global governance

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Mikhailova, Aleksandra

value: Strygina, Ksenia

value: Khlestkina, Elena

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mikhailova, A., Strygina, K., and Khlestkina, E. 2019. The genes determining synthesis of pigments in cotton. Bio. Comm. 64(2): 133–145.

dc.description.abstract

value: Naturally coloured cotton is environmentally friendly, since bleaching and chemical dyeing are not needed during textile production. Studying moleculargenetic mechanisms underpinning pigment production may facilitate breeding cotton with coloured fibre. In the current review we summarize the known data on structural and regulatory genes involved in biosynthesis of flavonoid pigments proanthocyanidins (PAs) in brown and caffeic acid (CA) derivates in green fibre. The first chapter considers the first studies on fibre cotton inheritance, from the beginning of the last century. Then, we briefly review the biochemical and physico-chemical methods proving the presence of PAs in brown fibre and derivatives of CA in green cotton fibre. The biochemical analysis of coloured cotton fibre was followed by genetic studies of structural genes coding for enzymes participating in PAs and CA biosynthesis, transport and oxidation processes. We summarize the data on the genes coding for transcription factors from the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WD40) regulatory complex, which controls flavonoid biosynthesis in coloured cotton fibre. The regulatory gene most interesting as a target for markers-assisted breeding and genome editing is GhTT2-3A.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This work was conducted within the framework of the state task regarding Theme № 0481-2019-0001 “Genomic and postgenomic technologies for searching for new genetic markers of economically important traits and new allelic variants of agricultural valuable genes in the gene pool of cultivated plants and their wild relatives”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Biological Communications;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: brown fibre

value: caffeic acid

value: flavonoids

value: green fibre

value: Gossypium

value: MBW regulatory complex

value: proanthocyanidins


dc.contributor.author

value: Ponomarev, Vladimir S.

value: Khiller, Vera V.

value: Erokhin, Yuriy V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ponomarev, V. S., Khiller, V. V., Erokhin, Y. V. (2019). Th—U—Pb-dating of monazite from the metamorphic rocks of the Itkul formation of the Sysert Complex (Middle Urals). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, 64 (2), 315–327.

dc.description.abstract

value: New data were obtained on the age of metamorphism of the rocks of the Itkul formation of the Sysert Metamorphic Complex (Middle Urals). Amphibole-chlorite rocks from the Glubochinskoye deposit of the garnet were studied, which was partially worked by several mines. The investigated rocks are composed of chlorite (clinochlore), amphibole (sodic-ferrozhedrite, sodic-zhedrit), garnet (Alm78-65), staurolite, plagioclase (An4-18), ilmenite, fluorapatite and monazite-(Ce). We performed a microprobe study of the chemical composition of monazite and determined the age of the mineral using the Th—U—Pb dating method. The age of the monazite is from 273 to 314 Ma, a weighted average of 297 ± 12 Ma and isochrone of 293 ± 26 Ma (MSWD = 0.23). The age of accessory monazite shows that the formation of amphibole-chlorite rocks occurred in the early Permian times. Probably, the transformation of metamorphic rocks in the northern part of the Sysert metamorphic complex occurred at the Permian and Carboniferous boundary under the influence of a powerful thermal event. At present, this is the subject of discussions. Some researchers believe that metamorphic rocks were formed as a result of a thermal event associated with suprasubduction tonalite-granodiorite magmatism, while others posit that the Sysert complex was formed as a suprasubduction accretion prism.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: Работа выполнена в рамках темы № 0393-2016-0019 государственного задания ИГГ УрО РАН.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Earth Sciences;Volume 64; Issue 2

value: chemical dating

value: monazite

value: metamorphic rocks

value: Itkul formation

value: Sysert Metamorphic Complex

value: Glubochinskoye deposit

value: Middle Urals


dc.contributor.author

value: Kolesnikov, Anatoly S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kolesnikov A. S. Anthropological measurement of the history of philosophy by Bertrand Russell. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 264–272.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article examines anthropological preferences in historical and philosophical work of the English philosopher and mathematician, public figure and logician, Bertrand Russell. The intellectual history of this English philosopher is closely linked to interpretations of those thinkers who were his teachers and who made an important impact on the development of his conceptions: G. F. Stout, James Ward, F. Pollock, B. Spinoza, J. Moore, L. Wittgenstein, G. Peano, G. Frege, A. Meinong, F. Brentano, H. Sidgwick, J. Bentham, T. Hobbes, and S. Freud. Special attention is given to the influence of Spinoza’s philosophy on Russell’s conceptual formations. In article reveals the field of philosophy in the perspective of its author; how does he recognize historicist of philosophy affair matter, what values does he uphold and etc. Anthropological reduction is analyzed in the history of philosophy is an attempt to give explanation to science, arts, religion, with the help of man’s culture and to understand human being on the basis of these formations, executed by him (science, culture, religion, arts). In the works Russell not only explains quite successfully all the philosopher was thinking of, but also the notions of what he, exactly thinks about each examined philosopher. All that contributed to Russell’s creating the style of reflection which G. Ryle named “thoughtless experimentation”.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was undertaken with support by a grant from the Russian Scientific Foundation, no. 17-18-01440 “An anthropological measurement of the history of philosophy”.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 35; Issue 2

value: anthropological measurement

value: history of philosophy

value: G. F. Stout

value: J. Ward

value: F. Pollock

value: B. Spinoza

value: J. Moore

value: L. Wittgenstein

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Matveevskaya, Anna S.

value: Pogodin, Sergey N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Matveevskaya A. S., Pogodin S. N. St. Petersburg’s experience in resolving of urban national conflicts. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 349–357.

dc.description.abstract

value: The second most popular Russian city with international migrants, St. Petersburg experiences severe difficulties with the integration of migrants, in particular the large scale of migration, imbalances in the relationships between the local population and migrants, the growth of a shadow market, and the lack of effective measures for integration. International migrants have their own system of values and lifestyles that cannot be easily integrated into the host society. The main aim of this study is to evaluate problems of integration and their effects on the city’s social and cultural situation, and to analyze the potential of existing programs and developments oriented to reducing the intensity of national conflicts in St. Petersburg. The study uses the following methods: analysis of aspects of integration in the migration law of the Russian Federation, with a detailed overview of the integration situation in St. Petersburg; assessment of the efficiency of integration programs for international migrants implemented in the city; development of guidelines for enhancing the efficiency of the national integration policy based on positive practices. The results of the study show that St. Petersburg has potential for successful integration of migrants into the population: the activity of social organizations and involvement of city authorities provide an effective formula that requires but one more component: the wish of migrants themselves to adapt and to integrate into the local population.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: national conflicts

value: migrant integration

value: National Migration Policy Concept

value: integration potential of a city


dc.contributor.author

value: Tsvetkova, Nataliia A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tsvetkova N. A. The Emergence of the Neolithic in the Upper Volga. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, рp. 683–717.

dc.description.abstract

value: The paper examines a phenomenon of neolithisation in the Upper Volga basin. On the basis on: 1) research of the stone assemblages from reference sites with non-ornamented ceramics or pottery with simple puncture impressions; 2) comparison between types of tools in the final Mesolithic and initial Neolithic; 3) mapping of the non-ornamented/notch-ware pottery in European Russia, — the author reconstructs the details of the cultural processes in the region in 7100/7000 uncalibrated years BP. The initial spread of the non-ornamented/puncture-ware ceramics, which was not followed by fundamental changes in the stone and bone inventory, presents a model of the dynamics of cultural processes in the Upper Volga region about 7100/7000 years uncal BP. Locally, the Neolithic transition is linked with the arrival of some puncture-ware pottery makers who penetrated into the area occupied by indigenous Mesolithic population. Most likely, the first vessels were brought into the region by migrants. Te untraceable diﬀerences between the Final Mesolithic and the Early Neolithic stone industries may indicate hardly recognizable inflow of newcomers from neighboring territories into the Upper Volga region. Pottery-making tradition, either production of non-ornamented vessels or vessels decorated by simple puncture impressions, was formed in the environment of regional culture. Thus that should be regarded as a particular transition time from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic (i.e. neolithization). The later rise of the Neolithic about 6500–6400 years BP (uncal) was marked by shifts in the economy and by the development of local ceramics accompanied by the emergence of thin biface technique in the stone assemblages. These changes provide evidence of a transition to the Neolithic in the Upper Volga determined by the progressive replacement of populations.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: the Upper Volga region

value: Initial Neolithic

value: neolithisation

value: cultural genesis

value: the Volga- Oka culture

value: stone inventory

value: techno-complex


dc.contributor.author

value: Musin, Aleksandr E.

value: Tarabardina, Olga N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Musin A. E., Tarabardina O. N. The Scandinavians among the First Settlers of Novgorod on the Basis of Archaeological Evidence. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, рp. 762–785.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article deals with the problem of the cultural and ethnic characteristics of first settlers of Novgorod. The previous historiography is reviewed. The revision of the archaeological collections enabled to increase the number and categories of Scandinavian objects, while the Slavonic component remains unclear. The Scandinavians must have been among the founders of Novgorod already in 930–950 A. D. The pattern of distribution of the Scandinavian objects suggests a free resettlement of Norsemen in the town. The “Poromon courtyard” mentioned in the Primary Rus’ Chronicle cannot be regarded as a court of the overseas merchants. The Scandinavians in Novgorod were not directly connected to the ethno-social group of Rus’-Rhôs linked to the Ryurikids. The archaeologically attested end of the Varangian presence in the town was caused by the cessation of payment of tributum pacis to the Varangians after the death of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. The tradition of the Russian historiography to underestimate the participation of the Scandinavians in the early development of Novgorod is stemmed from the “auto-censorship” of the Stalinist period, turning later into “scholarly inertia”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Middle Ages

value: Novgorod

value: first settlers

value: urbanization

value: archaeological evidence

value: material culture

value: Slavs

value: Scandinavians

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Dvornichenko, Andrey Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dvornichenko A. Yu. The new Adventures of the Historian George Vernadsky. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 2, рp. 795–812.

dc.description.abstract

value: A study of Vernadsky’s legacy is a very dramatic process. It is full of strange contradictions. In Russia, the research began only in the last decade of the previous century and is still in progress. In the USA, the life and scholarly works by George Vernadsky attracted the attention in the previous decade. It resulted in two articles, the best and the only outcome, written by the famous specialist in the Russian history and historiography Charles Halperin. This review is devoted to the publication of a translation of the biggest article by Halperin (1985), and a translation of his recent article from one of the Russian historical journals. The author of this review questions the quality of the translation and critically comments on it. According to the author, Halperin’s perception of Vernadsky was influenced by his negative attitude to Eurasianism. But Vernadsky never was a participant of this political movement, moreover, he was against it. As for his scholarly ideas, it can be said that Eurasianism was one of the best explanation of the Russian historical process. Recently, Halperin’s opinion about the significance of Vernadsky’s legacy has been improved, and we hope that this trend will continue to strength. Surprisingly, however, Halperin supported some doubtful ideas by some Ukrainian authors who found a certain Ukrainian identity in Vernadsky. The author of review cannot see any trace of such connections between this statement and Vernadky’s deep love for the Ukrainian history and culture. The author’s conclusion is that the translation of the work by the famous American historian will be currently very useful to the Russian readers.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by the grant No. 19-18-00073 “National Identity in the Imperial Politics of Memory: History of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian State in Historiography and Social Thought of the 19th — 20th Centuries” of the Russian Science Foundation.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: George Vernadsky

value: life and scientific work

value: Charles Halperin

value: translation

value: Eurasianism

value: Ukrainian identity


title: The First Miners of the Donbass

dc.contributor.author

value: Kolesnik, Alexander V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kolesnik A. V. The First Miners of the Donbass. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, рp. 599–620.

dc.description.abstract

value: Irregular distribution of mineral resources in space promoted economic specialization of certain areas and resulted in the emergence of exchange in the primitive society. The Donets Basin (Donbass) is a special geological structure in the south of the Dnieper-Don interfluve with plentiful deposits of flint raw materials of the Upper Cretaceous genesis. These mineral raw sources can be seen on many sites of modern outcrops, mainly in the Northwest and Southern Donbass. The rich mineral base predetermined the formation of the Donbas during the Neolithic era as a large European center for production and processing of mineral resources. It was during that period that local tribes gained their first experience in mining in the form of collecting and extraction of flint concretions from the mother rock, which were necessary for household needs. Simple pits for flint extraction in the Northwest Donbass date to the Neolithic. They were located on the banks of rivers and gullies, or on the slopes of cretaceous mountains. There were pits at the sites of outcrops of the most productive sites of flint veins (Andreyevka, Krasnoye, Balka Redkodub). Shafts for extraction of flint in the Southern Donbas are dated back to the Chalcolithic. These workings (Shirokino) were the system of wide and low horizontal cameras connected with each other. Probably, mining as the knowledge of a geological structure of the area and properties of minerals, techniques of production and processing of raw materials, skills necessary for such work, was shaped in the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic. The first skills of mining of the Stone Age and the Chalcolithic were a prelude to further progress of mining in the Donetsk region. The article examines the tradition of mining of Donbass in the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic. As a rule, next to the places of flint extraction, there were workshops for primary processing of this mineral. In Donbass, mine-like workings emerged only in the Late Bronze Age, in connection with the extraction of copper ore, and existed along with large pits.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: the Neolithic

value: the Chalcolithic

value: Donbass

value: mining

value: production and processing of flint

value: open-cast mines

value: adits

dc.title

value: The First Miners of the Donbass


dc.contributor.author

value: Luukkanen, Harri T.

value: Fitzhugh, William W.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fitzhugh W. W., Luukkanen H. T. The Indigenous Watercraft of Northern Eurasia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 2, рp. 474–498.

dc.description.abstract

value: Hear we overview the indigenous watercraft from northern Europe to Bering Strait and the Far East. Our purpose has been to document the types of boats, their history, and how they were made and used by the cultures of this vast region. Data have been gleaned from diverse sources, including archaeological finds, ethnographic descriptions, museum collections, photographs, historical documents, and reports of early trans-Siberian travelers. Because of space limitations, the summary provided here is devoted to bark boat traditions, with limited discussion of skin boats because the latter are better known in existing literature. Our work has been facilitated by Valentina V. Antropova, whose 1961 survey of Soviet/Russian watercraft guided much of our work. We describe four major canoe traditions, each coinciding with major river systems: Ob-Pechora, Yenesei, Lena, and Amur. Within each river system there may be several sub-types, e. g. Amur I and Amur II. Except in rock art, the history of bark boat development is very shallow as very few bark canoes have been preserved archaeologically. Paddles, however, indicate the presence of bark canoes as early as 8000 years ago. Some rock art depicts log canoes rather than bark or skin boats. Wooden planked boats replaced bark canoes in northwestern Eurasia during the late Iron Age but persisted in the Amur into the 20th century. Canoes appear to have dispersed from South Siberia during the early Holocene and developed distinctive features in their respective river systems. Some Ket Yenesei canoe styles may be prototypes of Kootenai Indian canoes of interior British Columbia.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 64; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: indigenous watercraft

value: bark canoe

value: boat history

value: archaeology

value: canoe types

value: construction

value: functions

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Murashkin, Anton I.

value: Kolpakov, Evgeny M.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Murashkin A. I., Kolpakov E. M. Mesolithic Sites of the Kildinsky Strait and the Problem of Settling the Kola Peninsula in the Stone Age. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, рp. 666–682.

dc.description.abstract

value: The routes and the time of the initial colonization of Northern Fennoscandia are among the most actively discussed topics of the Arctic archeology. In the last decade the KolAE IHMC RAS excavated four Mesolithic sites of Gusiny 4–7 on the southern coast of Kildin Strait, Barents Sea. The sites are located on ancient marine terraces at the elevations from 27–30 to 35 m asl. Remnants of a shallow square dwelling structure 3×3 m was investigated on Gusiny 6. The assemblage consists of quartz, silicified sandstone and chert items. There is set of tanged «Ahrensburgian» and single-edged points and flake-axes. Lithic assemblage of Gusiny 6 belongs to the phase I according to B. Olsen. The sites of that phase were dated back to 10000–9000 BP and represent the initial colonization of Northern Fennoscandia along the Norwegian coast. The excavated area of Gusiny 4, 5, 7 sites was 118, 80 and 42 m2 respectively. Their assemblages are very similar and consist of chert, silicified sandstone and quartz artefacts. Technological context indicates that knapping process was aimed to blade-production in pressure technique or indirect percussion. Tools are normally restricted to retouched blades and lower amount of end-scrapers. Other types are represented by few items. There is a tanged point on blade modified with semi-abrupt and invasive retouch on ventral face. The closest analogy to the sites Gusiny 4, 5 and 7 are sites with the so-called “eastern” blade technology, which have spread in Northern Fennoscandia after 9000 BP. It is probably an evidence of migration from the forest zone of Eastern Europe.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Kola peninsula

value: Northern Fennoscandia

value: Mesolithic

value: colonization

value: Komsa culture


dc.contributor.author

value: Chernyavskaya, Valeria Evgenievna

value: Zharkynbekova, Sholpan Kuzarovna

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chernyavskaya V. E., Zharkynbekova Sh. K. [Linguistic and Social Construction of National University Identity: Kazakh and Russian Universities’ Mission Statements]. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2019, 16 (2): 304–319.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper discusses linguistic aspects of the discursive construction of university identity.
First it sets out the social context of the transformation of missions and functions of higher
education in the knowledge society. It reflects contemporary changes of institutional models
of higher education. The modern university might be described as a research-based and
entrepreneurial university. Mission statements of 35 Russian Federal and National Research
Universities and of 12 leading Kazakh Universities are analyzed as illustrative examples of
discursive practice. The second objective of the study is to show how discourse analysis may
contribute to interpreting the social construction of university identity. We use discourse as
a form of social practice. The connection between text structures and social practice is analyzed
as being mediated by discursive practice. The study showed that discourse analysis in
combination with quantitative methods was an appropriate approach to interpret changes in
processes of social and cultural change affecting contemporary transformation in higher education.
Discourse analysis is an important method to identify new significant features of a
national university. Universities basic functions are connected with implementing national
policy for social and economic developments, social constructive role, innovative research,
and commercial application. Linguistic choices are a key element in construction of social/
discursive identity. In the semantic space of texts, values are formed and disseminated. Axiological
semantics is a means of strengthening a positive mentality that of a knowledge society,
making it socially shaped.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 16; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: discourse analysis

value: corpus based quantitative methods

value: identity

value: university mission


dc.contributor.author

value: Baibatyrova, Aigul Amangheldinovna

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zharkynbekova Sh. K., Baibatyrova A. A. Expressing an authorial stance in research articles: metadiscursive strategies for establishing interpersonal relations. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2019, 16 (2): 188–213.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article focuses on the means for expressing an authorial stance in academic discourse.
Specifically, twenty Russian language-based research articles from Kazakhstan journals are
analyzed to reveal the most frequent ways of taking an authorial stance. Both quantitative
and qualitative analyses are used to highlight patterns of authorial positioning. The results
suggest that the most typical ways of showing such a stance are evaluation, certainty, and uncertainty.
Uncertainty markers are found to be the most pervasive, whereas the least frequent
of the three are certainty devices. These findings show that authors tend to express a cautious
stance to propositions and addressees, more than a categorical voice. Uncertainty meanings
include possibility and evidentiality of propositions, whereas certainty is mainly represented
by evidence-based and commonly accepted knowledge devices that provide credibility for research.
Evaluation features the meanings of importance and necessity, which characterize the
authors as researchers seeking problematic issues to investigate. Moreover, the cognitive and
positive attitude to the propositional content and readers prevails over emotional and negative
evaluations. The use of the identified metadiscourse markers is a powerful rhetorical strategy
for highlighting the authorial stance and enhancing credibility and validity of the research.
We hope our findings will assist novice writers to understand how metadiscourse markers can
help them achieve greater visibility in the text to emphasize their contribution.

dc.subject

value: research article

value: authorial stance

value: metadiscourse

value: evaluation

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Manerova, Kristina Valerievna

dc.identifier.citation

value: Manerova K. V. Constructive formalization of phraseoreflexes Gott weiß / weiß Gott in German. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2019, 16 (2): 259–271.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper explores the mechanism of meaning ambiguity as illustrated by the German idiomconstructions
Gott weiß / weiß Gott, using the methods of Ch. Fillmore’s construction grammar
(C×G). The phraseoreflexes Gott weiß / weiß Gott are phraseological unit with a low degree
of idiomaticity, with a stable, yet variable, composition, with a regular syntactic structure
making it possible to define them a bigrammatical constructions. Syntactic elements such as
actants and syntagms may complement the idiom-constructions Gott weiß / weiß Gott in the
“minor syntax” category. The semantic meaning of the Gott weiß / weiß Gott slots changes depending
on their type of syntactic complement. Incorporating the said phraseoreflexes as slots
such as a simple sentence, an independent clause or a parenthesis into larger constructions
makes them reveal their meaning ambiguity. The meaning ambiguity of the German phraseoreflexes
Gott weiß / weiß Gott is combined with distributive elements: the semantics (Sem)
of the Gott weiß / weiß Gott slots changes depending on the type of the subordinate clause as
their syntactic complement such as constructions with ob-clauses or the so-called w-clauses
as a parenthesis or object dass-clauses. The phraseoreflex weiß Gott comprises the same “confirming”
implicature used as an argument. The German phraseoreflexes Gott weiß / weiß Gott
are examined in 101 contexts. The modification of a linguistic unit’s semantics becomes obvious
when it is analyzed using the C×G methodology. This paper does not explore religious
text types.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
Исследование выполнено в рамках исполнения НИР по мероприятию «Совместная про-
грамма СПбГУ и DAAD “Дмитрий Менделеев”» 2016/17 в СПбГУ.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: phraseology of the German language

value: meaning ambiguity

value: phraseoreflex

value: construction grammar

value: constructive formalization


dc.contributor.author

value: Chen, Shengnan

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chen Shengnan. On the first translation of Sanzijing into the Russian. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2019, 16 (2): 320–332.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Sanzijing or The Three Character Classic was one of the first books for school education in ancient
China for hundreds of years. The book contains basic knowledge about Chinese culture,
philosophy, geography, history, and the like. It is written in metrical prose: each line consists of
three characters and every four lines form one stanza. The book Sanzijing was also important
material for teaching Chinese to foreign missionaries who came to China after the 16th century.
In this article we compare two Russian translations of this book in two manuscripts in the
Department of Manuscripts of the Library of the Academy of Sciences. These two are attributed
by V. P. Taranovich and P. E. Skachkov to Illarion K. Rossokhin (1717–1761), a student of
the second Russian Ecclesiastic Mission. A comparison of the two translations showed that the
text in one manuscript was translated by Rosskhin, while another was translated by another
person earlier. The earlier translation is likely to have been completed under Peter the Great:
this is evidenced by features of the orthography, lexis, and grammar that were specific to this
period. Further, the translations had different purposes: Rossokhin’s translation contained explanations
and was aimed at teaching Chinese, while the other was translated word by word
and had no clear didactic purpose.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 16; Issue 2

value: Ilarion Rossokhin

value: Sanzijing, Russian translations of the XVIII century


dc.contributor.author

value: Ismailov, Saydiganikxodja I.

value: Khayitboyeva, Komila Kh.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ismailov S. I., Khayitboeva K. Kh. Problems of diagnostics and treatment of diffuse — toxic goiter (Graves’ disease). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine, 2019, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 98–104.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to prevalence, contemporary diagnostic methods and treatment of
Grave’s disease. Advantages and disadvantages of different treatment options are discussed.
The cause of the disease can be environmental conditions, infectious diseases, severe operational
intervention, drugs, trauma, especially brain traumas, iodine deficiency and radiation
damage of thyroid in iodine deficiency conditions, familial predisposition. The ideal
treatment of Graves’ disease should ensure a fairly rapid elimination of clinical symptoms of
thyrotoxicosis, return to an euthyroid state, with minimal risk of complications. The relapse
rate of the disease can reach up to 80 %, using conservative treatment. The radioiodine ablation
is relatively simple, non-invasive, effective and cheap. There are special indications for surgical
treatment. Indications for surgical treatment: 1) large goiter (the volume of the thyroid gland
is more than 45 ml); 2) frequent recurrences of thyrotoxicosis and failure of the drug and RIT;
3)malignancy of goiter; 4) allergic and toxic (leukopenic) reactions to thyreostatics. Patients
with Graves’ disease should referred to a specialized center with multidisciplinary team.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Medicine;Volume 14; Issue 2

value: Graves’ disease

value: diagnostics

value: treatment

value: radical therapy

value: thyroidectomy

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kovaleva, Alexandra V.

value: Astratenkova, Irina V.

value: Golovanova, Natalya E.

value: Orlova, Olga G.

value: Rybalchenko, Oksana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kovaleva A. V., Astratenkova I. V., Golovanova N. E., Orlova O. G., Rybalchenko O. V. Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of AGT, SOD2, CAT in Risk Estimates for Arterial Hypertension among Young People. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine, 2019, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 141– 146.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Arterial hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases and one of the main
causes of mortality and disability of population. Opportunity to predict emergence of arterial
hypertension and to take preventive measures in pre-nosological diagnostics of disease arouse
research interest in this issue. Possibility to predict progression of arterial hypertension based on
polymorphic variants of AGT gene (C521T, rs4762) identification, which encodes angiotensinogen
protein in combination with polymorphic variants of CAT (–262C/T, rs1001179), encoding
catalase, and polymorphic variants of SOD2 (C47T, rs4880), encoding mitochondrial superoxide
dismutase, are discussed in this article. Decrease of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide
dismutase) activity leads to accumulation of reactive oxygen species in cells. They may
activate NF-kB transcription factor, which increases expression of individual genes involved in
sodium homeostasis and in blood pressure control, including angiotensinogen. Increased angiotensinogen
concentration in blood constitutes a risk factor in arterial hypertension development.
In our opinion, combination of polymorphic variants of AGT, CAT and SOD genes
expands the possibilities of personalized medicine.Performed investigation involved 65 medical
students of St Petersburg State University. DNA was extracted from epithelial cells of the
oral cavity. Genotyping of DNA samples was determined by real-time PCR. Obtained results of
our investigation enabled to reveal AGT genotypes associated with hypertension in 12 students.
The article discusses combinations of TT and CT genotypes of AGT with unfavorable alleles of
antioxidant enzymes.Carriers of heterozygous SOD2 genotype and homozygous CC genotype
CAT are in more unfavorable conditions compared to carriers of the CC genotype SOD2 and СТ
genotype CAT, as SOD2 is a key antioxidant enzyme protecting from ROS.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: arterial hypertension

value: genetic polymorphism

value: angiotensinogen

value: superoxide dismutase

value: catalase


dc.contributor.author

value: Emelyanova, Yana Borisovna

dc.identifier.citation

value: Emelyanova Ya. B. The specific character of code-switching in translation. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2019, 16 (2): 214–228.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article addresses the question of the specific character of code-switching in translation. It is
proposed that such switching be viewed as the switching of linguacultural codes. The following
characteristics of linguacultural switching are identified: key role in the translation process, predictability,
purposefulness, predetermined conditions, cyclical nature, additional mental load,
and equal functioning of both translation directions. We attempt to provide a description of the
underlying mechanisms and processes of linguacultural switching. The creation of the mental
image of the source text and deverbalization are two interrelated processes that operate during
the reception phase and determine the effectiveness of the switching of linguacultural codes.
The moment of switching involves a series of purposeful mental operations aimed at orientation
in the situation, anticipation of the switch, switching attention to the target culture, and the linguistic
means it uses to describe a particular fragment of reality. These operations start the processes
of probabilistic forecasting and radiant thinking which lead to the actualization of translator’s
linguistic and cultural experience, its retrieval from long-term memory and the associative
search for linguistic means in the target language. Operations that occur during the production
phase include the habit of inhibiting hasty conclusions, the processes of reductive reasoning, dynamic
interlingual and intercultural comparison, and checking the target text against the mental image of the source text. These operate in parallel with the continuous functioning of working
memory and mechanisms of linguacultural and operational control. A model demonstrating the
process of linguacultural switching is presented.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 16; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: code-switching

value: linguacultural code

value: activation

value: inhibition

value: cognitive control


dc.contributor.author

value: Starovoitova, Olga Albertovna

dc.identifier.citation

value: Starovoitova О. А. Semantics and the functional potential of prefixal verbs derived from names of the ethnos in 19th century Russian language. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2019, 16 (2): 272–290.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Any serious socio-historical event in the life of an ethnos requires the creation of a metalanguage;
because of this, Russian language verbs derived from the names of nations and nationalities (ethnonyms)
appeared in the nineteenth-century. Being at the intersection of two major linguistic
tendencies — the realization of word-formation system potential and the need for linguistic
expression of new concepts from various spheres of social life — they form a constantly growing
vocabulary and became an indicator of extraordinary activity of national language consciousness. For the language view of the world, the subfield of a change in the qualitative state (which
includes prefixal verbs derived from the names of the ethnos which describe the problems of
interethnic contacts) is significant. The confixal model with the prefix o- (ob-) was universal for
this lexicon, but models with other prefixes began to compete, for example, za-, iz-, po-, and others.
Due to prefixes, the quantitative modification of the degree of the characteristic varies, since
the verb as a part of speech has a gradational relationship. The seed of intensity, actualized by a
prefix, can act as means for forming an expression. The active use of such verbs in 19th century
texts of different genres demonstrates the significant potential of verbal lexicon in a system of
stylistic resources. It is the anthropocentricity which determined the appearance of their evaluativity,
based on an emotional attitude to reality, and a certain stylistic status.

dc.subject

value: Russian language

value: historical lexicology

value: historical word formation

value: prefixal verbs

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Sokolova, Tatiana P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sokolova, T. P. (2019). Naming examination as a special kind of forensic linguistic examination. Media Linguistics, 6(2), 196–207.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the article, based on the analysis of theoretical materials and expert practice, the prerequisites
and grounds for distinguishing a naming examination into a special kind of forensic
linguistic examination are considered. The choice of the term Naming Expertise is also justified.
This term allows to accurately identify the range of objects involved in forensic research
(not only trademarks and other means of individualization, but personal names, geographic
names, domain names, etc.) and justifies the role of such examination in preventing the emergence
of conflicting names as a result of naming errors. In accordance with the provisions of
forensic expertology, three reasons for the formation of a new kind of linguistic examination
were analyzed. First, the features of objects — names (verbal and combined designations used
as means of individualization, as well as personal names, pseudonyms, domain names, urban
names, etc.) are revealed at the level of semantics, word formation, morphology, phonetics
and graphics, special attention is paid to multimodal names. Secondly, the nature of special
knowledge is determined for the production of Naming Expertise: in addition to general linguistic
knowledge, onomastics, creative language linguistics, and media linguistics, as well as
forensic expertology are required. Third, the circle of tasks solved by the Naming Expertise is
indicated, which are not limited to identifying linguistic signs of similarity of different types
and discharges of names, but include identifying the degree of originality, uniqueness, identity
of the controversial name, its derivational model, compliance with the norms of the modern
Russian language, public interests, and principles of humanity and morality.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Media Linguistics;Volume 6; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: naming examination

value: forensic linguistic examination

value: name

value: multimodal name


dc.contributor.author

value: Hendriks, Inge F.

value: Bovill, James G.

value: Zhuravlev, Dmitrii A.

value: Gaivoronskii, Ivan V.

value: Boer, Fredrik

value: Hogendoorn, Pancras C. W.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Hendriks I. F., Bovill J. G., Zhuravlev D. A., Gaivoronskii I. V., Boer F., Hogendoorn P. C. W. The development of Russian Medicine in the Petrine era and the role of Dutch doctors in this process. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine, 2019, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 158–172.

dc.description.abstract

value:
During the reign of Peter the Great and his successors most significant achievements in the
field of public health in Russia took place. In order to train domestic doctors, especially for
the army and navy, Peter I organized the training of the best representatives of Russia at the
leading medical universities in Europe, and especially at the University of Leiden. He also
created the first medical surgical schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries, close ties in the field of medicine between Russia and the Netherlands
were established. A significant number of doctors, graduates of the Leiden University
practiced in Russia and held very high positions in Russian medical services. This contributed
to the advancement of advanced European technologies in the provision of medical services
and medical education in Russia. Therefore the role of Dutch doctors in the development of
Russian medicine in the Petrine era is extremely significant. Under their leadership, the first
hospitals and medical schools were established, the first textbooks were developed in Russian
and scientific research was conducted. The Academy of Sciences created by Peter the Great
was the centre of scientific achievements of Imperial Russia.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Medicine;Volume 14; Issue 2

value: history

value: medicine

value: Peter the Great

value: Bidloo

value: Boerhaave

value: Holland

value: pre–1917 Russia


dc.contributor.author

value: Shelygin, Mikhail S.

value: Guziy, Nadezhda S.

value: Kaplitskaya, Viktoria S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shelygin M. S., Guziy N. S., Kaplitskaya V. S. Specifics of Hormonal Status in Combined Dishormonal Pathology of the Uterus and Mammary Glands in Reproductive Age. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine, 2019, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 123–131.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The combined dyshormonal pathology of the uterus and mammary glands represents a great
danger to the health of a woman, as well as impairs the quality of life, reduces the reproductive
capacity of a woman and leads to premature loss of reproductive function. Steroid hormones
play a large role in the regulation of proliferative changes in the uterus and mammary glands.
Regulation of target organs, uterus and mammary glands, due to the presence of common mechanisms
associated with the presence of the receptor apparatus in the tissues of these organs to sex
hormones. The general links of pathogenesis and the high frequency of combined pathology of
the uterus and mammary glands are of interest to study not only isolated forms of proliferation,
but also the development of a unified systematic approach to the study of this pathology. In recent
times, there are opposing views on the role of hormonal dysfunction as a factor in proliferative
processes. The management tactics of patients with pathological changes in the mammary
gland in various gynecological diseases is an assessment of endocrine status, normalization of
hormonal and metabolic disorders, especially when progesterone and cortisol are excreted, testosterone
levels are increased, and hyperprolactinemia is affected. Special attention should be
paid to patients with menstrual disorders, reproductive health disorders. We believe that the
problem of the hyperproliferative processes of the uterus and mammary glands should not be
considered only from the perspective of gynecological or mammological practice. This pathology
is polymorphic and should have broad interdisciplinary connections with such disciplines
as oncology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, psychiatry, therapy, pathomorphology, histology,
obstetrics and gynecology. Only by studying all possible links of etiopathogenesis, by combining
interdisciplinary communication, it is possible to effectively fight for the quality of patients
with a combined pathology of the uterus and mammary glands. Family planning, prevention of unplanned pregnancy, timely implementation of maternity, prevention of miscarriage, the use of
modern contraceptives, support for breastfeeding is also of high importance for the prevention
of disorders and the preservation, extension of reproductive capabilities, and the prevention of
combined dyshormonal pathology of the uterus and breast.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: hormonal status

value: mammary glands hyperplastic processes

value: endometrial hyperplasia

value: uterine fibroids

value: fibrocystic disease of the breast

value: ovarian dysfunction

value: especially steroidogenesis

value: women of reproductive age

value: hormonal dysfunction

value: hyperprolactinemia

value: proliferative breast disease

value: anovulation

value: gipoestrogeniya

value: hyperandrogenism

value: menstrual cycle

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Andia, Ysabel de

dc.identifier.citation

value: Andia Y. de. Co-worship and Co-glorification of the Holy Spirit in the Treatise of St. Basil of Caesarea “On the Holy Spirit”. Issues of Theology, 2019, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 221– 234.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The text published below is the report which was read at the VI International Patristic
Conference “Saint Basil the Great in the theological tradition of East and
West”, Moscow, April 11–13, 2019. The report examines the doctrine of St. Basil
of Caesarea on the Holy Spirit, as expressed in his treatise “On the Holy Spirit”,
in the context of the trinitarian disputes of the 4th century. More specifically, the
report focuses on St. Basil’s arguments in defense of the divinity of the Holy Spirit,
based on two types of doxology, that is, the economic and theological. In the first
case, the action of the Divine Persons is taken as externalized; in the second case,
the Divine Persons are considered in their intra-trinitarian relations and equality.
Of these two doxological formulas, the first is vulnerable to interpretations that
subordinate the Son and the Spirit to the Father. The second doxological formula,
on the contrary, strongly affirms the equality of Persons. St. Basil had to prove to his opponents that the equation of the Spirit with the Father and the Son is not an
arbitrary innovation, but is expressed in the “commandment of baptism”, which
clearly indicates the divinity of the Spirit. Then St. Basil shows the community of
nature, glory and worship between the Father, the Son and the Spirit. The communication
of nature provides both the identity of the Person and the unity of the
essence. The communication of glory means that in the Spirit the whole Trinity is
contemplated and glorified: the Spirit reveals the Son as the image of the Father,
and reveals a prototype in the Son, that is, the Father; but the Spirit Himself is glorified
through fellowship with both. Hence all three Persons are worshiped as one
God. The report concludes with an analysis of the role of the Holy Spirit as Lord
and Giver of life.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 1; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: St. Basil of Caesarea

value: Holy Spirit

value: Trinity

value: economy

value: theology

value: doxological formulas

value: Spirit as a giver of life