title: A Soviet Proto-bourgeoisie: Genesis of the Upper Class of Russian Society

dc.contributor.author

value: Beznin, M. A.

value: Dimoni, T. M.

dc.description.abstract

value: In the article the authors define the three stages in the genesis of a proto-bourgeoisie: 1917 — 1920s, 1930s — early 1960s, mid-1960s — 1991. The first stage was characterized by the initial formation of a new class, a key role for which was nomenklatura system that outlined professional contours of the new elite. The second stage was latent aging of this class, characterized by consolidation and corporatism. The restructuring of the Party apparatus according to the production-branch principle in the 1930s required professionalization and Party management. In the second stage, this class staked out its share in society, main groups emerged, and the logic of its action developed in a system of state capitalism with divided rights of ownership. In the third stage, the developing proto-bourgeoisie gained strength in awareness and realization of its class interests. A special role in this process was played by the economic reform of 1965, which increased the role of the block of organizational managers. The third stage was marked by a crisis of proto-bourgeois class interests associated with the desire for full possession of property. This conflict was resolved by the revolution of 1991, which made it possible to privatize state property, leading to the completion of the formation of a new upper class and its transformation from proto-class to real bourgeoisie.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research was supported by “Russian Foundation for Basic Research”, project no. 18-09-00184 “The Social
Revolution in Soviet Russia: Prerequisites, Stages, Results”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 9; Issue 2

value: Russia

value: Soviet period

value: social system

value: classes

value: protobourgeoisie


dc.contributor.author

value: Petin, D. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Petin D. I. ‘With Adventure Through Life: Maria Alexandrovna Grishina-Almazova (Mikhailova)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 9, no. 2, 2019, pp. 389–405.

dc.description.abstract

value: The publication is a historical and biographical study of a woman who played an important role in the highest socio-political circles of Omsk during the Civil War, becoming the beloved of two key political figures in anti-Bolshevik eastern Russia, and subsequently ended her days in emigration. Using previously classified documents in archives of the FSB Directorate for the Omsk Region and the State Archives of the Khabarovsk Territory and applying historical-biographical and chronological methods, the article considers historiography of the topic and unexplored lacunae. The most informative materials are diary fragments and judicial-investigative documents from the criminal case concerning the heroine (1920), and emigrant questionnaires of her and her son (1942, 1945), along with memoirs and published sources about the heroine’s participation in the trial of Kolchak ministers in May 1920, as well as references on Russian emigration. These sources provide an ambiguous biography of the heroine.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Civil war

value: anti-Bolshevik movement

value: emigration

value: repression

value: Mariinsk

value: Omsk

value: Irkutsk

value: Harbin

value: San Francisco

dc.type

value: Article

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Bakanov, S. A.

value: Fokin, A. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bakanov S. A., Fokin A. A. ‘“And Under Communism Everything Will Be…”: How the Planning Agencies of the USSR Saw the Nation’s Wealth by 1980’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 9, no. 2, 2019, pp. 420–436.

dc.description.abstract

value: 1950s and 1960s saw the start of constructing a communist society in the USSR. The State Council on Research and Economics of the Council of Ministers played a key role in that process. Its task was to develop a plan for economic development up to 1980. The plan would lay out the development of every sector of the national economy. The document had to contain a quantitative analysis and support for the III Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The section on the nation’s economic well-being is of significant interest, as it contains data on more than 90 indicators starting from 1958 (factual data) and prospective results every five years, from 1960 until 1980. The data show that the Soviet person was regarded not as a subject but an object. He did not choose living conditions, the amount of fruit and vegetables to eat, the number of shoes and clothes to own, etc. The biology of the human being had to be rationalized to make the body totally controllable. Data show that short-term and long-term economic development plans presupposed strict equality between production and consumption. Such an approach excluded any possibility of the unplanned and chaotic trajectory of development. The paper confirms the claim that Soviet authorities of the 1950s and 1960s believed in the ideal that communism was Soviet power and American standards of living would meet.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 9; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: USSR

value: communism

value: III Program of the CPSU

value: planned economy

value: consumption

value: living standards


dc.contributor.author

value: Vlasova, Natalia O.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vlasova, Natalia. “From the Memoirs of Marianne Brandt (on the First Productions of Operas by Richard Wagner and Anton Rubinstein)”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 2 (2019): 204–237.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article introduces the reader to the memoirs of German singer Marianne Brandt (1842- 1921), one of the prominent opera vocalists of her time. During her long-standing career asa principal singer with Berlin Court Opera (Hofoper), she toured widely and performed at the world’s leading opera venues, taking part in more than a few outstanding productions. One of Brandt’s great successes was the role of Leah in Berlin’s first performance of Anton Rubinstein’s opera “Die Maccabäer” (1875). She also took part in the first two Bayreuth festivals. Richard Wagner had a chance to recognize Brandt’s talent when she sang in Berlin’s premiere of “Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg” (1870). A few years later he invited the singer to take part in the first performance of “Ring des Nibelungen” at Bayreuth Festival (1876). Later she also sang the role of Kundry in the first performance of “Parsifal” (1882). The manuscript of the singer’s memoirs, comprising 52 chapters, is kept in her private archive at Vienna City Library. It has never been published as a single piece. This publication includes five chapters devoted to the most remarkable episodes of Brandt’s career: her collaboration with Rubinstein and Wagner. The memoirs provide a contemporary account of important musical events of the nineteenth century. They describe the work on opera productions; portray musicians with whom the author worked, such as composers, conductors, singers, and their milieu; and revives the atmosphere of first Bayreuth festivals. The publication is accompanied by detailed commentary and visual material.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 9; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Marianne Brandt

value: musical theatre

value: Anton Rubinstein

value: “Die Maccabäer”

value: Richard Wagner

value: Bayreuth Festival

value: “Der Ring des Nibelungen”

value: “Parsifal”


dc.contributor.author

value: Yailenko, Evgeny V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Yalenko, Evgeny. “Flora, Laura, and Others: The Allegorized Pictures of Beautiful Women in Early Cinquecento Venetian Art”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 2 (2019): 371–396.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article explores the study of pictures of beautiful women, so-called “bella” paintings that were a significant phenomenon in the history of Venetian Renaissance art. The uniqueness of such research is that it investigates such pictures within the broad historical context, highlighting its historical evolution as well as specifying the meaning of some important art works. The genesis of such an artistic form returns to the beginning of High Renaissance art in Venice, which has its origins in the works of Tullio Lombardo and Giorgione. Their masterpieces, “Portrait of a young couple” by Tullio Lombardo and Giorgione’s picture “Laura,” made an important contribution to the invention of its compositional formula and content with its complexity of meaning and allegory. Building on the compositional type of the Renaissance portrait, it developed narrative components taken from classical and Renaissance literature. The next phase in the development of “bella” paintings is in the oeuvre of Titian. This painter created iconographic versions in this genre, which developed plots taken from Holy Scripture or connected with the Classical past. Titian’s artistic output greatly influenced many other painters, among them Palma il Vecchio, Paris Bordone, and Bernardino Licinio. Later in the century, Titian’s portraits of the Italian aristocracy made a cardinal impact on the evolution of “bella” paintings and invested them with new features of aristocratism and courtly elegance, but paradoxically it played the crucial role in the gradual disappearance of this type of painting from the stage toward the end of the sixteenth century.

dc.subject

value: Renaissance art

value: Venice

value: portrait

value: bella picture

value: Tullio Lombardo

value: Giorgione

value: Titian

value: Paolo Veronese

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Sechin, Alexander G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Sechin, Alexander. “Rhetorical Figures of Viewing in Classical and Academic Art”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 2 (2019): 346–370.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article is a mirror for the author's work on the iconographic motif of Venus pudica. Like Venus, the image of a sleeping satyr from the famous Barberini Faun statue has become a figure of visual rhetoric in modern times, with a similar meaning of viewing the human body, but this time a male body. French artist Nicolas Poussin and Italian painter Giovanni Battista Pittoni used this recognizable iconic form to express a complex set of meanings, often in opposition to each other. In the arsenal of academic art, it has been applied in creating artistic images by Russian painters of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries: Anton Losenko, Andrei Ivanov, and his brilliant son Alexander. At first glance, this article only continues, using new material, the series of studies initiated by Aby Warburg (1866-1929) on visual patterns invented in antiquity that then became part of Modern art. However, unlike iconological studies, which only state such borrowings, the author examines these visual metaphors from the perspective of their internal form, which for a long time could hold and transmit important messages from the artist to others. The author believes that rhetoric from antiquity until the beginning of the nineteenth century (in Russia to the middle of the nineteenth century), and in academic art even later, held a leading position in the education of the artistic consciousness of masters of fine arts, and, directly or indirectly, in the management of practicalactivities - even playing the role of art theory, which began to form as an independent discipline at the turn of the twentieth century.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 9; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: visual rhetoric

value: visual metaphor

value: rhetorical figures of viewing

value: Barberini Faun

value: Nicolas Poussin

value: Giovanni Battista Pittoni

value: Charles Le Brun

value: Anton Losenko

value: Andrey Ivanov

value: Alexander Ivanov


dc.contributor.author

value: Dorskii, Andrei Yu.

value: Chernogor, Nikolay N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dorskii, Andrei Yu., Nikolay N. Chernogor. 2019. “The Second World War as a social trauma: a comparative analysis of Russian and French legislation”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 311–331.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article compares legislation for the memorialization of the Second World War in France and Russia. Based on the theory of social trauma, memorial law performs the function of overcoming trauma. Its specific tasks are verbalization of trauma and the expression of points of view that determine the identity of the society. These tasks do not depend on type of law, which can be soft or strict, positive or negative. Social reasons for adopting of memorial legislation include deepening public interest in history and spreading discussions on topics that are painful for national identity. The history of memorial legislation for the Second World War in both countries began long before the adoption of the Gayssot Law in France and the introduction of Art. 354.1 to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Russian laws of1995 and their evolution to the present are considered. With the help of comparative analysis, the common features of legislation on memory in the two countries are highlighted. A comparison focused on the Resistance and the Soviet Union. On the basis of judicial practice, the interpretation of certain controversial concepts is given. The practice of constitutional control over the memorial legislation on the Second World War is traced. The most important directions for improving legislation and social practices are indicated: minimization of necessary restrictions on freedom of speech, and research into crimes committed by citizens of the victorious countries for the period 1939-1945.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The part of the reported study by of A. Yu. Dorsky was funded by RFBR according to the research project No. 18-011-01233 “The Legal Factor in the Dynamics of Social Injury: Russian Experience”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 10; Issue 2

value: memorial laws

value: Second World War

value: Geyssot Law

value: days of military glory and memorable dates

value: commemorating victory

value: rehabilitation of Nazism

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Belozerova, Vera G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belozerova, Vera. “Traditions of Connoisseurship (Jian) and Eccentricity (Xie) in Fu Shan’s Calligraphy (1607–1684)”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 2 (2019): 280–299.

dc.description.abstract

value: The works of the well-known erudite and master of eccentric cursive writing Fu Shan (1607-1684) have been thoroughly studied in China, but there is little research on them in art history in the Western countries, and they are barely known among Russian orientalists. Fu Shan used the legacy of ancient epigraphy to reform both cursive (caoshu) and non-cursive scripts (zhuanshu, lishu, kaishu). Fu Shan relied on the assumption that all scripts have unifi d plastic principles. His expressive cursive writing has basic elements of non-cursive scripts, while his non-cursive writing has the dynamic potential of a cursive script. Fu Shan’sexceptional connoisseurship made him a forerunner of the archaizing trend in the “Stele School” (beixuepai). He was also famous for his eccentric experiments with character forms and the composition of character columns that became an important element of Chinese calligraphy in the tenth and eleventh centuries. This article recounts the milestones of Fu Shan’s life, shows trends of continuity in his works, and their evolution. The quotations of Fu Shan and the most prominent examples of his work are used to study his artistic principles. This article explains Fu Shan’s “four norms, four taboos” (si nin si wu) that are connected with the specifi aesthetics of mastery concealment and the principle of plastic dissonance (zhili). For Fu Shan, the lack of self-confi t virtuosity (qiao) and the quality of being crude and ugly (zhuo) meant that a work of art reflected the natural order of Dao. The diversity of his artistic studies and the syncretic character of his worldview made it possible for Fu Shan to retain his artistic freedom while adhering to tradition. Due to the combination of connoisseurship and eccentric innovation, Fu Shan’s art has preserved its integrity and the enduring value of his legacy.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 9; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: jian

value: eccentric xie

value: scripts caoshu

value: kuangcao

value: zhuanshu

value: lishu

value: kaishu

value: energy qi

value: Tianji


dc.contributor.author

value: Zavyalova, Anna E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zavyalova, Anna. “Alexander Benois and the Artistic Heritage of France of the 18th Century”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 2 (2019): 300–324.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article discusses the influence of the works of Charles-Nicolas Cochin, Jean-Michel Moreau the Younger, Jacques Rigaut, Antoine Watteau, and Edmé Bouchardon on the work of Alexander Benois. A formal and stylistic analysis reveals that the engravings and Bouchardon’s sculpture “Eros” served as iconographic and artistic sources for Benois’ works “Louis 14th. Feeding fish,” “Versailles. At Curtius,” “The Marquise’s Bath,” “To Rest,” and illustrations for Pushkin’s story “The Queen of Spades.” Images of characters of the Italian comedy in paintings of Antoine Watteau shaped similar images in Benois’ works (“Italian Comedy. A Love Note,” “Winter Dream”). Based on a complex method that combines formal and stylistic observations with an analysis of data from the artist’s memories, his diaries, and works on the history of European art, the author concludes that Benois turned to engravings from the works of Watteau. His experience to repeat the painting style of this master in gouaches “Chinese Pavilion. The jealous” remains unique. The article first addressed the issue of the influence of the art of the Impressionists and William Turner. Based on this method, the author concludes that the paintings of the Impressionists and Turner influenced the embodiment of the image of Versailles park in Benois’ work at the same time as the eighteenth century French engravings (“Rain in Versailles,” “Apollo Fountain in Versailles”). Benois’ passion for Turner’s art was influenced by the work of John Ruskin’s “Modern painters,” and Richard Muther’s “Geschichne der Malerei im XIX. Jahrhunderte,” to the special attention of Benois to the genre of landscape.

dc.subject

value: Alexander Benois

value: Russian art late nineteenth-early twentieth centuries

value: Charles- Nicolas Cochen

value: Jean-Michel Moreau le jeune

value: Jacques Rigaut

value: Antoine Watteau

value: Edmé Bouchardon

value: Versailles Park

value: history of collecting

value: William Turner


dc.contributor.author

value: Kurochkin, Denis A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kurochkin, Denis A. 2019. “Issues of legal regulation of the sector of research services in the Eurasian Economic Union”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 332–352.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article analyzes legal regulation of research services within the framework of the EAEU; after 2020 this sector must function according to rules of the single market. Study of the multidimensionality of the concept of scientific activity shows that liberalization of the research services sector in the EAEU covers only scientific researche carried out for private customers. The formation of a single market in this sector of services in accordance with the approved liberalization plan is complicated by the existence in legislation of the EAEU member states of norms creating administrative, fiscal, and other barriers that impede free implementation of scientific activity on the territory of EAEU member states. The author notes legal barriers characteristic for this sector and the absence of appropriate legal mechanisms to overcome them in the integration law of the EAEU and the national legislation of EAEU member states. Many identified legal barriers are general and also affect the public procurement sector. The author considers the legal status of multilateral and bilateral agreements concluded by EAEU member states before signing of the Treaty of the EAEU and its entry into force and regulating the organization and implementation of cross-border scientific activities and their place in the system of the integration law of the EAEU.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was made within the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, project No. 26.12267.2018/12.1.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)

value: integration la of the EAEU

value: sector of research services

value: scientific activity

value: barriers

value: single market

value: liberalization of the services market

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kim, Anton A.

value: Luchkova, Vera I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kim, Anton, and Vera Luchkova. “The Background and Main Stages in the Formation of Eclectic Architectural Styles in the Province of Guangdong (Mid 19th — First Half of the 20th Century)”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 2 (2019): 397–420.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article explores the appearance and development of eclectic directions in Chinese architecture, formed in the junction of Eastern and Western cultures in the later nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries. The aim of this study is the revelation of prerequisites for the development of eclectic styles in the Guangdong province, refl cting social-cultural alterations under the influence of the colonial process. The research considers the main historical processes and social-cultural alterations taking place in the background, and also the improvement of material and technical bases that resulted in the development of the eclectic architecture of the region, represented in such formsd as qilou, tonglau, diaolou, lu,and weilou. Th ee prototypes of Sino-Western architecture emerged: traditional dwellings of the Hakka and Punti people, Western colonial architecture, presented in the estuary of Pearl River, and eclectic constructions in Southeast Asia. Five basic periods of Sino-Western styles developed in Guangdong province. The first stage (beginning and middle of the nineteenth century) is characterized by the initial application of Western elements into traditional architecture; the second (the 1880s) was the beginning of basic Sino-Western styles of development; the third (1890-1911) was the process of mass development of eclectic architecture; the fourth (1911-1930) was the transformation of plan structure and building materials and constructions; and the fifth (1930-1949) involved the refusal to apply surplus decoration. The results of this study provide some directions for explorations of eclectic architecture in the Guangdong province and other regions of China.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 9; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Sino-Western styles

value: Diaolou

value: Qilou

value: Tonglau

value: Guangdong

value: China

value: architecture

value: eclecticism

value: acculturation

value: assimilation


dc.contributor.author

value: Samsonov, Nikolai V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Samsonov, Nikolai V. 2019. “On the place and significance of judicial practice and legal precedent in Russian civil procedural law”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 293–310.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article examines the possibility of attributing judicial practice and judicial precedent to the sources (forms) of civil procedural law. The author claims that these categories are close, but not identical; analyzes various approaches to their understanding in the legal literature, and also formulates their definitions. The author distinguishes judicial practice in a broad and narrow sense, outlining the hierarchical boundaries of the latter from decisions made by the court of first instance to decisions of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, made in specific cases as supervisors; the author draws attention to the special nature of the Decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and reviews of judicial practice approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, due to the fact that they are not acts issued in specific cases, and are taken out of procedural form. The author substantiates the thesis that the rulings of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, issued in exercising supervision, constitute a judicial precedent, currently implicitly recognized as the source (form) of the right at the legislative level, while the rest of the judicial practice within the specified limits individual elements, or in general, the source of law is not, and provides relevant examples. The author proposes the need to transfer implicit recognition of decisions of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, made in specific cases in the order of supervision to the category of explicit ones; and also notes the need to legislate additional conditions for the use of judicial precedent as a source (form) of law.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 10; Issue 2

value: civil proceedings

value: judicial practice

value: judicial precedent

value: sources of civil procedural law


dc.contributor.author

value: Damm, Irina A.

value: Akunchenko, Evgenii A.

value: Shchedrin, Nikolai V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Damm, Irina A., Evgenii A. Akunchenko, Nikolai V. Shchedrin. 2019. “Openness of public authority: issues of the conceptual and categorical framework”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 226–242.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article analyzes provisions of the domestic doctrine on the understanding and correlation of the category of “openness” with related categories, such as “accessibility,” “publicity,, “glasnost,” and “transparency.” Under conditions of the continuous development of information and telecommunication technologies, opportunities for public participation in controlling public authorities' activities are significantly expanding. The forms and methods of such participation are diverse and differently termed. In this connection, the unification of the conceptual-categorical framework is of particular importance, since the absence of a single scientifically grounded approach to understanding openness of public authorities hinders effective legal regulation of public relations in this sphere. The authors conclude that representatives of legal science consider “openness” the conception most widespread and broadest in scope that correlates with other categories close in subject and content, depending on functions performed by the public authorities. It also structurally combines “information openness” and the citizen involvement in the activities of government bodies. In turn, “accessibility” is understood as the possibility of unimpeded access to information about authorities' activities. “Glasnost” and “publicity” are expressed for the receipt and dissemination of information about activities of judicial and representative of the authorities. “Transparency,” in its narrow sense, equals accessibility to information about activities of the authorities, while “transparency” in its broad sense is the equivalent of openness, which has become widespread in other socio-political sciences.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The study was funded by Krasnoyarsk Region Science and Technology Support Fund according to the research project: “Openness and Accessibility of Municipal Normative Legal Acts: the State and Ways of Ensuring”.

value: public authority

value: openness

value: accessibility

value: glasnost

value: publicity

value: transparency

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Shchepel’kov, Vladislav F.

value: Burlakov, Vladimir N.

value: Stoyko, Nikolai G.

value: Sidorova, Nataliia A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shchepel’kov, Vladislav F., Vladimir N. Burlakov, Nikolai G. Stoyko, Nataliia A. Sidorova. “Standard evidence of alcohol intoxication in road traffic cases. Criminal law and criminal procedure value. Realities and perspectives”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 373–389.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article discusses the criminal and criminal procedural law enforcement issues in the context of crimes, described in article 264 the Russian Federation Criminal Code, committed under the influence of alcohol when offender left the scene of the road traffic accident. At the present time, there is a prohibition for this category of criminal cases to identify alcohol intoxication in any ways other than medical examination. Many researchers are trying to figure out whether it is criminologically justified to include rules on criminal liability for crimes committed under influence of alcohol to Russian Federation Criminal code and how it aligns with uniform standard of proof in criminal proceedings (uniform criminal-procedural regulations) and modern practical and theoretical approaches to the issue (including those, formed under influence of Supreme and Constitutional Courts rulings). In their opinion, above prohibition contradicts the principle of justice, and thus, to some extent, undermines criminological justification of criminal liability for crimes committed under influence of alcohol, leads to the violation of the uniform standard of proof and provokes suspects to leave the scene of road traffic accident. They see the solution of the issue in the abolition of the prohibition, but with retention of the criminal and procedural regulation of the situation in general (and offer the proposal to the lawmaker).

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: road traffic offences

value: alcohol intoxication

value: medical screening

value: leaving guilty scene

value: standard evidence


title: Standard evidence of alcohol intoxication in road traffic cases. Criminal law and criminal procedure value. Realities and perspectives


dc.contributor.author

value: Rarog, Aleksei I.

value: Bimbinov, Arsenii A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Rarog, Aleksei I., Arsenii A. Bimbinov. 2019. “Contents of the criminal address of inadequate medical production”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 243–259.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article provides results of a study of addressing inappropriate medical products, the responsibility for which is provided by Article 2381 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. On the basis of a system analysis of the doctrine of criminal law, regulatory legislation for the circulation of medical products and law-enforcement practices in criminal cases lead to conclusions about the maintenance of concepts of production, sale, and import, and also the moment of terminating these socially dangerous acts. According to Article 2381, production of medicines is occurs at any stage in the relevant technological process creating a ready-made product in a large quantity. Production of medical products represents any stage in the technological process that allows reception of a ready-made product in a large quantity. Production of dietary supplements containing pharmaceutical substances that are not stated in registration with the state represents any actions for processing input products, creating a ready-made product in a large quantity. Sale, according to Article 2381, is understood traditionally, as paid or gratuitous transfer (expropriation) of a subject of crime to other persons. Import into the territory of the Russian Federation of counterfeited, unregistered, or substandard medical products represents movement of the specified products through the frontier of the Russian Federation or customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union from outside the territory of the Russian Federation. Controversial issues about qualification of criminal handling of medical products are also considered. The existing judicial practice of qualifying the sale of counterfeited, substandard, or unregistered medicines or medical products carried out during the operational investigation “Test purchase”, as a completed crime, has no legislative or law-enforcement grounds.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for basic research under the agreement No. 17-03-00832.

dc.subject

value: forged

value: substandard

value: unregistered medicines

value: medical products

value: biologically active additives

value: sale

value: import

value: production

value: criminal liability


dc.contributor.author

value: Kilinkarov, Vladimir V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kilinkarov Vladimir V. 2019. “Public-private partnership in higher education and science in Russia”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 210–225.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article represents the first study of legal problems and the potential development of public-private partnerships (PPP) in science and higher education in Russia. The author considers PPP to be the most flexible and promising instrument for attracting private investments for such infrastructure, which support required enhancement of cooperation between scientific and educational institutions and real companies, and therefore facilitates achieving national goals and strategic tasks for the development of science in the Russian Federation. Compared to ordinary models of cooperation between the public and private sectors, this approach represents closer cooperation of scientific and educational potential of the public sector with investment, technology, and industrial resources from the private sector. At the same time, the government and universities themselves, competing for students and financing, more than ever require resources for infrastructure development. The author analyses advantages of PPP models for both the private and public sectors, general conditions for development of this mechanism in the country, and how public-private partnership in the traditional sense in higher education and science in Russia has better prospects than elsewhere, such as Great Britain, where higher education is private and in the best case partially financed from the public budget. Furthermore, the government does not play a considerable role in managing educational organizations and does not own its facilities. At the same time, considerable disbalances between needs of economic and innovative development of the country and the quality of PPP legislation is clearly noted, as well as particular legislative problems, and the author provies recommendations on how to improve laws.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The study is a part of the St. Petersburg State University’s Project No. 14.39.899.2017 “Improving the legal regulation of public-private partnership in the scientific sphere and in the field of education”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: public-private partnership

value: municipal-private partnership

value: PPP

value: concession

value: publicprivate partnership agreement

value: concession agreement

value: infrastructure project

value: higher education

value: science

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Tarasov, Alexander A.

value: Khairoulline, Vladimir I.

value: Sharipova, Alia R.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tarasov, Аlexandеr A., Vladimir I. Khairoulline, Aliya R. Sharipova. 2019. “International standards of the defendant’s legal status and the problem of legal terminology transference in translation”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 260–273.

dc.description.abstract

value: A comparative analysis of the European Convention English and its official Russian variants, as well as the text of the Russian criminal procedure law and the accepted theoretical understanding of European Convention notions and terms, allows us to reveal extra possibilities for comprehending the systemic sense of the international standards of human rights and justice. The European Convention describes a prosecuted person as someone charged and who has a minimum set of rights. The official Russian translation uses the term обвиняемый, although the minimum of rights stretches to cover not only the Russian обвиняемый/a accused person (article 47 of the Russian Federation Criminal Procedure Code), but also the suspect as well (article 46 of the Russian Federation Criminal Procedure Code). In this case, the Russian translation offers a narrower meaning to the term used in the Convention. Nonetheless, the systemic sense requires a broader interpretation of the term and of the array of rights of the Russian suspect and corresponding duties of law enforcement bodies. In other cases, the Russian translation employs terms with a broader meaning compared to the analogous English terms; for example, the Russian word combination через посредство защитника possesses a broader meaning than the English through legal assistance . The analysis of the literal translation of the text of the European Convention may be useful not only for the correct interpretation of its provisions, but also for the practice of protection in criminal cases in the context of modern Russian legal reality.

dc.subject

value: defendant

value: charged

value: suspect

value: defender

value: defence

value: charge

value: suspicion

value: qualified legal assistance


dc.contributor.author

value: Zaloilo, Maksim V.

value: Pashentsev, Dmitrii A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zaloilo, Maksim V., Pashentsev, Dmitrii A. 2019. “National law and order of Russia in the conditions of digitalization”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 196–209.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article analyzes the impact of digitalization on Russia’s national legal order. Among the main directions of such influence are the expansion of the boundaries of legal regulation at the expense of virtual space, the demand for more flexibility than in existing legal forms and regulatory mechanisms, and the increasing role of the information function of law. The article emphasizes the constructed nature of the rule of law, which refers to the constant activity of subjects of law on the implementation of legal norms. These actions must be carried out continuously, and they are volatile, which is why the rule of law is a constantly changing entity, as its parameters are constantly changing. In this regard, it is important to study the impact of digitalization on the mentality and legal consciousness of the subject of law. Digital reality changes the mentality of the subject of law, its sense of justice, and, consequently, the nature of activities for implementing legal norms. Mass behavior of legal subjects on the implementation of legal norms in the conditions of digital reality is significantly different from the behavior of subjects of law in other conditions. Due to the impact of digitalization, the legal order is partially transferred to virtual space, which complicates the state’s control over legal communications. In these circumstances, conventional legal regulators may not be sufficient to maintain it. Under the influence of digitalization in Russia’s national legal order, the typical domination of public law over private law will be lost, and the ratio and role of procedural and substantive law will change. The conclusion addresses on possible occurrences of such a phenomenon as individual law and order.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 10; Issue 2

value: law and order

value: digitalization

value: digital technologies

value: legal regulation

value: subject of law

value: digital law


dc.contributor.author

value: Erbakhaev, Evgeniy A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Erbakhaev, Evgeniy A. 2019. “New Principal Provisions of civil law in the People’s Republic of China”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 390–403.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article examines the Basic Provisions of Civil Law in the People’s Republic of China as that country reforms the codification of civil law. One stage is the creation of new Basic Provisions of Civil Law (Law of 2017), which performs two functions. First, it fully regulates the institutions of individuals and legal entities, representation, and terms, including the limitation of action, transactions, and civil liability. Second, the Law incorporates general civil law canons that regulate certain types of civil rights (personal non-property, real, obligatory, intellectual property, hereditary, family). Old Basic provisions of civil law of the PRC (Law of1986) have not lost their force and are applied in a manner that does not contradict the new Basic Provisions of Civil Law (Law of 2017). In addition to the Law of 1986, laws regulating certain types of civil rights (special laws) continue to be applied. The codification of civil law will end with the development and adoption of the Civil Code, which should take place in2020. The main provisions of civil law (Law of 2017) will acquire meaning of the General Part in the structure of such code. The old Provisions of Civil Law (Law of 1986) and some special laws will make up remaining parts of the future civil code. Some Chinese scholars suggest that there are no prerequisites for the adoption of the code at this stage of economic development. Others do not see the need for codification of the civil law and support regulating civil legal relations through separate laws.

value: codification of civil law

value: natural persons

value: legal entities

value: representation

value: the limitation of action

value: transactions

value: civil rights

value: civil liability

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Filippov, Vladimir M.

value: Nasonkin, Vladimir V.

value: Papacharalambous, Charis

dc.identifier.citation

value: Filippov, Vladimir M., Vladimir V. Nasonkin, Charis Papacharalambous. 2019. “Rights and interests of children in the information sphere: improvement of legislation”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 362–372.

dc.description.abstract

value: The paper analyzes the effectiveness of legal counteraction to the negative psychological impact to minors from information and telecommunication networks. Information and telecommunication networks have a growing impact on children that is aimed to have a destructive influence on their psyches to arouse negative thoughts and experiences and to blur traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. The number of risks that may cause children to fall under the negative influence of information from the internet is constantly increasing. It is also facilitated by the rapid development of technology. Currently, domestic legislation is not yet able to adequately counteract this phenomenon. Due to age peculiarities, children are deprived of the opportunity to critically evaluate information received through information and telecommunication networks and thus risk being in an unsafe environment. The hazards of interaction with information of this kind can cause negative consequences for the child’s physical and mental state. The types of information harmful to the health and (or) development of children as specified in Federal Law No. 436-FZ “On protecting children from information harmful to their health and development” does not currently meet needs of modern society and requires adjustment. Changes in the list must be made to restrict access to harmful information more effectively and to ensure the information security of minors. In addition, another important task is the development of legal definitions for several basic concepts of this law. Improving lawmaking activity will minimize negative factors associated with children’s interaction with information and telecommunications networks, including the internet.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 10; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: minors

value: Internet

value: informational rights

value: information society

value: informational offenses

value: improvement of legislation


dc.contributor.author

value: Lazari, Andrzej de

value: Riabov, Oleg V.

value: Zakowska, Magdalena

dc.identifier.citation

value: Lazari, Andrzej, de, Oleg Riabov, and Magdalena Zakowska. “The Russian Bear and the Revolution: The Bear Metaphor for Russia in Political Caricatures of 1917–1918”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 2 (2019): 325–345.

dc.description.abstract

value: Using an analysis of satirical journals published in Russia, Germany, Great Britain, and Poland in 1917-1918, this paper explores how caricaturists employed the metaphor of the bear to represent revolutionary events in Russia. The first part of the paper characterizes historical and intellectual contexts for the use of the image of the Russian bear in Western and Russian cultures. Then, the authors discuss how European caricaturists exploited this image to shape perceptions of the Russian revolution. The final part of the article focuses on employing the bear metaphor in Russian satirical journals. The authors point out that the use of the bear was a part of struggle for interpreting Russia's revolutionary events, and this struggle was carried out in no small part in caricatures. It contributed to shaping representations of delegitimating power, domestic political struggle in Russia, substantiation of national character in the revolution, and its influence on Russia's participation in the Great War and on the independence of Poland. The polysemy of the bear symbol provided the possibility to exploit it both for support of the revolution and its criticism. Representations of the revolution through the prism of the bear metaphor varied by political orientation of journals, the country represented, and political dynamics during the period under consideration. There was one commonality: this metaphor was used to symbolize Russianness in both positive and negative meanings.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 19-011-00748 A.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 9; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: the “Russian bear”

value: political symbols

value: caricature

value: satirical magazines

value: metaphor

value: the February Revolution of 1917

value: the October Revolution of 1917

value: the image of Russia


dc.contributor.author

value: Tsaregradskaya, Tatiana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tsaregradskaya, Tatiana. “Harrison Birtwistle’s ‘Orpheus-Project’: Images of Melancholy”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 2 (2019): 256–279.

dc.description.abstract

value: British composer Harrison Birtwistle (b. 1934) is considered to be one of the most striking figures of contemporary classical music. The most important idea which crosses many of his pieces is the multiple embodiment of the Orpheus myth. Orpheus is interpreted not only as a person with his own tragedy, but also becomes an umbrella phenomenon embracing his mythic brother Linos, his wife Euridice, and different aspects of the voyage to the Underworld: wandering in the kingdom of Hades, conducting a dialog with the King of the Dead, as well as various-level reflections on the whole myth (allegoric, metaphoric, symbolic). Embodying all these aspects, the composer takes a wide range of texts (from Ausonius and Boethius, to Christopher Logue and Sir Thomas Wyatt, to Rainer Maria Rilke and Peter Zinoviev) and produces a number of works of different genres: instrumental pieces (Linoi), cantatas (The Death of Orpheus, Meridian), choral compositions (Fields of Sorrow, On the Threshold of the Night), operas (The Mask of Orpheus, The Corridor), and song cycles (Orpheus Elegies). Thus, Birtwistle’s reflections on Orpheus form a series of works that display the whole range of images and situations contained in the myth, taken from different angles that can be compared to Picasso’s famous series of reinterpretations of Las Meninas. One feature common to all these compositions is:that they are emotionally charged with a deep melancholy characteristic of a composer who recognizes in himself this kind of temperament as his peculiarity, and inspired by his famous predecessor, Dürer and Dowland.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Harrison Birtwistle

value: Orpheus myth

value: series of works

value: Zinoviev

value: Rilke

value: Ausonius

value: Boethius

value: melancholy as an emotional modus

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Milka, Anatoly P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Milka, Anatoly. “On the Circumstantial Context of J. S. Bach’s Canon super Fa Mi BWV 1078”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 9, no. 2 (2019): 238–255.

dc.description.abstract

value: As tentatively accepted by most twentieth-century J. S. Bach scholars, the dedicatee of Canon BWV 1078 might be Benjamin Gottlieb Faber, a physician with a musical background and a friend of Bach’s student, copyist, and son-in-law, Johann Christoph Altnickol. The transparent encryption of Faber’s name in the text of the canon is reflected in the sole corresponding reference in Bach’s biography: B. G. Faber was the representative of the absent godfather (J. S. Bach) at the baptism of Johann Sebastian Jr., the son of Bach’s daughter Juliane Friederica and her husband Johann Altnickol. This article substantiates the probability that B. G. Faber was indeed the dedicatee of Canon BWV 1078. I hypothesize that Bach’s deteriorating health in the early autumn of 1748, reflected in the sudden cancellation of his trip to Berlin to be godfather at the baptism of Carl Philipp Emanuel’s son Johann Sebastian Jr., along with sudden changes in Bach’s handwriting, indicate that he had most probably suffered a minor stroke that prevented him from traveling. The juxtaposition of the date of the canon’s composition, with the date of birth of Altnickol’s child, indicates that the announcement of Juliane’s pregnancy and decision to ask B. G. Faber to represent the absent godfather could have taken place close to March 1, 1749, when J. S. Bach dedicated this canon to Faber and, by doing so, expressed his gratitude to his friend.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Arts;Volume 9; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Johann Sebastian Bach

value: Canon BWV 1078

value: dedicatee

value: Benjamin Gottlieb Faber

value: J. S. Bach’s handwriting

value: J. S. Bach’s illness

value: acrostic

value: paragram


dc.contributor.author

value: Erdősová, Andrea

dc.identifier.citation

value: Erdősová Andrea. 2019. “The freedom of political speech in perspective of hate speech”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 353–361.

dc.description.abstract

value: What is actually a hate speech, where are the boundaries between freedom of speech and expression that meets the hate attributes? The expansion of social media strengthens the sphere of public communication and gives every individual connected to these media an opportunity to express their opinion. The article deals with two cases of the European Court of Human Rights in perspective of political speech and its limitation. In our contribution, we also deal with the ethics and presentation of political expression in the context of the political reality of the Slovak environment, which guides the real struggle of a modern type of democracy. Its consequence is the fact that the political arena creates opportunities for thoughts that are offensive, extremist, offend and encourage hatred and discrimination. The question arises as to how to prevent them effectively in mass media if the representatives of such opinions are elected by the citizens themselves in the free elections and they are thus given the mandate to disseminate opinions which may be in principle criminal or justifiable criminal offenses. It also presents a basic newest grant for a research project “Freedom of speech in the context of modern technologies”. We have joined our experts among the three faculties - law, psychology, and mass media of the Paneuropean University, Slovakia, to investigate what kind of boundaries are set for the content, false information, hate speech, lies and fictions, which is an extraordinary challenge of our research nowadays.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This contribution is the result of the project implementation, grant by the APVV No. 16-0588.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 10; Issue 2

value: judicature

value: freedom of speech

value: political speech

value: European Court of Human Rights

value: Convention on Human Rights

value: mass media

value: hate speech

value: Criminal Code


dc.contributor.author

value: Nikiforova, Olga A.

value: Sokolova, Elena S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nikiforova O. A., Sokolova E. S. Career trajectories of youth. Results of the III St. Petersburg Youth Labor Forum. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 207 - 211.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Linde, Andrei N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Linde А. N. The safekeeping of the personality in the information societies: the application of the approach of J. Habermas. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 114–133.

dc.description.abstract

value: The purpose of this article is to define, how in J. Habermas’s socio-political thought is guaranteed the protection and safekeeping of an independent human personality in modern informational societies. To solve this problem, the author seeks to define what is meant by the “personality”. The author emphasizes two different conceptions of the “personality” among various works of J. Habermas: “philosophical-personalistic” and “social-sociological”. By integrating these understandings, the author offers an original socio-philosophical definition of personality, in which the personality retains both individualistic and social features. It is especially emphasized that for the assertion of the personality and its development an equal, subject-subject dialogue with Others is necessary. The article reveals that the development of the personality, above all, is interconnected with the safekeeping in a society of a cultural, normative-value “lifeworld”, which is being violated by the mechanisms of systemic technocratic regulation in modern times. The principles of this regulation are based on the systemfunctional approach. The author specifies the advantages of J. Habermas’s approach, which can ensure the development of the genuine normative nature of the person. It contradicts with the system-functional process of intrusion of the artificial “normative pattern”, defined by the authoritative structures, to manipulative “construct” the norms of the understanding of the personality. To protect the sovereignty of the personality, the free dialogue is being established, and the corresponding political institutions are being reformed in society. The development of the personality is the initial goal of the model of deliberative democracy. The safeguarding of a personality in society is guaranteed, when each person can express their deepest meanings, perceptions and embrace in communication another personality in its originality and uniqueness in a dialogue.

dc.subject

value: J. Habermas

value: personality

value: phenomenology

value: the lifeworld

value: the theory of communicative action

value: deliberative democracy


dc.contributor.author

value: Bocharov, Vladislav Yu.

value: Gavrilyuk, Tatiana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bocharov V. Yu., Gavrilyuk T. V. Economic behavior models of the working youth. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 134–152.

dc.description.abstract

value: By the analysis of the economic situation and financial practices, three models of the economic behavior of the working youth have been defined in the research, such as “patient silence”, “adaptive accommodation” and “active action”. To construct these models, theoretical approaches to the concept of “economic behavior” has been considered and the data of the empirical study conducted in 2018 in the Urals Federal District has been analyzed. The object of the mass survey was the working youth aged from 15 to 29 years old, living in the Urals Federal District. The sample is targeted, multistage, based on four objective criteria: age; gender; place of residence (city/village); employment (industry/service) (N = 1534). The study has shown that the overwhelming majority of the young laborers can be attributed to the least well-off part of the population, whose incomes do not exceed the poverty threshold (that corresponds to “patient silence” and “adaptive accommodation” models). Using wages as the basic financial resource at their main place of work, the youth cannot significantly improve their current financial situation and increase their incomes. An insufficient income level affects youth involvement in microcredit practices. The negative characteristics of the financial situation are most prominent among women, young people aged 15–19 years, service sector employees and rural areas residents. Potentially, only around 10 % of laboring youth can be referred to as applying the “active action” model of economic behavior. This fact shows the serious shortage of young active actors in the economy of our country.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was prepared with the support of the RSF (Russian Science Foundation) grant no. 17-78-20062 “Life strategies of young people of the new working class in modern Russia”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: working youth

value: economic situation

value: economic behavior

value: income level


dc.contributor.author

value: Minina, Vera N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Minina V. N. Human capital development and economic growth. Results of the III St. Petersburg International Labor Forum. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 200 - 206.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 12; Issue 2

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Artemenko, Andrei P.

value: Yücesoy, Eda Ünlü

dc.identifier.citation

value: Artemenko A. P., Yücesoy Eda Ünlü. Istanbul quarters authenticity: local communities and space design. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 164–175.

dc.description.abstract

value: The research subject is the urban space of the modern metropolis historical districts. This space is presented as a contingent, topological formation that forms collective identities and models of social behavior. The authors explore the mechanism of visualization of social practices in the historical areas of Istanbul (Yedikule, Sultan Selim Yavuz, Balat and Dervish Ali). The authors argue that space design reflects the process of converting non-traditional socio-cultural practices in the general city social environment. The use of an interdisciplinary approach to the study revealed the markers of cultural and social practices of the historical districts' population of Istanbul, to conduct a comparative analysis of the urban culture of traditional inhabitants and migrants. The combination of historical, sociological and cultural approaches helped to analyze the formation of cultural norms and values. The article presents the author's view on the history of the formation of ideas about the districts authenticity of Istanbul. Describes the regional specificity of visual practices and the formation of citizen social behavior. The influence of regional migrants on the physical and social space design is demonstrated. Visual practices are both a form of adaptation of migrants and the conversion of practices in the city environment. We have identified visual markers of historical eras and cultural influences on the formation of Istanbul modern urban space. Visual identification of objects that reflect social practices and the corresponding visual changes in the urban space of different periods has been carried out.

dc.subject

value: space design

value: local communities

value: visual practices

value: everyday life

value: urbanism

value: authenticity


dc.contributor.author

value: Tereschenko, Maria S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tereschenko M. S. Analysis of the media advertising market in the context of P. Bourdieu’s theory of capital. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 188– 199.

dc.description.abstract

value: The media advertising market, its main actors, their interaction and the role of information in this interaction in terms of Pierre Bourdieu are presented in this article. The media advertising market is described as a field where advertisers, media buying and selling agencies, as well as the medium, operate. It considers the decision-making process in this market, as well as the types and role of the information is circulating on it. The amount of available human and social capital in the form of experience and qualifications of employees, availability of necessary skills and reputation necessary for a successful negotiation is also important for success achieving of the subject in the market. A special place in this series is occupied by the data of studies of audiences — ratings, coverage, shares, etc. The work also states the exceptional importance of media measurements in the processes of conversion and exchange of cultural and economic capital. In particular, such levels of participation of information in these processes are considered: the absence of data influence on the market; indirect data impact on the market through demand; direct conversion of capital through ratings; capital conversion through various target actions of the audience. The types of conversion available in a particular market depend on the level of development of audience research in a given market. Thus, information becomes one of the main resources of the media advertising market. The analysis carried out in this article showed that the information capital obtained as a result of media measurements should be considered as specific industrial capital circulating in the media advertising media market.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: media measurement

value: media advertising market

value: market participants

value: information

value: media audience studies

value: industrial capital

value: quality of information


dc.contributor.author

value: Kazarinova, Nadezhda V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kazarinova N. V. The paradoxes of Robert Craig's disciplinary matrix. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 176–187.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article is devoted to the methodological and methodical significance of R. T. Craig's essay Communication Theory as a Field, which was published in 1999 in the American journal Communication Theory and was translated into Russian in 2003. The key principles proposed by R. Craig as resources for reconstructing the communication theory as a practical discipline are described. Based on the analysis of the Russian publications, it is concluded that in the domestic pedagogical and academic environment Craig's methodological proposals did not become resonant, but rather were trivialized both methodically and conceptually. Communicative paradoxes which can arise if we use this disciplinary matrix for pedagogical and research tasks are revealed. The content of these paradoxes is described in the article as follows: 1) consistent use of dialogic-dialectical model reduces emotional involvement and interest in it; 2) the more «clear» for non-professionals what communication is, the less they trust the academic discourse about communication; 3) the more precisely the issue of trust is set as a communication task in inter-group communication, the more categorical are the requirements for the development of trust procedures are, due to increased distrust. The consequences of these paradoxes are the reduction of the motivational influence of Craig’s disciplinary matrix in the educational and academic environment, the actualization of the problem of trust for specialists in the social communication field and strengthening of intergroup psychological defenses in solving socially significant problems.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: communication theory

value: Robert T. Craig

value: communicative paradoxes

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Vasilkova, Valeria V.

value: Legostaeva, Natalya I.

value: Radushevsky, Vladimir B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vasilkova V. V., Legostaeva N. I., Radushevsky V. I. Communication strategies of social bots: models of influence on the audience. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2019, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 153–163.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article analyzes a phenomenon of social bots that is actively discussed in the literature. Researchers study the use of social bots in different areas and their growing power of manipulative influence. The authors have accomplished the following goals: 1) analyzed the most common approaches to the typology of botnets, 2) designed new approach to the typology of bots, associated with the peculiarities of their impact on the potential audience within a specific communication strategy, 3) developed parameters to describe different models of influence on the audience, 4) verified hypothesis using an example of a case study that analyzed two botnets in the “VKontakte” social network detected with the help of the author's technique. The results of the study. The authors identify the following parameters of the impact of bots on a potential audience: 1) the number of technological accounts in a botnet, 2) intensity of publication activities. These two parameters combined help identify extensive and intensive models of influence on a potential audience. In addition, they help find differences in the implementation of an attraction function. One botnet illustrates an extensive model of influence; the other shows an intensive model. The authors suggest that the choice of an impact model may depend on a botnet’s thematic focus and a type of a potential audience. In the future, to extend the examination of botnets’ communication strategies, the authors plan to add and analyze other parameters yet to be determined.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research on the research project no. 18-011-00988 ‘Structure of botnet space of social networks: network analysis’.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: bots

value: botnets

value: typology of bots

value: methods of detecting botnets

value: intensive and extensive models


dc.contributor.author

value: Borissov, Kirill Yu.

value: Pakhnin, Mikhail A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Borissov, K. Yu., Pakhnin, M. A. (2019) Social Welfare in Growth Models with Heterogeneous Agents. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 173–196.

dc.description.abstract

value: A problem of aggregation of heterogeneous time preferences naturally arises in economic growth models with consumers who have different discount factors. This problem is typically resolved by constructing a Pareto-efficient (Paretian) social welfare function which evaluates different consumption streams from the perspective of the society as a whole. It turns out, however, that a minimal reasonable and widely accepted Pareto-efficiency requirement leads to very unpleasant consequences: an optimal path (a result of the maximization of a Paretian social welfare function) possesses a number of unsatisfactory features. For instance, socially optimal levels of consumption and their shares in aggregate consumption converge to zero for all consumers except the most patient one. Moreover, an optimal path exhibits time inconsistency: an optimal choice for any future date depends of the decision date. All the discrepancies mentioned above suggest that a social welfare function is not an appropriate normative concept in models with heterogeneous consumers. Moreover, attempts to aggregate heterogeneous time preferences via some voting procedures face another fundamental problem — in dynamic models, voting is multidimensional, so that generically there is no stable outcome of voting. This paper studies the problem of aggregation of heterogeneous time preferences in growth models. In particular, we discuss the main difficulties that arise with the notion of a social optimum under heterogeneous time preferences and review certain possible ways to overcome these difficulties.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 35; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: еconomic growth

value: time preference

value: social welfare

value: aggregation

value: voting


dc.contributor.author

value: Bekareva, Svetlana V.

value: Meltenisova, Ekaterina N.

value: Shikhovtsova, Ekaterina A.

value: Song Yuying

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bekareva, S. V., Meltenisova, E. N., Shikhovtsova, E. A., Song, Yuying (2019) Influence of the People’s Bank of China Monetary Policy on the Country’s Economic Development. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 223–250.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article is devoted to the analysis of the monetary policy of the Chinese central bank and influence of some monetary instruments on the economic growth, trade balance, and net foreign investments. It is marked that monetary policy of the People’s bank of China follows the aim of contributing to a high rate of economic growth from the period of its functioning as a real central bank. Nowadays the Chinese central bank implements an independent monetary policy and uses classical and modern instruments for the Chinese banking system. Its policy influences the Chinese economy in a good way. In order to make a model we use the modified equations of the Keynesian theory which reflect the dynamic of output, trade balance and net foreign investments. The dependences are assessed using original statistics from the national official sources. The period under investigation is from the second quarter 1992 to the fourth quarter 2017. The method of investigation is econometric analysis with the autoregressive distributed lag model and error correction process, and structural shifts taking into account. Based on the equation assessments we can conclude that there is an influence of real interest rates and real effective exchange rate on the indices under consideration. The periods of time for structural shifts were determined (the fourth quarter 2007 and the first quarter 2008); the influence became stronger after them.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: monetary policy

value: economic growth

value: interest rates

value: exchange rate

value: Autoregressive Distributed-lagged model

value: еrror-correction process

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kavaliou, Aliaksandr V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kavaliou, A. V. (2019) Keynes vs. Hayek Debates: Rethinking in the Light of Contemporary Macroeconomics. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 283– 308.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article discusses the scantily explored aspects of the Keynes-Hayek debate and outlines the possible directions of the impact of the debate on modern macroeconomic issues. The main research method was content analysis. The article examines the theoretical systems of Keynes and Hayek and the following recommendations regarding macroeconomic policies. In accordance with the traditional approach, the debaters are ardent opponents. The article shows that their views on some important aspects of the economy, which until recently remained on the periphery of the attention both of theorists and politicians, are the similar. We are talking about the radical uncertainty of the future, the importance of the psychological factors in the formation of economic agents’ confidence, and the theory of knowledge. A comparison of the authors’ approaches to the business cycle and the role of uncertainty in business processes is presented. The article considers Hayek’s critique of the Keynes’s “Treatise on Money” and approaches to explaining the lack of the same direct critique of the “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”, while arguments against the new theoretical constructs of the opponent were proposed. Hayek’s theory of evolution contradicts to Keynes’ refusal to consider a long-term period. The opinion was expressed that the reassessment of economic policy tools through the prism of the trust and knowledge could lead to a concentration of research in the field of the theory of knowledge and reduce the formalization of science in favor to an increase the share of cause-consequence analysis, preferred both by Keynes and Hayek.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 35; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Keynes

value: Hayek

value: keynesianism

value: Austrian school

value: macroeconomics


dc.contributor.author

value: Gubina, Maryana A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gubina, M. A. (2019) Import Substitution and/or Export Orientation: the Case of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 197–222.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article is devoted to Indian experience of catch-up development strategy implementation in the pharmaceutical industry. Economic development in various countries is sometimes based upon import substitution system. But for the officially supported programs, production sectors used to demonstrate low competitiveness (or worse). On the other hand, alternative industrial strategies (export-orientation) tend to be resulting considerable performance and promotion on the global market. So, the following issues have attracted our attention: 1) effects of catch-up development policy enforcement in Indian pharmaceutical industry (from 1947 up to now); 2) identification of competitive differentiators in Indian pharmaceutical industry. The research showed that Indian pharmaceutics success had been determined by combination of external and internal factors: a wide range of import substitution and exportoriented tools and activities (internal factors); forfeiture of patent rights of leading medical products on the international market that had encouraged some Indian medicine manufacturers to advance; essential need to control increasing drug expenditures in the USA and regulations established by Hatch-Waxman Act in 1984 (external factors). Those factors facilitated Indian generics expansion and brought Indian companies to leading positions on the American generic market. Top-priority industries can yield huge dividends eventually provided that state-backed policy is pursued. The other article worth mentioning is that effect of the import substitution activity is time limited. Export-oriented policy is recognized as more productive and profitable in the long run.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This research was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) N 17-02-00688 “Transformation of Russian Foreign Economic Policy in Changing Geopolitics”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: import substitution

value: India

value: catch-up development strategy

value: industrial strategy

value: pharmaceutical industry

value: export orientation


dc.contributor.author

value: Saraikin, Valery A.

value: Yanbykh, Renata

dc.identifier.citation

value: Saraikin, V. A., Yanbykh, R. G. (2019) Sustainability analysis of the cooperative form in Russian agrarian sector under institutional theory of the firm context. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 251–268.

dc.description.abstract

value: Development of agricultural cooperation is called among the most priority directions of support of SME in agro industrial complex not the first year. There is the fourth year of implementation of grant support of agricultural consumer cooperatives (ACC), annual plans for creation of new ACC are imposed, actions of regional programs of development and support of agricultural cooperation are complemented. However results of activity of agricultural cooperatives remain very modest — the quantity and economic turnover of ACC steadily decreases, and the share of the agricultural products sold by small farms through ACC makes no more than 1 %. It is inexplicable for an agrarian complex of the country where farms of small business produce from 30 to 45 % of all agricultural production. Among large integration schemes with participation of agricultural enterprises and other big types of farms the cooperative form in general is a big rarity. As cooperative is not the usual firm, the trust between members supported by the regulations developed plays rather large role, than strong management and without it the cooperative gradually turns into hierarchical structure. Surveys and calculations made by means of a method of the analysis of hierarchies conducted in three Russian regions show how weak and untied the existing system of the internal relations in consumer cooperatives is. Rural businessmen don't catch a difference between cooperative and private form of ownership and at the initial stage of work of cooperative agree to delegate all decision-making stuff. However in the process of activity cooperative members begin to have questions demanding acceptance of joint decisions. At this stage cooperative members have to learn how to find good solution among themselves and to develop the set of the norms and rules allowing cooperative to work effectively for their advantage, or to think of other form of relationship within not cooperative firm.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 35; Issue 2

value: the theory of firm

value: the concept of trust

value: the theory of game approach

value: agricultural

value: SME in agriculture

value: members of cooperative

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Ibragimov, Rauf G.

value: Vélez-Pareja, Ignacio

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ibragimov R.G., Vélez-Pareja I. 2019. Toward better measurement of financial performance: A robust OEVA–TEVA alternative to biased EVA. Russian Management Journal 17 (2): 139–158.

dc.description.abstract

value: We demonstrate analytically and illustrate with examples that the conventional measures of the residual operating income such as the Economic Value Added (EVA) are biased by design and so may yield a misleading assessment of financial performance. Fundamentally, the magnitude of the measurement error depends on the amount of realized interest tax shields and the book to value ratio. Other potentially significant sources of distortions induced by the EVA design are identified as well. We propose a robust alternative that is a concurrent evaluation of the firm’s operating and total performance by means of two related metrics, the Operating EVA (OEVA) and the Total EVA (TEVA). Coherent implementation of the OEVA–TEVA technique is simpler than the EVA both analytically and computationally. It is also able to provide additional information for the management decision making. The overall consistency of the OEVA–TEVA approach is supported by a formally proved equivalence of the corresponding OEVA–TEVA valuation model to the fundamental valuation by the cash flow discounting.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Russian Management Journal;Volume 17; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: financial performance measurement

value: operating EVA

value: total EVA

value: economic value added

value: market value added

value: valuation


dc.contributor.author

value: Saksonova, Svetlana

value: Kuzmina-Merlino, Irina

dc.identifier.citation

value: Saksonova, S., Kuzmina-Merlino, I. (2019) Cryptocurrency as an Investment Instrument in a Modern Financial Market. St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, issue 2, pp. 269–282.

dc.description.abstract

value: This paper considers the development of attractive strategies featuring cryptocurrency assets, considering their costs and potential risks. The object of analysis in this paper is cryptocurrency as an investment instrument. The main hypothesis of the research is that modern portfolio theory can be applied to cryptocurrency investments to design an investment portfolio with appropriate risk and profitability characteristics. The authors of the paper: (i) place cryptocurrencies in the context of modern financial market and financial technology development; (ii) develop assessment criteria for determining attractiveness of individual cryptocurrencies; and (iii) develop recommendations for creating an optimal cryptocurrency investment portfolio. In order to test the hypothesis, the authors performed calculations and used such methods of scientific research as the collection and processing historical values for cryptocurrency rates from July 2017 to January 2018, as well as data analysis for correlation, covariance, and return on investment. It is shown that a cryptocurrency investment portfolio should be created considering investor objectives and should obey a logical relationship between risk and profitability. Therefore, cryptocurrencies should not be correlated; an investment portfolio should be sufficiently diversified to minimize risk; cryptocurrencies should be liquid, that is freely exchangeable to a fiat currency on an appropriate exchange (e.g. dollars, euros). Investors should also consider regular rebalancing of the portfolio, which could help increase its profitability.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies;Volume 35; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: cryptocurrencies

value: financial market

value: investment portfolio


dc.contributor.author

value: Nedelko, Anastasia Yu.

value: Tretyak, Olga A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nedelko, A. Yu., Tretyak, O. A. 2019. Consumer orientation toward healthy foods: Literature review and a model of market players coordination. Russian Management Journal 17 (2): 203–232.

dc.description.abstract

value: Consumer orientation toward healthy foods depends on the coordination of producers' actions, public policies and consumer’s ability to make choices. At the same time, this orientation depends not only on consumer awareness (knowledge and ability to choose foods consciously), but also on the possibility of making this choice, which is ensured by coordinated actions of companies and a state. This article discusses approaches to defining unhealthy and healthy foods, as well as the existing governmental regulations in this area. Based on the review, a model for coordinating multidirectional interests of market players (state, companies and consumers) to ensure the regulation of sales of unhealthy foods has been proposed. The model helps to determine optimal prices and taxes on relevant food products.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was prepared within the framework of the Basic Research Program of the National Research University Higher School of Economics.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: healthy foods

value: consumer orientation

value: literature review

value: governmental regulation

value: multi-level modeling

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Gudova, Elena A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gudova E. A. 2019. Processual approach toward organizational change: A case of FSUE “Russian Post”. Russian Management Journal 17 (2): 251–272.

dc.description.abstract

value: Organization studies suggest a variety of approaches to organizational change. The majority of them considers change as a transition between various stances of an entity in two periods of time. In contrast, a processual approach views change as a process that literally predates and enables existence of the organization. This perspective provides a researcher with more fruitful data of interconnections between macro-level innovations and their implementations in employee micro-practices. Based on empirical data collected with organizational ethnography at FSUE “Russian Post” I illustrate how different by speed and content were simultaneous changes in the institutional context and daily work of the post offices. An introduction of IP-telephony and installation of Internet access points show that attempts to distinguish clear stages of change rather characterize organization as dysfunctional and irrational. At the same time, a processual lens overcomes these theoretical limitations.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Russian Management Journal;Volume 17; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: organizational change

value: organizing

value: “Russian Post”

value: processual approach

value: organization studies


dc.contributor.author

value: Belyavskiy, Boris A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belyavskiy, B. A. 2019. Types of inter-firm relations and their comparative economic performance: Evidence from Russian retail market. Russian Management Journal 17 (2): 179–202.

dc.description.abstract

value: Based on economic-sociological, marketing, and strategic management literature, we combine two classifications of inter-firm relations (horizontal and vertical) and propose the original typology of four ideal types of inter-firm exchange. The quantitative prevalence and the comparative economic efficiency of each ideal type are estimated using indicators of sales dynamics, changes in commodity range and competitive positions. The empirical analysis is based on data from a standardized survey of 684 corporate managers (of retailer and supplier firms) operating in Russia in the food and non-food markets conducted by the HSE in 2016. The analysis revealed high prevalence of building intensive inter-firm relations in the supply chain and low prevalence of network connections with competitors. Additionally, the combination of horizontal relationships with competitors and building vertical relationships in accordance with the concept of relationship marketing is associated with the highest rates of economic efficiency.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The article was prepared within the framework of the project of the Laboratory for Studies in Economic Sociology of the National Research University Higher School of Economics with the financial support of the Basic Research Program of the National Research University Higher School of Economics.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: inter-firm relations

value: economic efficiency

value: relational marketing

value: economic sociology

value: retail

value: Russia


dc.contributor.author

value: Serezhkina, Ekaterina V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Serezhkina E.V. 2019. Managing workplace stress: Organizational approach. Russian Management Journal 17 (2): 233–250.

dc.description.abstract

value: Evolution of the modern labor market creates new risks, including socio-psychological, among which workplace stress has a special place. In order to prevent productivity and financial losses, company management needs to handle the new type of risk. Existing technologies of stress management proposed by psychological literature are insufficient. We elaborate a new group of theories that consider workplace stress as a social problem and propose that not only individuals but also organizations are responsible for regulation of stress-based risks. The paper describes key approaches to stress research and systematizes different levels of stress factors including organizational and macrosocial factors. We then present and analyze European models of stress management on the firm level and the elements of government policy for the workplace stress regulation and highlight the key research gaps that specifically important in the Russian context.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Russian Management Journal;Volume 17; Issue 2

value: workplace stress

value: organizational approach

value: stress management

value: stress factors

value: psychosocial risks

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Tselyaeva, Svetlana I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tselyaeva S. I. Psychological idiosyncratic of rebuses as cognitive sense understanding tacks. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology, 2019, vol. 9, issue 2, pp. 187–206.

dc.description.abstract

value: The article discusses the applicability of rebuses in a cognitive investigation. An analysis of the cognitive structure of the rebuses and the cognitive actions of the respondents at each step of the solution has been carried out. The examples describe how the different cognitive customs and the subjective experience of the respondent have an effect on the solving of rebuses. We view rebuses as a form of binary texts because of two semantic layers made by the author (the one who creates the rebus). The first one is the obvious vivid (pictured) semantic layer. A viewer (the one who tries to solve rebuses) should read it in the right way. The second one is the masking (verbal) semantic layer, which should be reconstructed in the viewer’s mental space and the word — the answer should be made clear. The intelligent promptings and catches intentionally are hidden by the author to catch the viewer on the way of solution. The role of idiosyncratic rebuses cognitive structure for the development and training two languages of thinking: verbal and image is clarified. The viewer has to coup with five specific cognitive balks we depict in the article: validity identification and naming the pictured objects; finding out the criterion of differentiation between important and unimportant information; understanding the instruction for rebuses solution; synthesizing the word — answer of the rebus; skillfulness to reconstruct the author’s intention. The typical cognitive difficulties for each balk are revealed. Rebuses solution shows certain aspects of mental processing. We suppose that the other methods of intellectual investigation can be insensitive to some delicate aspects of mental processing.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Psychology;Volume 9; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: understanding

value: mental process

value: binary text

value: implicit sense

value: initiating causes of understanding

value: puzzles solving

value: brainteaser solving

value: rebuses

value: cognitive task

value: cognitive bulk

value: cognitive difficulty

value: cognitive skills


dc.contributor.author

value: Popova-Nikityuk, Natalia N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Popova-Nikityuk N. S. Conceptualization of autobiographical data in response to questions on life choice. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology, 2019, vol. 9, issue 2, pp. 155–171.

dc.description.abstract

value: The question of life choice is of special significance to individuals yet remains underexplored in psychology. Difficulty in the precise definition of “life choice”, complexity in interpreting the notion, and scarcity of special research methods — all contribute to such a situation. This article contains a brief analysis of the current state of life choice problem, reviews existing research approaches and their limitations, and highlights the need for empirical investigations and qualitative methods. We analyzed life choice data using semi-structured interview: 44 respondents of middle maturity age (30–45 years old), while answering questions, on their own identified significant life choice situations and counted the number of such choices. The qualitative-quantitative analysis of these autobiographical texts identified choice episode categories, pinpointed the most (“family” and “profession”) and the least (“finance”) frequently named fields of choice realization, showed that the episodes can be divided into “situations” and “themes”, and revealed that the majority of named episodes belong to the current period (middle maturity) and only a small number of mentioned choices have been made in childhood. The article also presents a wide range of significant life choices (from emigration abroad to a childhood memory) and shows that the significance of each choice is deeply subjective. We used content analysis to examine selection criteria of life choice episodes, to identify “life choice patterns”, and to consider various grounds of an answer “I had no choice.” Our analysis also revealed different ways of representation of the autobiographical data and different principles of such reflection, defined quantitative indicators for clarification of “life choice patterns.” The collected data also demonstrate a psychotherapeutic potential of the life choice dialogue and suggest the necessity of careful analysis of the procedural aspects of such an interview.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was supported by Russian Science Foundation, project 18-18-00222.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: choice

value: life choice

value: free will

value: content-analysis

value: autobiography

value: life course

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Molchanova, Olga N.

value: Sokolova, Tatiana Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Molchanova O. N., Sokolova T. Yu. The role of self-esteem in response to self-threat. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology, 2019, vol. 9, issue 2, pp. 138–154.

dc.description.abstract

value: This article aimed at analytic examination of how people with different self-esteem types react to receiving threatening information about the self. We modified K. Mruk’s “Self-esteem meaning matrix” model, which gave an understanding of self-esteem created by the interaction of self-worthiness and self-efficacy. According to this modified model, there are five types of self-esteem: positive, medium, negativistic, self-centered and overachieving. Self-threat was modelling by false negative feedback from participants of communication. The study included 231 students (middle age — 20.5 years): 157 respondents in the experimental group (64 male, 92 women), 74 respondents (13 male, 61 women) in the control group. Results of research find specifics of personal reaction depending on self-esteem type: there were differences in cognitive, emotional and evaluative reactions in response to receiving negative feedback. The protective reactions used by respondents in response to the threat of their self-worth are revealed. The most vulnerable to negative feedback were those with positive self-esteem: they show the strongest negative emotional reaction and involve a greater number of protective reactions, including denial, depreciation, discrediting the source of feedback, focusing on their positive characteristics. However, these compensatory reactions do not work in full, and their self-esteem is reduced. Respondents with negativistic self-esteem react differently at the emotional and cognitive levels: they do not want negative feedback, but believe it. Their reactions indicate the “fragility” of this type of self-esteem. Individuals with medium and protective types of self-esteem were more resistant to negative feedback. The response to the situation of self-threat by respondents with different types of self-esteem is explained on the basis of the resource model and self-certification model.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Psychology;Volume 9; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: self-esteem

value: self-worth

value: self-efficacy

value: positive self-esteem

value: medium self-esteem

value: negativistic self-esteem

value: self-centered self-esteem

value: overachieving self-esteem

value: self-threat

value: negative feedback