dc.contributor.author

value: Nikulin, Valery N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nikulin V. N. Cooperage as an Occupation of Novgorod’s Peasants in the Post-reform Years. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 563–577.

dc.description.abstract

value:
It is common knowledge that harsh climate, the predominance of poor soils, a short growing
season, and low crop yield in Novgorod Governorate did not allow peasants to provide themselves
with everything they needed only through agricultural labour. Therefore, the Novgorod
peasants were forced to look for additional sources of income: leaving the village to work or
engaging in different occupations. In particular, cooperage was widely popular in the peasant
economy, which was determined by the availability of the necessary raw materials in the
form of extensive forests in all the counties of the governorate. The article examines the state
of cooperage as an occupation among the peasants of Novgorod Governorate in the second
half of the 19th — early 20th century based on archival and published sources and literature.
Primarily, attention is given to the analysis of the role of the occupation within the peasant
economy. The stable nature of production of coopers’ goods was due to the widespread nature
of nail-making and fishing industries among peasants, as well as due to an increase in the
number of creameries in landowners’ estates. Thus, various products of coopers were used —
mainly as containers. There is no doubt that the steady demand for coopers’ products from
the local rural population played a significant role in the formation and development of the
cooperage industry. The paper gives a brief description of the tools used by peasant coopers
and notes the emergence of an artel as a form of occupational organization. The article shows
peasants’ growing dependence on raw materials from landowners and timber producers due
to the sharp decrease in allotted timber because of the intensive felling of trees by peasants.
With the decline in allotted timber, coopers increasingly bought wood harvested in neighboring
state-owned, appanage, or landowner forests. As a result, the raw material dependence
of the workers engaged in the cooperage trade on the owners of the forest and the buyers of
their products grew. The paper concludes that at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries cooperage
in Novgorod Governorate still held a meaningful place in the peasant household economy,
acquiring an increasingly pronounced commercial character.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: North-West of Russia

value: Novgorod Governorate

value: artel

value: peasants

value: forestry

value: coopers

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Garbuz, G. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Garbuz G. V. ‘“Dirty Period”: Freedom of Speech in the Russian Province in 1905–1913 through the Eyes of the Local Administration’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 358– 371.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Using memoirs, journalism, business correspondence, and heads of provincial administration late
Imperial Russia, this article examines attitudes to freedom of speech imposed by the Manifesto of 17 October
1905. The democratic freedoms granted from the crown at one of the most tense moments of the first Russian
revolution were immediately and actively used by the liberation movement to fight the existing system, which predetermined
the further negative attitude towards them from the tsarist bureaucracy. The owners of the provinces
were not used to open criticism of their actions by various social forces, and the identification of government
repression with their names in the opposition press was perceived as a threat to their own lives. The heads of
the provincial state apparatus expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that freedom of speech had ruined their
monopoly on the interpretation of state policy and evaluation of social processes. Administrative repression and
prosecution prevented the bureaucracy from fully taking control of the independent press, which was the main
expression of freedom of speech in this historical period, and in the eyes of local administration leaders, the main
troublemaker in provincial society. In relation to freedom of speech, representatives of the provincial administrative
elite regret the inability to squeeze this phenomenon of public life into the usual bureaucratic framework. Their
administrative mentality, formed by a long career in the autocratic bureaucracy, did not allow them to adequately
perceive democratic changes in public life.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Russian Empire

value: provinces

value: administration

value: bureaucracy

value: governors

value: freedom of speech

value: independent press

value: opposition

value: newspapers

dc.title

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Baranov, A. V.

value: Yakhutl, Yu. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Baranov A. V., Yakhutl Yu. A. ‘Transition from War Communism to NEP in the Cossack Regions of Southern Russia: Features of Interaction between the Government and the Rural Population’, Modern History of Russia, 2022, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 276–287.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article explores the transition from “war communism” to the New Economic Policy in the Cossack
regions of Southern Russia, one of the leading agricultural regions. The authors aim to identify regional features
of the transition to the NEP on the Don, Kuban, and Terek in the context of military-political conflict between the
authorities and the rural population. The novelty of this study is sources used for the first time: reviews of Special
departments of military units and bodies of the Cheka, the North Caucasus Military District, reports of party
bodies of the RCP(b), and Cheka organs. The reasons for the slow transition to NEP, weak support for NEP, and
resistance to reforms of local party and Soviet employers are identified. The Civil War in the Cossack regions of
Southern Russia was the most protracted and fierce, and it was a compound conflict: it combined class, class,
and center-regional confrontation. The main subject of the conflict in the agrarian region was the ownership of
land and agricultural products. The Soviet system destroyed the local Cossack self-government and abolished
the estates, but it forced to preserve the labor allotment land use of the Cossacks. The Don and Kuban were the
main sources of food for European Russia, what led to the preservation of the “war-communist” practices of food
policy in 1921–1922. The personnel of the party and state authorities remained illiterate, recruited mainly from the inhabitants of other regions, and often underwent rotation. These factors caused not only an escalation of the
social conflict, but also a crisis of governance. The transition to the NEP required the gradual restoration of civil
peace in the Cossack regions, what was mostly achieved by the end of 1922.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 21-09-43110 “The relationship
between the party-state power and the multiethnic society in the national policy implementation (on the
materials of the North Caucasus region and the Crimean ASSR in the 1920s)”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: NEP

value: war communism

value: south

value: Russia

value: Cossack regions

value: food


dc.contributor.author

value: Galtsin, Dmitrii D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Galtsin D. D. Froben Prints and Polemics on Religion in Early Modern Eastern Europe. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 578–598.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores the Froben prints stored at the Rare Books Department of the Library of
the Russian Academy of Science (Biblioteka Akademii Nauk) in Saint Petersburg. For three
generations in the 16th century, Basel printers the Frobens influenced European intellectual
life like no other publishing establishment, contributing to the spread of early Latin and Greek
Christian literature, which determined both the development of theology and the humanities.
Some copies of Froben prints are conspicuous for the history of their use which is intrinsically
connected with various kinds of religious polemics in 16th and 17th century Eastern Europe.
The focus of the article is the copies of Froben’s Opera omnia of St Augustine which underwent
censorship in monastic libraries of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th
century. The article traces the history of a number of Froben copies which belonged to notable
Polish Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries (Andrzej Trzecieski, Nicholas Radziwill the
Black (“Czarny”), Andrzej Dobrzanski). The examination of the connections of Eastern
European Protestants, which enabled vigorous exchange of books with Western Europe,
bringing, for instance, a book from the library of the great Dutch cartographer Gerhard
Mercator to the hands of a provincial Polish pastor, is carried out. Finally, the article addresses
the marginalia left by Simeon of Polotsk on one of his books. These marginalia throw some
new light on the question of Simeon’s genuine theological views. By examining the history of
the copies from the Library of the Russian Academy of Science through the marginalia left in
the 16th and 17th centuries by people of various religions, the article assesses Froben copies as
a source on confessional and intellectual history of the period.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 67; Issue 2

value: Froben press

value: book history

value: Russian Academy of Science Library

value: Reformation

value: Gerhard Mercator

value: Simeon of Polotsk

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Škorvanková, Eva

dc.identifier.citation

value: Škorvanková E. The Image of Soviet Woman in the Slovak Communist Newspapers in the Interwar Period. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 497–514.

dc.description.abstract

value:
After the First World War, a new idealised perception of a woman-Communist arose due to
fundamental political and social changes in the Soviet Union, which served as a desired horizon
for working women, mothers, sympathisers, and voters adhering to the Communist Party
in Czechoslovakia during the interwar period. More broadly, this newly emerged idealisation
also shaped gender relations. The aim of this study is to characterize the image of an ideal
Soviet woman and a communist, as both presented and produced within the Slovak women’s
communist movement in the 1920s. In doing so, I will examine texts, speeches, and reactions
published in the Communist women’s biweekly “Proletarka”, whose primary audience was
female. A new role model of a woman reflected idealized Soviet state and a Soviet woman’s
lifestyle. At the same time, it employed a rather simplified referential framework of the Marxist
canon, consisting of writings of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and mainly Vladimir I. Lenin.
Within a conservative and mostly rural Slovak environment, such an idealised image of a new
communist woman as well as the interrelated ‘revolutionary’ idealisation of both marriage and
motherhood represented a mobilising potential of a questionable, if traceable, force. On the
contrary, it could provoke rather controversial reactions from the targeted recipients.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract APVV-20-
0199 (2021–2025) “Transformation of population development in Slovakia in a regional perspective from
the end of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Slovakia

value: women

value: Soviet role model

value: new ideal-type

value: Marxism-Leninism


dc.contributor.author

value: Fujisawa, Jun

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fujisawa J. The End of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 532–549.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper analyzes the negotiations within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
during the final years of its existence, focusing on the Soviet reform proposals and
M. S. Gorbachev’s vision of the “Common European Home” as well as on Eastern European
reaction to them. In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev tried to found a “unified market”
for the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance by introducing a market-oriented reform
of the organization. However, this attempt did not materialize because of the East German
and Romanian objections. After the collapse of Eastern European socialist regimes in 1989,
the Soviet leadership urged the member-states to accelerate the reform of this international
organization, hoping to achieve the pan-European economic integration through close
cooperation between the totally reformed Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the
European Community. Although the Central European countries, namely Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, and Poland, aspired to join the EC individually, they agreed to participate in a
successor organization of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance because the EC
was not ready to accept them. Accordingly, by the beginning of 1991, all the member-states
agreed to establish a consultative organization, which would be named the Organization for
International Economic Cooperation). However, as the Soviet Union failed to sustain trade
with the Central European countries, the three countries lost interest in the project. As a
result, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was disbanded without any successor
organization. In other words, it did not collapse automatically after 1989 but came to an end as
a result of various factors, such as rapidly declining trade between the member-states, Western
disinterest in the cooperation with it, and the Central European policy changes.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant 19-78-10023 (“Friendship of
Convenience: Incentives and Justifications of the Integration of the CMEA’s European member-countries”).

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 67; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Soviet Union

value: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

value: Eastern Europe

value: Czechoslovakia

value: Hungary

value: Poland

value: European Community


dc.contributor.author

value: Souckova, Tatana

dc.identifier.citation

value: Součková T. Matthias Bel and the Russian Academic Milieu during the Enlightenment. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 467–479.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Since the 1950s the Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian scholars have carried out research aimed
at analysing the personal correspondence of Matthias Bel, a Hungarian polymath and one of
the most significant intellectuals of the first half of the 18th century in the Habsburg monarchy.
Analysis of Bel’s letters has revealed many interesting facts about Bel’s life as a Baroque
scholar. It has also brought to light the sphere of his collaborations with various colleagues,
both domestic and foreign ones. Amongst Bel’s contacts, there were also German scientists
from the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, most importantly, Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer and
Christian Goldbach. With the recent emergence of the projects supporting the publication of
the bilingual Latin-Slovak translations of Bel’s major work Notitia Hungariae novae historico
geographica, historians have been seeking for to widen a range of its possible interpretations or
to compare Bel’s opus magnum with similar works of his contemporaries. The study thus focuses
on the analysis of a trace, which Bel’s communication left in the Russian historical milieu
in the first half of the 18th century. On the basis of historical sources, and with corresponding
relevant scholarship, a connection with Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev’s work Istoriia rossiiskaia
is outlined. With Bayer being in contact with both Bel and Tatishchev, a rather unexpected
bridge was built between the Hungarian and Russian science in the era of the early Enlightenment.
The aim of the study is to introduce new, and yet unpublished discoveries about the
work of Matthias Bel and Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was supported by the research grant APVV-18-0196 “Vedomosti Nitrianskej stolice M. Bela
(interpretácia a aplikácia)” of the Slovak research and development agency.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Matthias Bel

value: Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev

value: Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer

value: St Petersburg Academy of Sciences

value: correspondence

value: 18th century

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Pushkarenko, E. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Pushkarenko E. A. ‘German Propaganda of Anti-Semitism in the Occupied Soviet Territory (on the Example of the General District of Belarus)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 303–320.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article examines anti-Semitic propaganda of German authorities in the occupied Soviet territory
in the General District of Belarus. The author identifies the main directions of anti-Semitic propaganda, analyzes
its content, determines the effectiveness of the ideological influence of the German occupation authorities on
the Belarusian population, and proves that the occupiers tried to appeal to national feelings of Belarusians using
anti-Semitism. The author concludes that the odious, false, anti-Semitic propaganda did not find a response
among the Belarusian population of the district. Belarusians practically did not participate in the organization of
the “new order”; in contrast to Ukraine and the Baltic States, it was difficult to create police battalions and a national
administration. Mass actions of extermination of Belarusian Jews could not arouse any feelings among the
witnesses, except horror and fear for their own lives. Together with the SS punitive expeditions against partisans
and civilians, the genocide of the Jews leveled all the efforts of German propagandists and reduced the effectiveness
of enemy propaganda to zero. A major role in exposing the content of Nazi propaganda and the true plans of
the occupiers was played by partisan counter-propaganda and the very existence of a mass partisan movement.
The occupiers’ calculations to incite hatred of Belarusians against Jews did not justify themselves: Belarusian
and Jewish partisans fought shoulder to shoulder for the freedom of their common homeland — Soviet Belarus.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: propaganda

value: Belarus

value: jews

value: Belarusians

value: anti-Semitism

value: German administration

value: occupation

value: Great Patriotic War


dc.contributor.author

value: Savin, A. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Savin A. I. ‘Soviet Youth during the Great Patriotic War through the Eyes of State Security Agencies’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 288–302.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article introduces unique documents about the security agencies of the USSR into academic
circulation. An analysis of these documents and literature enables the author to make new claims about the traditional
dual attitude of the Stalinist state towards young people. On the one hand, young people made a large
contribution to victory over the enemy both at the front and in the rear. However, especially as the end of the
war approached, youth were increasingly interpreted as a dangerous social environment, giving rise to many
anti-Soviet organizations and groups. The war danger spurred Chekists to be extremely suspicious of any form of
organized youth amateur activity, be it literary or philosophical groups, let alone quasi-political organizations. As
a result, state security authorities with redoubled energy set about identifying and eliminating potential political
deviations among the youth. First of all, the target was the children of the outcasts of Soviet society: the “former”,
“former kulaks”, and “enemies of the people” from among the Soviet elites. At the same time, the war temporarily
weakened ideological pressure, giving rise to hopes among broad strata of society for certain relaxations and
even reforms after the war. A new factor at the final stage of the war was the mass of young people who found
themselves in captivity or in the occupied territories, both imaginary and real collaborators, as well as participants
in the armed nationalist movement in Ukraine and other Soviet Republics. The response of the security agencies
to the intensification of deviant youth activity was the traditional measures of the intelligence services: building the
large-scale undercover informant net in the student and student environment, as well as falsification of cases of
anti-Soviet organizations.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: USSR

value: state security agencies

value: youth

value: underground


dc.contributor.author

value: Stasevich, Inga V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Stasevich I. V. The Role of Pilgrimage in the Formation of a Religious Identity (on the Basis of the Kazakh Culture). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 550–562.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper discusses the role of pilgrimage in the modern Kazakh culture. Studies of the individual
religious experience of modern Kazakhs allow researchers to distinguish at least two
basic points of view on the tradition of making pilgrimages to sacral places. Thus, representatives
of official Islamic institutions often condemn the practice of pilgrimage, wheras common
people see no contradiction between the tradition of visiting holy places and the norms of
Islam. Moreover, they consider themselves ‘true Muslims’ while admitting the specificity of
Islam in Kazakhstan and referring to the long-standing custom of ancestors. The inclusion of
the ‘new’ objects of pilgrimage related to the names of national heroes into the general context
of the worshiped objects suggests that the traditional notions of sanctity remain still topical at
present and form the religious consciousness of the modern Kazakhs. The cult of saints is officially
recognized as part of the national culture and constitutes, along with other ethnical and
historical symbols of the present-day Kazakhstan, a particular direction of the state cultural
politics. The positioning of religious objects in the historical context allows for a compromise
of its kind between the views of those who stand up for the Islamization of the ritual sphere
and the traditionalists fighting for the preservation of the ethnic specifics of the Kazakh culture.
On the basis of the conducted research, the author concludes that, notwithstanding the
official prohibitions and disapproval of pilgrimage by the adherents of the Islamization of the
Kazakh culture, pilgrimage remains an integral part of the modern religious life of Kazakhstan
and has distinct links with the national and religious identity.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was prepared within the framework of the project No. AP08856108 “The place of family
rituals in the context of the theory of intangible heritage (on the example of Western Kazakhstan)”, funded
by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 67; Issue 2

value: Islam

value: pilgrimage

value: individual religious experience

value: religious identity

value: Kazakhstan

value: Central Asia

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Shorokhov, Vladimir A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shorokhov V. A. Materials of the Russian Diplomatic Mission to Iran by Islen’ev and Griazev. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 599–615.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The study investigates the materials of the Russian ambassade S. Islen’ev and M. Griazev to
the court of the Qizilbash shah Safī, stored in the funds of Russian State Archive of Ancient
Acts. The archival file is a set of documents reflecting the process of the exchange of embassies
between the Russian Tsardom and the Safavid Empire in 1635–1637. The aim of the embassy
of S. I. Islen’ev and M. K. Griazev was to discuss some topical issues of bilateral relations such as
duties, restitution cases, the purchase of Iranian niter etc. In addition, the documents describe
the features of the court ceremonial in relation to foreign guests. The good preservation of
the documents gives researchers the opportunity to study the ambassade at great length. As
for the results of the embassy of Islen’ev and Griazev, they can be regarded as moderately
positive. The high level of bilateral relations and their positive nature (“friendship and love”)
were confirmed. In addition, the Safavid side once again confirmed the need to verify the
membership of embassies and trade missions. On the other hand, the attempt of the tsar’s
ambassadors to purchase niter in the shah’s possessions ended in failure. In general, the
embassy of S. Islen’ev and M. Griazev was an ordinary diplomatic mission in terms of tasks
and results, but this is its value for a scholar. Sustainability of the bilateral agenda and the
presence of well-known “stumbling blocks” in its framework contributed to the regularity of
Russian-Safavid ties.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was supported by research grant No. 18-78-10052 “The Documentary History of the Russian
Strand of Safavid Diplomacy (1501–1722)” of the Russian Scienсe Foundation.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Russian-Persian relations of the 17th century

value: Safī I

value: Mikhail Fedorovich

value: diplomatic mission

value: embassy archival documents


dc.contributor.author

value: Krokosz, Paweł K.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Krokosz P. The Russian Military near Cracow during the First World War. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 480–496.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article is devoted to the presence of Russian troops in November and December 1914 in
villages and towns near Cracow. Autumn 1914 is remembered as the month of the biggest
success of the Russian army that took place at the eastern front during World War I. One of
the purposes of the Russians was to take control of Cracow, which was then a very strong
fortress. The capture of the city opened the way towards Silesia and Vienna — the capital of
Austria-Hungary. These actions did not bring about any effect, and in the winter of 1914 the
Russian army was repelled from Cracow. The short stay of the Russians in November and
December 1914 in villages and towns near Cracow was permanently etched on the memory
of their inhabitants. Tsar’s soldiers, commonly referred to by them as “Muscovites” or “mongrels”,
were seen as the enemy. There is no doubt that some frontline soldiers and Cossacks,
performing reconnaissance functions committed destruction, theft, rape or murder in the
occupied villages and towns. However, there were also those among soldiers and officers whose
behavior was noble towards the local population. Many officers in the the Russian army
were Poles who displayed dignity under war conditions. Well-educated tsarist commanders
belonging to the nobility or aristocracy behaved similarly. The presentation of both bad and
good demeanors will allow to refute the existing stereotypes regarding the behavior of Russian
soldiers stationed in villages and towns near Cracow in 1914.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 67; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: World War I

value: Cracow Fortress in 1914

value: Russian Army

value: villages and towns near Cracow in 1914


dc.contributor.author

value: Ustyugova, O. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Ustyugova O. A. ‘Salt Market of the Russian Far East in the Conditions of Import Dependency (1900–1914): Features of Functioning’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 345– 357.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the state of the salt market in the Russian Far East at the beginning of the 20th
century under conditions of dependence on imports, characterizing the quality, prices and volume of salt supplies.
Under the high demand for table salt as a product of prime necessity and raw material for the fishing industry,
the salt market of the Far East was entirely dependent on imports. While the import of foreign salt to Russia
was decreasing, in the Far East it was showing stable growth. The development of the fishing industry in the
1890s stimulated the growth of salt consumption, which local production could not satisfy. Import dependency,
which vividly showed up during the Russian-Japanese War, worried both the authorities and entrepreneurs.
After the final cancellation of the porto-franco in 1909, salt became a duty-free commodity, which facilitated the
access of foreign product to the region. The system of salt supply for the local market by foreign companies,
which was formed in the second half of the 19th century, retained its importance. The matter of organizing the
supply of the Russian Far East with salt of domestic production was unsettled. The import of salt from the Crimea
and the Irkutsk Salt Plant was unprofitable because of the high cost of transportation. During the First World War
the region’s dependence on the import of foreign salt remained. Before the war, the main amount of salt for the
population and the fishing industry came from Germany, but after the war began, Japan, China and Port Said
became the main suppliers.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Far East

value: Russia

value: salt

value: supply

value: trade

value: import

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Dashkovskiy, P. K.

value: Zibert, N. P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Dashkovskiy P. K., Zibert N. P. ‘The Situation of Religious Communities in Western Siberia in the Context of the State Confessional Policy in the Mid-1950s — Early 1960s’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 477–490.

dc.description.abstract

value:
State resolutions issued during the period under review were aimed at strengthening scientific and
atheistic propaganda and eradicating religion in society, as a result of which religious communities trying to obtain
registration faced hidden opposition from the authorities. At the same time, registered communities were
forced to account for numerous regulations of the state authorities. Otherwise, they could lose their state registration
and cease their activities. This situation provoked the emergence of a large number of unregistered religious
groups, and on the other, strengthened the position of registered associations due to the constant influx of new
believers into them. Special attention is paid to the study of the situation of religious communities in Western Siberia
in the late 1950s — early 1960s, when a new wave of church closures took place within the framework of the anti-
religious campaign of N. S. Khrushchev. During this period, not only clergymen, but also ordinary parishioners
came under the special control of state authorities. In addition, the activities of the so-called “forbidden sects”
were completely banned, the list of which was defined in the instructions for the application of legislation on cults,
published in 1961. In addition, in order to reduce the role of religion in Soviet society, resolutions were issued that
negatively affected the economic situation of churches. The study concluded that the administrative pressure
exerted by the authorities on religious associations, the introduction of a system of registration of persons who
attend church, and the repressive methods of work of state regulatory bodies, not only provoked the growth of
illegally operating religious groups, but also increased the number of people hiding their religious beliefs.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 19-18-00023 “Religion and
power: historical experience of state regulation of religious communities in Western Siberia and neighboring regions
of Kazakhstan in the 19th–20st Century”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: confessional policy

value: atheism

value: anti-religious propaganda

value: religion

value: Western Siberia

value: USSR


dc.contributor.author

value: Bodrova, E. V.

value: Kalinov, V. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bodrova E. V., Kalinov V. V. ‘Projects of Mobilization of Oil Resources for the Needs of Forced Industrialization’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 385–395.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Using on published and unpublished documents, the problem of “searches” at the turn of the 1920s
and 1930s is investigated. Mechanisms to achieve growth of oil production and oil exports to meet the needs of
forced industrialization in the USSR are a central theme. The documents studied suggest that there were projects
in this period that provided various options for the reorganization of the management of the oil industry
and the use of mechanisms to ensure the implementation of five-year plans. While the management of Grozneft
proposed strengthening cost accounting, expanding independence, and expanding the rights of each business
unit and to increase the pace of technical reconstruction, representatives of the most important Azerbaijani oil
region at that time insisted on the need to send significant financial resources to the government, complained
about staff shortages and equipment. However, for central authorities, deficiencies in trust management seemed
to be a preferable explanation for the failure to fulfill plans. The documents also indicate a very difficult situation
for the Soviet oil trusts that developed on the world energy market during this period. The study concludes that
projects that assumed greater independence of oil regions and an increase in government funding could not be
arranged by the central government. The stake was placed on an ever-increasing centralization of management,
strict submission to dictated from above plans. Their failure was accompanied by the arrests of a cohort of brilliant
oil workers. Despite the repressions, a very difficult geopolitical situation, thanks to experienced specialists and
previously gained positions in the world energy market, it was possible to force production and oil export of Soviet
oil products. Moreover, the share of crude oil export in the late 1930s was very minor.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 2

value: industrialization

value: oil

value: industry

value: reorganization

value: oil production

value: export


dc.contributor.author

value: Raikova, Vera A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Raikova V. A. The Moscow Embassy of George Kennan and American Diplomacy in the Cold War. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 515–531.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This paper studies the operations of the Embassy of the United States of America in Moscow
headed by G. F. Kennan (May — September 1952) in the context of Cold War diplomatic
history. Based on an analysis of documents located in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the
Russian Federation, this study focuses on such key international issues as peaceful settlement
of the Korean war, resolution of the German issue, and the signing of a treaty protecting fur
seals in the Pacific basin. This article highlights the role of the American Embassy in Moscow,
and of Ambassador Kennan in particular, in the discussion of these issues, and the nature
of the embassy staff members’ interactions with Soviet authorities. The archival materials
concerning the Soviet-American relations in 1952 provide clear evidence that the diplomatic
corps faced severe difficulties under the conditions of military and political confrontation
of the Cold War. The paper also elucidates the reasons for declaring Kennan persona non
grata. Finally, the author considers the influence of the Moscow ambassadorship on Kennan’s
perception of communism and the Soviet social system. He became convinced not only of
the Soviet political system’s bureaucratic inertia and clumsiness, its excessive centralization,
and its total focus on Stalin’s personality, but also of the extreme straightforwardness and
uncompromising nature of American foreign policy towards the Soviet Union.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 67; Issue 2

value: Cold War

value: American diplomacy

value: George Frost Kennan

value: Korean War

value: Stalin Note

value: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

value: Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Fеdorov, A. N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Fеdorov A. N. ‘Weak Secretaries: How the Central Committee Assessed the Professionalism of Soviet Regional Leaders in 1946–1948’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 416– 436.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores the reasons, course, and results of studying the professional qualities of the first
secretaries of regional party committees in 1946–1948. This survey was prompted by the desire of the Soviet
top leadership in the first post-war years to improve regional leadership and thereby increase the efficiency of
the management system. For this purpose, the Cadres department of the Central Committee of the AUCP(b)
compiled special characteristics for the first secretaries of obkom, kraikom and republican committees, which
included an assessment of their organizational skills and career prospects. The assessment of these leaders was
not based on the usual formal criteria (education level, political training and work experience), but according to
the fulfillment of the center’s tasks, leadership style and authority among local managers. In the opinion of the
Central Committee, the ability to establish work of the party apparatus and normal relations with local managers
allowed regional leaders to cope with their duties. Despite the weak analysis of the data, vague assessment criteria
and their arbitrary application, softening and correcting the estimates, disappointing results were obtained.
It turned out that many of the first secretaries of regional party committees did not have elementary managerial
skills, practiced a dictatorial leadership style, and chronically failed to perform economic tasks. Based on this, it
was necessary to replace half of the regional leaders, but Cadres department of the Central Committee proposed to dismiss only 10 % of the first secretaries and keep at work another 20 % due to short-term retraining. Nevertheless,
in 1946–1948, even such modest plans could not be implemented due to the lack of a cadre reserve, and
therefore the renewal of the corps of regional leaders was delayed until the early 1950s.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Central Committee of the CPSU(b)

value: personnel

value: first secretaries

value: party committees

value: party organs

value: regional leadership

value: post-war period

value: late Stalinism


dc.contributor.author

value: Prokopiev, Andrei Yu.

value: Tairova, Tatiana G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Prokopiev A. Yu., Tairova T. G. New Edition of the Travel Notes of Erich Lassota von Steblau. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 648–662.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The review analyzes the new edition of the travel notes of the Silesian nobleman Erich Lassota
von Steblau (1550–1616). It was prepared by an international team of authors from Scandinavia
and Germany led by Thomas Riis. Lassota’s travel notes are the most important source
on the history of the 16th century and a number of European countries. Lassota traveled as a
mercenary commander and diplomat to Spain, Portugal, Poland, Sweden, and Ukraine. Until
now, only historians of these countries have been interested in his testimonies. The focus of
researches was mainly on ethnographic and political aspects. Meanwhile, for the first time
since 1866, the new edition has united the entire corpus of Lassota’s records known to us and
enables to widen the scope of the discussion. How was the religious climate of the era reflected
in his texts and to which extent? Were they written by a Catholic or a Protestant? Can we talk
about the national or political preferences of the author? Finally, what was Lassota’s gentry
worldview, and how did he construct his own estate identity? In addition, a nobleman from
Silesia was keenly interested in military affairs, in particular, in Spanish combat tactics. His
notes also demonstrate the level of book culture, the author’s acquaintance with the works of
prominent contemporaries. All these aspects nowadays are noteworthy to European historians
on a wide interregional material.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 67; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: confessional era

value: early modern times

value: Holy Roman Empire

value: nobility

value: travel notes

value: Erich Lassota von Steblau


dc.contributor.author

value: Kamaeva, E. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kamaeva E. V. ‘Summer Camps for Schoolchildren in the System for the Prevention of Teenage Neglect and Crime in the 1960s — mid-1970s’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 437–453.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the 1960s and 1970s there was a significant increase in juvenile delinquency in urban and rural
areas. The tightening of measures to combat it did not radically change the situation, and the country’s leadership
began to pay great attention to educational work, which was mainly entrusted to the Komsomol. One of
the priority directions in the work of the Komsomol in this period was the organization of summer vacations for
children. There was a search and testing of new forms of work, which was expressed in the creation of new types of summer camps for schoolchildren. On the basis of a wide range of archival materials, primarily reports from
the departments of the school Komsomol, the process of creating camps in the city and the countryside is analyzed,
and the problems that the Komsomol committees faced in the process of this work are highlighted. First of
all, there is a lack of funding. It is shown that the labor and recreation camps for high school students who were
striving to exist on the principles of self-sufficiency, created during this period, began to acquire great popularity.
At the same time, labor, military, sports, and tourist camps for adolescents registered in the children’s room of
the police began to be created. In this regard, there was a problem with training counselors for such camps. The
Moscow city committee of the Komsomol was the first to begin training counselors from among student activists.
The analysis of archival materials shows that regarding urban schoolchildren during the study period, various
types of camps were created for all age groups. The situation was different in rural areas. For the first time, inter-
collective farm camps began to appear in the districts, however, they did not become widespread.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: Komsomol

value: youth

value: schoolchildren

value: criminality

value: summer

value: recreation

value: school

value: USSR

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Zhukov, D. S.

value: Kanishchev, V. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zhukov D. S., Kanishchev V. V. ‘Cluster Analysis as a Means of Identifying Types of Demographic Characteristics (Russian Rural Population, European Part of Russia, Early 20th to Early 21st Century)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 454–476.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The object of study is the demographic characteristics of the Russian rural population of the European
part of Russia (at the level of individual governorates, regions, and republics) from the beginning of the twentieth
century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. These data are analyzed in the context of general demographic
trends. The goal is to identify regions with similar demographic indicators during several chronological periods
(1902, 1940, 2002, 2020) and to observe the transformation of demographic characteristics in different periods
of history and in different regions of European Russia. This provides the necessary material for making assumptions
about the connection between demographic types and natural-geographical, economic-geographical, and
ethnogeographical factors. The principal research method, multivariate cluster analysis, is a tool for identifying
stable groups of typologically homogeneous objects. The clustering of regions was carried out on the basis of
three key demographic indicators: fertility, mortality, and natural growth. The authors came to the conclusion that,
as early as the beginning of the twentieth century, Russian agrarian society was already at different demographic
stages, evolving from a traditional to a modernized society. In the middle of the century, discrepancies in the rates
of demographic transition became noticeable, manifested in some conventional “dividing” lines such as the ones
between Russian oblasts and some national republics; the ones between agro-industrial and industrial-agrarian
regions; the ones between southern and northern territories; and, finally, the ones between the regions and
republics close to and distant from Moscow. The entwinement of these lines gave rise to various cluster groupings
and, apparently, led to some consequent variability in the types of demographic characteristics in different
regions, which is also recorded at the beginning of the twentieth century. The authors also pay attention to types
of “demographic responses” of different regions to the coronavirus pandemic.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project no. 18-18-00187 “The Demographic
Behavior Policies of the Rural Population in the South of Central Russia in the 20th — Early 21st Century”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: rural population

value: historical demography

value: natural population growth

value: cluster analysis


dc.contributor.author

value: Nazarenko, N. N.

value: Bashkin, A. V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Nazarenko N. N., Bashkin A. V. ‘Regional Features of Birth Rate and Mortality during the Famine of 1932–1933 in the Byelorussian SSR’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 396– 415.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The authors show that the dynamics of the birth rate of the BSSR population is characterized by a
gradual drop from the mid-1920s to mid-1930s to a minimum in 1933–1934, with fluctuations within the limits of
the trend; the death rate is generally stable with the similar fluctuation within the trend. The dynamics of the birth
and death rates in 1933–1934 are shown as population waves with a maximum (fall) in seasonal birth (death)
rate is compensated by its seasonal increase (drop). The death rate increase and negative natural growth of the
population in the urban environment are localized and insignificant. For the majority of the BSSR, its demographic
indicators are not pointing to a demographic crisis: either a high birth rate with a relatively low death rate was
prevailing, or a drop in the birth rate didn’t result in the abrupt natural growth decrease, which remained positive.
A lower birth rate and a higher death rate can be attributed to different causes other than famine. The only two
regions with a high death rate and a negative natural growth of population were Narovlyansk and Elsk — two
districts on the border with Ukraine. This is the exact area of the BSSR affected by the famine as confirmed by
the official papers and the demographic indicators. The loss of the BSSR population due to the drop in birth rate in 1932–1934 is approximately 64,000 people; the direct decrease due to the death rate is 4,100 people; both
are within the limits of the trend fluctuations and cannot be considered as a demographic crisis. In general, the
indicators in the BSSR do not point to the demographic catastrophe.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 2

value: famine

value: birth rate

value: death rate

value: Belorussian SSR

value: demography


dc.contributor.author

value: Daudov, A. Kh.

value: Mamysheva, E. P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Daudov A. Kh., Mamysheva E. P. ‘The Communist University of the Toilers of the East. 1921– 1938: A Look through a Century’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 372–384.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses the problem of creation and functioning in 1921–1938 of a higher education
institution for immigrants from the East countries and for Eastern national minorities of the USSR: the Stalin Communist
University of the Toilers of the East. Within the 100-year anniversary, the appeal to the history of the KUTV,
called the “forge of personnel”, becomes particularly relevant. Under the conditions of socio-economic, political,
and cultural transformations in the USSR in 1920s–1930s, the issue of attracting the natives familiar with traditions
and everyday life to the authorities, administration, and courts demanded an urgent solution. Based on the analysis
of the latest literature and materials of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), the article
considers the conditions of opening this educational institution. The authors pay special attention to university
reorganization that happened under the influence of domestic and foreign political circumstances. The authors
considered the conditions of admission to the university, the faculty, defined by the international nature of the
KUTV and having the Soviet and foreign sectors. In both sectors, significant attention was paid to the disciplines
forming the Marxist revolutionary worldview. Because of the problem in teaching cadets native languages at the
university, the main emphasis was placed on Russian. An integral part of the curriculum was industrial practice
at enterprises in Moscow and then in the regions. The foreign sector opening was prompted not only to export
the revolution, but also to create, with future leaders’ help, a loyal environment of the world’s first socialist state.
During the country’s development, the emergence of new state’s tasks, changes in national policy, in the system
of party education led to a revision of the necessity for the KUTV. Due to the recognition of the inexpediency of its
existence, the university was liquidated in 1938.

value: Communist University

value: indigenization

value: national policy

value: USSR

value: executives

value: party education

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Daudov, Abdulla Kh.

value: Dvornichenko, Andrey Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Daudov A. Kh., Dvornichenko A. Yu. Amanats and Diplomats in Russian-Caucasian Relations. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2022, vol. 67, issue 2, рp. 637–647.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Studying the history of the North Caucasus and the relations between Russia and the peoples
of North Caucasus is one of the main tasks of national scholars. Unfortunately, the number of
researches into this theme is not large. That is why an interesting book written by F. A. Ozova, a
well-known Caucasian historian, is worthy of attention. Her book is devoted to the institute of
amanatism in the context of the Russian-Caucasian relations during 16th–19th centuries. This
is a high-quality research based on a wide range of historical sources of different origins. Some
of these sources are introduced into the scholarships for the first time. The historian created
a very bright and detailed portrait of the institute of amanatism, which enables readers to see
a colourful multitude of such amanats: from noble dukes to ragged boys seen by A. Pushkin
during his journey to Arzrum. However, it is difficult to agree with some ideas concerning
the historical development of Russia and Cherkessia and also with the role of the institute of
amanatism in their relations. The author tends to modernize the history of Cherkessia / Kabarda
to a large extent, perceiving it as some feudal and some estate-representative state. Nevertheless,
according to the modern approach and level of the knowledge, the character of many
institutes both in the mountains and on the plains was archaic. The institute of amanatism
served first of all as some tool of annexing new lands to Russia.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 67; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: institute of amanatism

value: Russian-Caucasian relations

value: estate-representative state

value: feudalism


dc.contributor.author

value: Volodina, T. A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Volodina T. A. ‘The Problem of Sustainability and Mutability of Values in Historical Toponymy’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 491–502.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article analyzes the process of value transforming in the course of renaming various objects in
recent Russian history (names of cities, streets, squares, etc.). This phenomenon is not unique to Russia. The author
points out the significance of this problem in present works of Western scholars working in the interdisciplinary
field of history, cultural anthropology, and geography. The article raises the question of the causes and limits
of the sustainability and mutability of toponymic structures. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the
competition between St Petersburg — Leningrad and Volgograd — Stalingrad in the public and power discourse.
The author concludes that there are two semiotic layers in this process: the “text” as a phenomenon of “rewriting”
meanings, i. e., the renaming properly, and a “palimpsest” that continues to exist in the public consciousness
under a layer of written “text”. As a result of the analysis, the author concludes that there are deep limitations in
the construction of the socio-cultural toponymic landscape. The relationship between the “text” and the “palimpsest”,
according to the author, is determined by several factors. The sustainability of the “palimpsest” is directly
proportional to the historical and event content that the “old name” managed to absorb during its existence. The
intensity, effectiveness and success of writing a new “text” — all these points directly depend on the scale of changes in the social development as well as the degree of changes in the socio-cultural view of the world. The
outcome of the competitive struggle between the meanings of “text” and “palimpsest” is ultimately a marker that
demonstrates the degree and limits of society’s readiness to strengthen civil confrontation in the struggle for the
values of the toponymic landscape.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: toponymy

value: renaming

value: collective memory

value: historical consciousness

value: indoctrination


dc.contributor.author

value: Aksenov, V. B.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Aksenov V. B. ‘“The War of the Spirit”: A History of Scientific Ideas or Marginal Emotions?’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 515–523.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This review examines a monograph by Polish historian Maciej Górny that examines the phenomenon
of the “war of the spirit” in scientific discourse between 1912 and 1923. The “war of the spirit” is broadly understood
as a reflection on national character in the context of the actualization of a clear distinction between one’s
community and that of the alien enemy, and narrowly as “an irregular cycle of outbreaks of nationalism in science,
each inextricably linked to the horror of war, defeat and violence”. The characters of the book are European intellectuals
and the psychological, anthropological, and spiritual characteristics of warring nations, and the role
of such sciences as geography, anthropology, psychology, and psychiatry in the “war of the spirit” is revealed.
The Polish researcher points out the complex relationship between intellectual concepts and propaganda settings,
believing that the phenomenon of “war of the spirit” is broader than the phenomenon of military-patriotic
propaganda. The author of the review, while appreciating the work of his Polish colleague, believes that the study
conducted within the methodological framework of intellectual history could have benefited if the methodology
of the history of emotions had been used. The review points out that many of the marginalized concepts and
stereotypes discussed in the book were typical for all strata of the warring societies, were based on archetypal
images, and were fueled by emotions running high during the war. The author calls the “war of spirit” a natural
state of a society for development of the main characterological images of “their own” and “alien” in the conditions
of military and political conflict. Author points out that the concept of an ideological “war of the spirit” does not fully
correspond to its content and considers it more accurate to speak of an emotional “war of patriotism”.

dc.subject

value: Maciej Górny

value: Great War

value: War of the Spirit

value: War of patriotism

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Krapivin, M. Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Krapivin M. Yu. ‘Intelligence Work of the Cheka Bodies among the Orthodox Clergy (Based on the Materials of the Secret Office Work of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, 1921)’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 524–538.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Soviet Russia

value: Orthodox Church

value: clergy

value: Cheka


dc.contributor.author

value: Goldin, V. I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Goldin V. I. ‘Personality in the Science: Professor Paul Dukes’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2022, pp. 503–514.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article describes the life path and scientific activity of the famous British historian professor Paul
Dukes (1934–2021). He received his higher education in England and the USA and initially studied and taught
American history. However, later on Dukes defended his PhD thesis on Russian history. Receiving recognition
as a specialist in the history of 17th and 18th century Russia, Dukes fruitfully studied other epochs of the Russian
past. He was the author of several editions of History of Russia. Medieval, Modern, Contemporary. The history of
the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its influence on the world occupied an important place in his studies. Dukes
worked fruitfully in the International Commission for the study of the Russian revolutions of the International Congress
of Historical Sciences. He successfully combined the study of the all-Russian history with the history of the
regions of Russia: the Urals, Russian North, and Far East. Professor Dukes facilitated collaboration of Russian
and British historians. He made a great contribution to the study of European history. Studying Russia and Europe
Dukes considered Russia an integral and organic part of Europe. The American history also occupied an important
place in his studies including the relations between USA and Russia. During the 2010s, Professor Dukes referred
to the topic of Antropocene Era. He studied from the point of view of historical science the impact of human
activity on the natural environment and climate and called for the interdisciplinary approach in the understanding
the climate agenda as a global problem of nowadays.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 2

value: scientist

value: history

value: Russia

value: Great Britain

value: Europe

value: USA

value: Russian Revolution


dc.contributor.author

value: Pogonyailo, Alexander G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Pogonyailo A. G. Power of discourse and discourse of power in the early Middle Ages. Italy and Spain. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2022, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 187–203.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article examines the evolution of Western patristics from Augustine to Gregory the Great
and Isidore of Seville in a dual aspect: the power of discourse and the discourse of power.
The former draws on truth, the “place” of which, according to Aristotle, is in judgment, while
the latter represents the policy of truth, pursued by the government. The power of discourse
in this case is implemented as the spread of Christian education. The discourse of power is
realized in the form of decisions and legislative acts of the authorities, guided by the Roman
tradition and adopted in the dominating atmosphere of transition from раx deorum to
pax dei. The power of Christian discourse specifically manifests itself in relation to Jews and
Judaism. The church, meanwhile, is increasingly playing the role of a stable and omnipresent
institution of education and transfer of agonistic rhetoric. The clergy are becoming new
“rhetors” (Paula Fredriksen), whose activities bring about a new product of their rhetoric,
namely, “rhetorical” Jews. However, the discourse of power in the late Antiquity and the early
Middle Ages determined the legal status of quite real “historical” Jews. The focal point of
the article is the ongoing debate on the Christian literature “adversus Iudaeos” of the first
millennium and the “topoi” thereof: the anti-Judaism of its authors takes on a special character
depending on whether it is dictated by the power of discourse (the Christian Word) or
actually is the discourse of power. When acting as preachers and mentors in Christian faith,
Augustine, Gregory the Great and Isidore of Seville would theologize, extensively resorting to
anti-Judaism rhetoric (anti-Judaism without Jews), whereas in their administrative practices
they have to deal with real-life Jews, which compels them to conform their wording with the
concrete situation and the priorities of the Church policy.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 21-
011-44058.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 38; Issue 2

value: discourse of power

value: discursive formation

value: legal status of Jews in the early Middle Ages

value: Gregory the Great

value: Isidore of Seville

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Salnikov, Evgeny V.

value: Kuzmenkov, Vladimir A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Salnikov, Evgeny V., Vladimir A. Kuzmenkov. 2022. “Paradigm crisis of modern Russian juridical science: Loss of normative unity”. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 2: 530–546.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In this article the authors analyze the theoretical and methodological bases of modern Russian
juridical science as a part of study theoretical principles of humanities as science. The article
presents an attempt to apply the concept of T. Kuhn’s scientifical paradigm to the study of the
current state of juridical science, norms, and principles of the scientific community of scholars
in law. The crisis in science is primarily reflected in the absence of the above-mentioned
theoretical and methodological unity at the scientific community. To confirm this idea, the
authors studied the content of objects of research and the methodology of graduate thesis in
law in 2019. Based on the results of their own research, the authors found that in most graduate
theses, the object is formulated using the expression “social relations”. It is borrowed from
the theoretical foundations of juridical science of the Soviet period and is completely unrelated
to the analysis of class relations, representing a stable and meaningless language stamp.
Graduate theses in law have an excessive tendency to use sociological surveys conducted at a
low scientific level. There is also a situation of “methodological chaos” — the absence of a core
of proper juridical methods, which calls into question the specifics of juridical science. The
authors come to the conclusion about the “crisis of reproducibility” of the results of juridical
research, as well as the prevailing trend of reducing the methodology to the methodics. Most
scholars in their graduate thesis follow an empirical path, basing their conclusions not on
a priori paradigmatic assumptions, but on situational experimental data. A negative consequence
of the paradigm crisis of modern Russian juridical science is the institutionalization
of non-normativity and the process of reproduction of scientific anomie. A negative valuenormative
convention is being formed in the paradigm crisis.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Law;Volume 13; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: dissertation

value: methodology

value: social relationship

value: object

value: paradigm

value: jurisprudence


dc.contributor.author

value: Chikova, Evgeniya V.

value: Kuzmina, Anna P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chikova E. V., Kuzmina A. P. The features of digitalization of regional socially oriented NPOs: Cases of Yekaterinburg. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2022, vol. 15, issue 2, pp. 137–154.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents the results of a study of the digitalization of activities of socially oriented
non-profit organizations in Yekaterinburg. This city was chosen because of its status as the administrative center of the Ural Federal District and the Sverdlovsk Region, which scores
high in the development ratings of the non-profit sector of social services. Interviews with
representatives of SO NPOs showed that organizations in Yekaterinburg are going through
the stage of “digitalization” Most often they resort to using websites, social networks, instant
messengers and online fundraising. Some NGOs are working on creating digital products in
various forms for online consultation. The digital dividends received by SO NPOs in Yekaterinburg
include: reduction of time costs due to the introduction of electronic document management,
an increase in the inflow of financial resources due to the use of online fundraising
tools, and a reduction in the risk of loss of reputation due to an increase in the level of publication
openness of information resources of NPOs. Information portals are gaining popularity
among NGOs, acting as intermediaries in attracting intellectual volunteers to social projects.
Furthermore, a sector-wide need in a regional information aggregator for NPOs and in facilitating
access of non-profit social service providers to databases of service recipients was identified.
Among the barriers to digital maturation is the lack of financial and human resources,
the lack of a developed strategy for digital transformation.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article was prepared within the framework of the Russian Science Foundation project no. 19-18-
00246-П “Challenges of Transforming the Social State in Russia: Institutional Changes, Social Investments,
and Digitalization of Social Services”, which is being implemented at Saint Petersburg State University.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 15; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: socially oriented NGOs

value: electronic workflows

value: digitalization

value: digital transformation

value: online fundraising


dc.contributor.author

value: Belyi, Vladislav A.

value: Vidiasova, Lyudmila А.

value: Chugunov, Andrei V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belyi V. A., Vidiasova L. A., Chugunov A. V. Citizens E-participation in the modern metropolis: Area and specifics. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2022, vol. 15, issue 2, pp. 105–122.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper explores the history of the development of the e-communication environment for
interactions between the authorities and citizens in the electoral metropolis of St. Petersburg.
The paper presents the results of a comprehensive exploratory study with two components.
The first study was conducted in 2021 using the expert survey method, attended by 60 people
from among employees of government and local governments, management companies,
organizations in the housing and communal services sector, representatives of the scientific
and educational community, and city activists. The second study, conducted by surveying 354
employees of 43 executive bodies of state power, reveals assessments and opinions of officials
on the nature of the exercise of the right to a position owned by citizens, as well as increasing
the level of development of society in the social a group of employees of the executive bodies
of state power of St. Petersburg. The results of these empirical studies are interpreted in the
context of data, obtained through surveys of the population and employees of St. Petersburg.
The results of a survey of civil servants, as well as experience, confirmed the need to support
the authorities in order to increase the influence of the population. In the authorities, interaction
and information exchange between officials is quite clearly built, and representatives
of this group positively assess the effects of using electronic formats of interaction with the
population.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The work was carried out within the framework of the ITMO University research project no.
621304 “Development of a thematic clustering service for the text corpus “Development of Digital Public
Administration in the Russian Federation” based on machine learning”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: electronic interaction

value: electronic services

value: expert survey

value: authorities

value: social capital

value: civic engagement

value: metropolis

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Mikhaylova, Olga V.

value: Batovrina, Ekaterina V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Mikhailova O V., Batovrina E. V. Prospects for evidence-based policy in Russia: The public administrators’ points of view. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2022, vol. 15, issue 2, pp. 123–136.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Evidence-based policy is aimed at overcoming subjectivity when making government decisions
by means of expertise, using analytical materials at all stages of decision-making and
executing processes, and involving internal and external experts. The main objectives of this
research are to determine the opportunities and limitations of using evidence-based politics as
an approach to making and promoting government decisions in Russia, to identify the attitude
of decision makers to evidence-based policy tools and their application in Russian realities,
and to obtain expert assessment of the state of evidence-based policy in the Russian public
space. To implement these objectives, semi-standardized interviews with a target sample of
37 respondents were conducted. The sample consisted of public administrators and experts
from academic and scientific communities. This article reflects the results of interviewing of
public administrators: their answers more clearly revealed the possibilities and limitations of
using evidence-based policy tools in Russia. The analysis of government officials’ responses
showed that, despite the public authorities’ demand for and interest in analytical data and
analytical support, the dissemination of evidence-based politics in Russia had a number of
limitations. The main obstacles are the low level of trust of public administrators in analytical
materials and their authors, low quality rating of analytical services, lack of platforms for
regular interaction between government officials and the expert community, and a focus on
compliance with formal rather than substantive requirements while working with analytics
providers. To overcome the obstacles in the interaction between experts and public administrators
in making government decisions it is necessary to expand the practice of using expert
support in making decisions and to increase their willingness to adjust to the requirements of
government officials as the customers of analytical materials.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and EISR, project
no. 21-011-31194.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 15; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: evidence-based policy

value: government decision-making

value: justification of government decisions

value: quality of analytical services

value: interaction between public authorities and experts


dc.contributor.author

value: Frolov, Konstantin G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Frolov K. G. Naturalistic ontology and epistemology of moral facts. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2022, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 204–217.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The paper presents an original version of the moral naturalism — a theory that combines
moral realism and naturalistic empiricism. In the first section, I give initial definitions of the
basic concepts for our study (such as moral realism, epistemological and metaphysical naturalism,
supervenience) and clarify their meaning. In the second section, I present the main
motivation for this study and those grounds on which we should try to defend both moral
realism and naturalism. In the third section, we take a series of steps aimed at the explication
of the logical form of moral facts. The advantage of the proposed logical form is that it allows
us to argue that knowledge of such facts can be a result of knowledge of the physical properties
of objects. This implies that moral realism and epistemological naturalism are compatible.
In the fourth section, I demonstrate another feature of the proposed logical form: it is similar
to the logical form of some other, much less controversial modal facts (such as, for example,
facts about physical possibilities). This similarity allows us to propose some kind of analogy of
Armstrong’s combinatorial theory of possibility for moral facts. Doing so I show how moral
facts can supervene on the totality of all physical facts. In the fifth section, I analyze the most
serious problem for moral naturalism: Hume’s guillotine. In the sixth final section, I present
the main argument of this paper and make some remarks.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The work was supported by the grant of the President of Russia for young researchers, project MK-
703.2021.2.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 38; Issue 2

value: ethics

value: metaethics

value: ontology

value: moral realism

value: moral argumentation

value: naturalism

value: supervenience

value: Hume’s guillotine


dc.contributor.author

value: Belov, Vladimir N.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Belov V. N. Art and culture: Aesthetic ideas of V. E. Sesemann. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2022, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 231–241.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article provides an analysis of the aesthetic views of one of an interesting and original, but
still, unfortunately, little studied Russian philosopher, V. E. Sesemann (1884–1963). Aesthetics
occupied a leading position in Seseman’s philosophical constructions, while remaining
fully embedded in the philosophy of the Russian thinker. Continuing the traditions of transcendental
philosophy, Sesemann considers aesthetics as a general theoretical discipline that
combines all private and separate studies of the theme of beauty. As in his theory of knowledge,
the fundamental element of his aesthetics is the phenomenon of experience, which is
the general pre-subject basis of Sesemann’s entire philosophical system. At the same time,
however, aesthetic experience, in contrast to experience as such, is experience of a special
kind. When identifying the specifics of aesthetic experience, the Russian philosopher attaches
special importance to the study of the problem of form, which explains his attention to the
work of Russian formalists. Arguing with the formalists and the German art theorist Heinrich
Wölfflin and defending the nature of the form as lively and rhythmic, he also sees the positive
aspects of these teachings. Sesemann develops his aesthetic ideas in a discussion with contemporary
aesthetic theories. It is emphasized that Sesemann addressed the problems of aesthetics
throughout his life and expressed his views on a variety of aesthetic problems: from theoretical
and methodological to concrete practical and even applied ones. In his aesthetic concept, the
Russian philosopher Vasily Emilevich Seseman tries to productively synthesize neo-Kantian
and phenomenological approaches.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: This paper has been supported by the RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Program.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: aesthetics

value: culture

value: art

value: art form

value: formalism

value: neo-Kantianism

value: phenomenology

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Pavlov, Valerii L.

value: Sukhodub, Tatiana D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Pavlov V. L., Sukhodub T. D. Spinoza’s doctrine on god and religion in the light of Soviet philosophical thought. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2022, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 177–186.

dc.description.abstract

value:
It is axiomatic that the formation of the atheistic character of Marxism, among other things,
was influenced by some of B. Spinoza’s ideas. However, the philosophical heritage of this
thinker was always contradictory and always perceived ambiguously. He was considered a
defender of the Catholic faith, an adherent of Judaism, a modernizer of religion, a pantheist,
and finally an atheist. The last attitude became dominant in Soviet philosophy. We suggest that
this was the result of a synthesis of the subjective apologetic position of Soviet atheists and
objectively existing contradictions and vulnerable aspects of Spinoza’s philosophy. The transformation
of the ideas of Spinozism in an atheistic key covered such aspects of the philosophy
of the Dutch thinker: the original interpretation of the essence of God, the reasons for the appearance
of ancient sacred texts, and the argumentation and evidence of the conventionality
and symbolism of religious cults. Religion creates that minimum of moral culture, without
which neither individuals nor society can do; a “true religion” is human wisdom, its main
representative was Christ, whom the philosopher considered as a real historical person. Based
on these views, Soviet philosophy presents two complementary approaches to understanding
Spinoza’s judgments about religion and God: 1) the philosopher’s ideas move towards pantheism
and atheism (V. Sokolov, I. Konnikov); 2) the philosopher is considered a materialist atheist
(A. Deborin). The radicalism of the second approach was eventually overcome by V. Asmus,
M. Belenky, E. Ilienkov, and I. Narsky, who proved that Spinoza, in trying to present his
doctrine in the form of an undoubted, absolute truth, quite deliberately used the theological
terminology prevailing in his time in as a kind of tool for introducing new ideas and concepts
into the consciousness of contemporaries.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 38; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: B. Spinoza

value: atheism

value: God

value: substance

value: materialism

value: pantheism

value: idealism

value: religion


dc.contributor.author

value: Tangalycheva, Rumiya K.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Tangalycheva R. K. Youth problems in South Korean cinema (on the material of Lee Chang-don’s film “Burning”). Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2022, vol. 15, issue 2, pp. 155–171.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes youth issues in South Korean cinematography, using the case of Lee
Chang-dong’s film Burning, based on the story “Burn the Barn” by H. Murakami. The theoretical
foundation of the study was the approaches of Z. Bauman, specifically his concepts of
consumer society, individualized society, consequences of globalization for the individual and
society, and modern retrotopia. The analysis of the film is carried using elements of system
analysis, which contributes to a better disclosure of the social content of the films of G. Korte
and N. A. Agafonova. The methods for collecting empirical data were the content analysis
of the film, a review of an interview with director Lee Chang-dong, reviews by Russian and
foreign film critics, and audience reviews that contain reactions to the social issues of the film.
The works of A. Lankov, O. Kiryanov, D. Tudor, and Y. Hong, as well as publications in periodicals covering the topic, helped to understand the specifics of social problems in the context
of the development of modern South Korean society. Youth problems reflected in the film
Burning are considered within the framework of economic inequality and social stratification,
gender inequality, the disappearing periphery (small homeland) and social perspectives
in society. To represent the key problem of socio-economic stratification and inequality of
life chances in the context of (post) globalization, Lee Chang-dong resorted to creating diametrically
opposed types of young people. Misunderstanding and tension reign between them
from the very beginning, leading to anger, which in turn comes out, and at the end of the film
a tragedy occurs. The inequality depicted by Lee Chang-dong, on the one hand, is a global
trend that is typical for most developed countries of the world. On the other hand, the director
placed this trend in the context of modern South Korean society with its specific features.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 15; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: youth issues

value: South Korean cinema

value: Lee Chang-dong

value: “Burning”

value: economic inequality

value: social stratification

value: gender inequality

value: disappearing periphery

value: social perspectives


title: The issue of the foundations of justice

dc.contributor.author

value: Vinogradov, Andrey I.

value: Machkarina, Olga D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vinogradov A. I., Machkarina O. D. The issue of the foundations of justice. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2022, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 152–164.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article analyzes justice as a category. Like all aspects of human activity, justice needs
grounds that provide reliability. This article shows that in the history of human thinking, two approaches to comprehending the foundations of justice have been created. The first approach
is based on recognition of the dominance of moral principles as the foundation for justice, and
independence from empirical reality, political, social changes, and scientific discoveries. This
is the independent path, which recognizes the independence of the fundamental principles of
justice from facts. The second approach was formulated in the theory of justice by J. Rawls. He
made an attempt to create a universal view of justice and was associated with the justification
of justice by scientific theories created by scientists in political science, psychology, sociology,
and other fields of knowledge. This approach was called dependent way, and its representatives
consider justice to be a product of real society and recognize the consent of citizens as
the basis of justice, in the normative life of society, giving preference to contractual relations.
Both ways of solving the problem of the justice foundations have their strengths and weaknesses,
but neither of them, taken separately, gives a satisfactory result. The experience of the
Russian unity philosophy reveals a harmonious way to the solution of this problem. It shows
that the foundation of justice is created by each individual personally, in condition that any
person considers the circumstances of one’s life through the prism of his spiritual nature. This
process looks like a practical application of norms that are absolute in nature, while deviations
and fluctuations are possible but in the end there is always a return to the original position.
The authors call this position flexible transcendence.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 38; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: justice

value: law

value: moral values

value: science

value: immanent

value: transcendent

dc.title

value: The issue of the foundations of justice

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Shestakova, Irina G.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Shestakova I. G. The new role of the technological component in the social reality of the digital transition era. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2022, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 242–253.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explicates a new factor that is relevant for researchers of social processes occurring
at a current time. For the first time in the history of mankind, activity at any given moment
must be correlated with unpredictable revolutionary development of the technological
environment, the result of which, during one human life, repeatedly transforms the socioeconomic
environment. In the past history of mankind, when studying social dynamics at any
particular moment in time, the factor of the development of the technological environment
could be neglected, despite the fact that the state of the technological environment always
predetermined the state of the social environment. This action was possible because, within
the limits of human life, the technological environment could be perceived as static (constant
scenery for the action of the social). Modernity, characterized by a specific pace of development
of the digital environment, brings fundamental transformations to this picture. The
radical acceleration of the pace of technological development, combined with the focus of this
development on the field of information technology, determines the unprecedented originality
of the digital era that has come. It is shown that under conditions of the critical speed of
transformation processes, the horizons of scientific foresight are sharply narrowed. The author
defines the fundamental need for a concept of “techno”. Thus, contemporary social theories
require an inextricable connection between the concepts of “socio-technological”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.subject

value: social environment

value: technological infrastructure

value: digital civilization

value: technological development

value: rate of scientific and technological progress

value: forecasting horizon

value: temporality

value: digital transformation


dc.contributor.author

value: Chumakova, Tatiana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chumakova T. V. The infosphere of theological schools of the Russian Empire in the 19th — early 20th century. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2022, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 264–274.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores a field quite new for Russian religious studies: research into the infosphere
of religious institutions. In our case, the term “infosphere” defines a totality of institutions and
informational resources of various origin, as well as channels of research communications,
including verbal communication, those providing the development of this infosphere. At that,
we rely on works by one of the creators of contemporary philosophy of information Luciano
Floridi, who built that neologism according to the pattern of the term “biosphere” and put it
in the research circulation in the mid 1990s, in the context of studying the new informational
reality. In this work, we consider a small segment of the research of infosphere: studying the
infosphere of the Orthodox theological schools of the Russian Empire of the nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries. We analyze the main methodological approaches to studying the
noosphere of seminaries and theological academies, the historiography, and the sources of
that topic. The scale of the tasks requires the involvement of a wide range of sources. There are
various written materials, both printed matters and manuscripts. There are catalogues of libraries
collected in seminaries and theological academies, lists of personal libraries of teachers
of theological educational institutions. Another valuable source of data on the infosphere of
theological schools is a variety of notes and plans of lectures, journals of meetings of councils
and conferences organized in theological academies, correspondence, and memoirs. Analysis of the content of periodicals makes it possible to reconstruct the informational field of teachers
and students of theological educational institutions of the Russian Empire. It allows us to
make a complex research of the circle of reading of representatives of the clergy, which played
a significant role in the Russian culture of the pre-Soviet period.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article is out output from the project 22-28-00862 of the Russian Science Foundation “The infosphere
of theological schools of the Russian Empire in the 19th — early 20th century”.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 38; Issue 2

value: infosphere

value: intellectual history

value: religious education

value: Russian culture

value: Russian Empire

value: religious studies

value: psychology of religion

value: religious philosophy


dc.contributor.author

value: Prilutskii, Alexander M.

value: Shmonin, Dmitrii V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Prilutskii A. M., Shmonin D. V. Institutionalization of theology: Experience and prospects. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2022, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 254–263.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article explores the institutionalization of theology in domestic scientific and educational
society, which is understood as a set of processes, as a result of which theological research receives
the status of scientific research in the public consciousness of scientists, while theology
itself acquires the contours of a scientific discipline. The processes of institutionalizing theology,
providing it with a place in the space of knowledge, leads to the fact that basic criteria
for evaluating a scientific product begin to spread to theological research, which gives rise to
a number of theoretical and methodological difficulties. One of the most important criteria
in evaluating a scientific product is the requirement of “novelty” and “originality” of scientific
research, which cannot be mechanically extended to theological research. It is obvious that
neither in theology nor in other areas of scientific knowledge can these criteria be considered
apart from other traditional requirements that scientific research must meet. The authors believe
that behind the disputes about the content of the criteria for novelty and originality of
theological research, there are discussions about the status of the humanities that have not
been resolved at the conceptual and methodological level. In addition, theology is often compared
with the philosophy of religion, religious philosophy, and/or religious studies. In this regard,
the norms of novelty and originality of research that have developed in these disciplines
are often automatically transferred to the space of theology. As a result of the analysis of the
specifics of theological knowledge, the authors came to the conclusion that discoveries in the
field of theology are becoming not so many factors in the revolutionary breaking of stable theological
concepts, but a tool for their consistent improvement within the existing paradigm.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-28-20496 “Denominational
map of the Omsk region: initiation, development, use in the analysis of human capital”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

value: theology

value: theological education

value: methodology of science

value: theological hermeneutics

value: criterion of novelty

value: criterion of originality

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Morawska, Kamila

dc.identifier.citation

value: Morawska K. Gaston Bachelard’s theory of four poetic temperaments: On the affinity of the poet. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2022, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 165–176.

dc.description.abstract

value:
If Bachelard as a philosopher of science reveals in his epistemological works the negative significance
of the image as a factor inhibiting scientific progress, as well as the source of epistemological
obstacles, then as a poetry philosopher he aims to determine its positive value in
the poetic-oniric domain. By discovering the value of the fertility of images and the existence
of material images dictated by presocratic elements of nature — fire, water, air and earth — he
proves the importance and autonomy of the image in the field of aesthetics and artistic creativity.
Together with the application of the method appropriate for these studies, bringing the
subject closer to the subject in close subjective experience, as opposed to its “cold” form, the
image becomes known as the essential activity of the psyche. Imagination, “as the first and
vital function” (Bachelard) of the psyche, delves into its first being, which is an image. Imagination
— so deeply inscribed in the creative, affective, but also the unconscious constitution
of the subject — from the point of view of its content appears as material imagination. We
know that the image gains a material meaning in contact with cosmological substances — it
derives its content from the symbolism of the four elements: fire, earth, water and air — which
Bachelard calls “imagination hormones” — thanks to them “man grows mentally”. This article
presents the first definition of a Bachelardian image: an image as a composite and combination
of archetypal forms of the unconscious that belong to man/poet with material materiality of
the perceived external world independent of him.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 38; Issue 2

dc.subject

value: poetry

value: Bachelard

value: psychoanalysis

value: aesthetics