dc.contributor.author

value: Konacheva, Svetlana A.

value: Kyrlezhev, Alexander I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Konacheva S. A., Kyrlezhev A. I. Ways of post-metaphysical thinking about God. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 177–198.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the conversation, various strategies of theological thought of the second half of
the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries are considered, which are characterized
by a repulsion of the old metaphysical concept of God as, above all, a higher
being. Against the background of criticism of such onto-theological theology undertaken
by Martin Heidegger, various theological directions arise and develop,
within the framework of which the boundary between philosophy and theology,
established by default in the Modernity, is blurred. In the monograph of Svetlana
Konacheva, the discussion of which is devoted to the conversation, the Russianspeaking
reader encounters the positions of such authors as Eberhardt Jungel, Bernhard
Welte, Wilhelm Weishedel, Heinrich Ott, John Caputo, Richard Kearney, as
well as modern Orthodox philosophers and theologians David Bentley Hart and
John Panteleimon Manussakis. The post-metaphysical thinking that these authors
demonstrate is considered in connection with traditional Christian dogmatics. It
touches on issues related to the phenomenological and hermeneutic approaches,
as well as topics of religious language and the significance of deconstruction for
theological thought. The influence of not only Heidegger, but also Hegel, as well as
Jacques Derrida, is discussed. The conversation introduces into the problem areas of
modern theological thought that are not well-known to the domestic reader.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 2; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: philosophy

value: theology

value: phenomenology

value: hermeneutics

value: post-metaphysical thinking

value: religious language

value: Heidegger

value: impossible

value: weak theology

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Gershowitz, Uri

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gershowitz U. Logic of theological debate in the Book of Job: Criticism of Maimonides’ interpretation in the Jewish biblical exegesis in the 14th century. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 75–93.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article discusses the critical understanding of Maimonides’ interpretation of the
Book of Job, representing a theological debate on Divine Providence. Maimonides
ascribes certain assessments on this issue to Job and his friends, linking their opinions
to some theological or philosophical schools of the 10th–12th centuries, developed
in the context of Arabic culture. A number of Jewish exegetes, who were
working in a diverse cultural context and were writing in Hebrew, such as Joseph
Ibn Kaspi and Gersonides, considered this distribution of opinions an anachronism.
Being Maimonidean followers, they nevertheless criticized the distribution of
opinions between Job and his friends proposed in The Guide of the Perplexed. The
main argument of this criticism was logic. We will discuss the origins of such an approach
and analyze some nuances of logical solutions, suggested by Maimonidean
followers, juxtaposing them with a range of problems touched upon in The Guide of
the Perplexed in regards to the Book of Job. It will be stressed among others, that the
interpretation of Gersonides, coming from his statement on the logical completeness
of the solution of the question of Divine Providence in the Book of Job, can be
justified by the means of modern formal logic.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research according
to the research project No. 18-00-00628 (18-00-00727 (K)).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: The Book of Job

value: Divine Providence

value: exegesis

value: Maimonides

value: The Guide of the Perplexed

value: Joseph Ibn Kaspi

value: Gersonides

value: logic

format: Adobe PDF


dc.contributor.author

value: Griffin, Sean

dc.identifier.citation

value: Griffin S. The Eucharistic Subtext of the Martyrdom of Princes Boris and Gleb. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, рр. 5–18.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The chroniclers of medieval Rus were monks, who celebrated the divine services of the Byzantine
church throughout every day. This study analyses how these liturgical rituals shaped the
creation of the historiographical image of Princes Boris and Gleb in the Rus Primary Chronicle.
During the eleventh century, chroniclers in Kiev learned about the conversion of the Roman
Empire by celebrating a series of distinctively Byzantine liturgical feasts. When the services
concluded, and the clerics sought to compose a native history for their own people, they
instinctively drew on the sacred stories that they sang at church. In this article, my hypothesis
is that the chroniclers depicted the martyrdom of Boris in the same way that a priest prepared
for the Eucharistic sacrifice during the rite of Proskomedia. I also suggest that the chroniclers
depicted the martyrdom of Gleb as a sacrifice to God, using the same language that the priest
used to consecrate the Eucharist during the anaphora. Looking at the narrative as a whole,
therefore, we see that the fundamental structure of the chronicle story is Eucharistic. Boris is
the priest who prepared the offering, and Gleb is the lamb that is mystically sacrificed. Finally,
in the conclusion of the article, I hypothesize that there is an important connection between
the depiction of Vladimir in 996 and the martyrdom of his sons in 1015: a connection that is
based on the liturgical rite for consecrating a new church.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 1

value: Rus Primary Chronicle

value: Princes Boris and Gleb

value: liturgy

value: historiography

value: Byzantium

value: Rus


dc.contributor.author

value: Amosova, Alisa A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Amosova A. A. Working Norms and Practices of the Soviet Elite in Leningrad during the late Stalinist Period. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 188–210.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The study of the history of Leningrad of Stalin’s period was subjected to a rigid ideological
impact, which is why, for a long time, it was examined selectively, in accordance with strict
party attitudes. For the reason of the decades-long process of rehabilitation of the victims of
the “Leningrad affair”, there were no approaches in the scholarship to assessing normative
and extreme everyday life in the corps of Leningrad state cadres. The article aims to present
the research of the Soviet elite working norms and practices in 1945–1950. The main attention
is paid to the political biographies of the Chairmen of Leningrad Local Government.
The research is based on the oral history and the emotionology methods, documents from
St. Petersburg, Moscow and Crimean archives. The generation of Leningrad leading cadres
came to the state positions in the late 1930s, after the repressions of the “Great Terror”. Members
of the Soviet elite underwent testing of their professional skills during World War II and
the siege of Leningrad; directed the accelerated postwar recovery of the national economy. In
the late 1940s, they became the victims of the so-called “Leningrad affair”. Understanding normative
working routine and. and everyday life under crisis involves identifying and analyzing
feelings and associated behavior. Analysis of everyday life involves identification of events and
processes that recur in the personal and professional life of Soviet nomenclature workers. Understanding
extreme everyday life involves identification and analysis of feelings and associated
behavior in extreme conditions (such as conflicts, fabricated criminal cases, arrests, etc).

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 18-78-00060.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Soviet elite

value: late Stalinism

value: Leningrad

value: Leningrad affair

value: history of emotions

value: everyday life

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Saganenko, Galina I.

value: Geger, Alexey E.

value: Boyrsky, Kirill K.

value: Dudina, Victoria I.

value: Zarichnyak, Yuri P.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Saganenko G. I., A. E. Geger A. E., Boyarsky K. K., Dudina V. I., Zarichnyak Yu. P. The potential of reflective technology in the study of a changing society. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology, 2020, vol. 13, issue 1, pp. 40–54.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Fundamental changes are taking place at all levels of life in modern society at a dramatic rate.
They are set by the rapid development of digital and information-communication technologies.
People have found themselves in a new temporal age. Is this situation subject to study by
traditional empirical methods? The sensitivity analysis of popular empirical methods shows that
standardized survey methods and in-depth interviews do not reveal changes in the texture of
the transforming social reality, in the characteristics of different social groups. Moreover, these
methods are resource-intensive, require significant financial, emotional, and time expenditures,
and do not provide transparency and reliability of results. The global changes in the country that
began during the Gorbachev era of perestroika have modernized the search for relevant and
effective methods of studying transformative reality. It was then that we launched the methodology
of open questions, including a joint project with mathematicians to create an informationanalytical
system DISCANT, established contacts for regular surveys with the Academy of Sciences
and GPB named after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. The aim of the article is to unlock the
potential of the reflexive research technology developed by the authors based on open questions,
providing its modules, methodological and substantial resources accumulated with its help. The
structure of the article is organized as a consistent and brief presentation of the main modules
of the technology, among them: typology of open questions, reflexive survey methods covering
a wide range of social spheres, implemented empirical projects, and effective computer system
DISCANT of mixed research support. In conclusion, the principal capabilities of the technology
to respond to a number of social challenges are illustrated: effective empirical research in a time
of transformation, development of sociological thinking, expansion of the system of didactic
principles, mastering integral empirical experience.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research
under scientific project no. 19-011-00905.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Sociology;Volume 13; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: open questions

value: mixed questions

value: reflective techniques

value: research technology

value: DISCANT

value: text arrays


dc.contributor.author

value: Snisarenko, Yuri A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Snisarenko Yu. A. Theology in the global research and educational realm. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 116–135.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article addresses the role of theology in the modern international research and
educational realm in terms of its presence in the global university rankings such as
QS World University Rankings and THE World University Rankings, the number
of educational programs offered by the world’s leading universities and theology
degrees awarded, as well as the positions of the journals publishing the results of
research in the field of theology in the Scopus bibliometric database. The analysis
of the data collected and generalized, during the preparation of the article, clearly
demonstrates the importance of theology in modern secular higher education. Theology
is taught in a significant part of the world’s leading universities which offer a
wide range of educational programs and provide the opportunity to choose an educational
path and to continue education taking into account both the future career
expectations of the students and the religious tradition they are interested in. The
first and second quartiles (Q1 and Q2) of the Scopus database include a significant
number of journals publishing the results of research in theology, primarily in the
field of Christianity, Judaism and Islam. In addition, the analysis of the SCImago
Journal & Country Rank (SJR) rating shows an upward trend in the number of
periodicals in religious studies, including publications in theology, and provides
grounds to predict an increase in their number over the coming decades.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 2; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: theology

value: higher education

value: world university rankings

value: educational programs

value: academic degrees

value: religion and science

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Romanova, Tatiana V.

value: Khomenko, Anna Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Romanova T. V., Khomenko A. Yu. The functioning of the elements of the semantic field social significance in the Russian and English languages according to vocabulary and corpus sources. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2020, 17 (1): 49–73.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The goal of the research is to determine the location of the elements of a certain semantic field
by integrating the results of traditional, including definitional, analysis methods and modern
corpus-based approach to language research. In the study the scientists try to define the way
the elements статус/status are functioning in the semantic field “social significance” in Russian,
British and American English according to dictionaries and corpora (The National Corpus
of the Russian Language, the British National Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary
American English), as well as according to some other tools of computational linguistics, including
Aranea Corpora. The aim of the study is to analyze the hypothesis that it is relevant to
study elements of the semantic field in different languages through the use of a combination of
traditional and innovative techniques. The working hypothesis was confirmed: it is the combination
of traditional and innovative methods of analysis in the study of the structure of the
semantic field that provides the most complete and objective results. Moreover, the features
of the analyzed semantic field, identified in this manner, can be viewed as authentic markers
in language pictures of different nations. As a result of the work, the structures of semantic
fields статус/status in Russian, British and American English were obtained and visualized.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was funded by RFBR, project RFBR No. 19-31-27001 “Linguistic modeling as a tool of text
attribution”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 17; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: статус/status

value: semantic field

value: social significance

value: national corpus of texts

value: big data corpora


dc.contributor.author

value: Filippov, Andrei K.

value: Filippov, Konstantin A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Filippov A. K., Filippov K. A. Special vocabulary of Lifliandskaia ekonomiia by M. Lomonosov in comparison with Stratagema oeconomicum by S. Gubert. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2020, 17 (1): 102–121.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Stratagema oeconomicum by S. Gubert (1645) is one of the first German-language instructions
on farming in the historical region of Livonia. In 1747, M. Lomonosov translated Gubert’s
book into Russian under the title Lifljandskaia Ekonomiia (‘Economy of Livonia’). This translation
was an adaptation of the original German text (which is characterized by the abundance
of words denoting objects common in a rural area) to the geographical and sociocultural
conditions of 18th century Russia. In general, Lomonosov’s translation is close to the original. Nevertheless, a comparison of the two texts reveals a number of differences in lexical semantics
and style. To convey the meaning of German words into the Russian text, Lomonosov
used general language as well as dialect vocabulary, possibly referring to knowledge from his
own life experience. In some cases, he also constructed new words by transliterating German
terms. Sometimes, in fragments containing long sequences of terms, their order was changed
or one or more terms were eliminated from the list. The eliminated terms, as a rule, denote
objects that were less significant in the context of agriculture in the European part of Russia,
or duplicate words and expressions mentioned earlier in the text. This strategy follows the
tradition that existed in Russia since the time of Peter the Great, allowing for an abridged
translation. The study of special vocabulary in Lifljandskaia Ekonomiia in connection with the
original German text reveals a number of facts that can be taken into account when preparing
the reprint of Lomonosov’s works.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was funded by the grant RFBR No. 18-012-00636 “Dictionary of the language of
M. V. Lomonosov (German)” (supervisor K. A. Filippov).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: special vocabulary

value: German language

value: Russian language

value: Gubert

value: Lomonosov


dc.contributor.author

value: Gutorov, Vladimir A.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Gutorov V. A. “What is Not to be Done”: Intellectual Politics and Ancient Tradition. Political Expertise: POLITEX, 2020, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 139–159.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents a critical study of the attempts of modern scholars to analyze the theoretical
and historical aspects of the role that intellectuals play both in modern politics and in the political
processes of more distant eras, including classical antiquity. The author demonstrates, as a casestudy,
criticism of the theoretical position of the St. Petersburg philosopher A. V. Dyakov, trying to
interpret the evolution of the political philosophy of Plato and his aspirations to implement his project
of an ideal state through the prism of Michel Foucault’s theory of governmentality and a very
original interpretation by the French philosopher of the Greek tradition of parrhesia (freedom of
speech). Attracting a large array of the latest foreign scientific literature on the problems of modern
and ancient politics and the participation of intellectuals in it, the author clearly demonstrates
that the A. V. Dyakov’s refusal from investigation of the latest international analytics of intellectual
policy deprives his concept of heuristic significance. Referring to authoritative scientific literature,
devoted to the analysis of the interpretation of ancient politics in the philosophy of M. Foucault
(for example, the work of T. B. Dyrberg and others), the author proves the inconsistency of Dyakov’s
analysis of Platonic political philosophy, in particular, the Seventh Platonic Letter. The article
consistently refutes the false thesis that, in M. Foucault’s works, parrhesia and the figure itself of
parrhesisastes are interpreted solely in terms of extreme “life risks” to which intellectuals must
necessarily expose themselves in order to confirm their right to follow the politics of truth-telling
in all cases.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The article was prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the
Expert Institute of Social Research, project No. 19-011-31066 “Symbolic politics in modern Russia:
global risks, civil identity and vectors of historical memory”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Political Expertise: POLITEX;Volume 16; Issue 1

value: intellectuals

value: politics

value: epistemology

value: discursive analysis

value: ancient tradition

value: political theory

value: governmentality

value: parrhesia

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Zhezhko-Braun, Irina

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zhezhko-Braun I. Political Plan of Taking over the USA Congress by Democratic Socialists in the Post-Obama Era. Political Expertise: POLITEX, 2020, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 160– 177.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio Cortez (AOC) offered a new political agenda for the USA,
the Green New Deal, which was picked up by the 2020 Democratic candidates running for President.
The article analyzes the case of AOC and deals with the following questions: What organizations
stand behind this project? What technologiеs and tactics did they use? Can their political
technologies be considered as manipulative towards democratic elections? Our analysis reveals
the two organizations behind the Cortez’s elections, Justice Democrats and The Young Turks,
as well as their new polittechnological project known as a Brand New Congress. It’s goal is to
replace members of Congress who do not share their radical socialist agenda with new members
supported by their organizations. Thesе organizations of social organizers have participated in
several presidential elections since 2004 and have invented political technology called “big organizing”
or “distributed organizing.” The distributed organizing model moves away from the traditional
hierarchical management structure, or the top-down model, and opts for the bottom-up
model where volunteer leaders are assigned more autonomy in local campaigning efforts while
they are still supervised by campaign managers. The authors of distributed organizing model also
call it revolution tactics. The article describes other new political technologies used in the project:
casting candidates from protest minorities, writing political and legislative initiatives for them as well as proposals, and assigning elected candidates their staffers. Social organizers claim that
the revolution they work for tends to revitalize the democracy in the USA while, as it shown in
the article, they in fact work around the democratic institutions, including elections, and aim to
fundamentally transform the social system in the USA. The analysis makes these technologies
visible and therefore open for professional and public discussion as well as for working out countermeasures
to their manipulations.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Alexandria Ocasio Cortez

value: Big Organizing

value: Brand New Congress

value: Party of Democrats of the USA

value: political technology

value: Justice Democrats

value: presidential elections

value: Zack Exley


dc.contributor.author

value: INISHEV, ILYA

dc.identifier.citation

value: INISHEV Ι. A SPECULATIVE MEDIUM: THE MATERIAL DIMENSION OF THE INTERPRETIVE EXPERIENCE IN GADAMER’S HERMENEUTIC PHILOSOPHY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 44–68.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Key innovation of phenomenological, or philosophical hermeneutics is the treatment of ‘understanding’
not as an operation with symbols and meanings but as an activation of the specific experiential
forms, including correlative affective and bodily potentials as well as respective ‘aggregate states’ of the
material-perceptual environment. In this regard, understanding is a kind of transposition from one
material and bodily configuration into another. In each case, configuration is comprised of ‘subjective’
(experience) and ‘objective’ (milieu) components. But while ‘subjective’ side of ‘hermeneutic phenomenon
(‘hermeneutic event’) is elaborated by Gadamer relatively detailed (for example, “theory of hermeneutic
experience” makes up the central—systemic—part of Truth and Method), dynamics of the
‘objective’ side (and first of all, of its material dimension) is just indicated by the use of the vivid metaphors
(for example, “fusion of horizons” or “increase in being”) or by description of everyday material
practices in which ‘microphysics’ of transformative dynamics of ambient environments is implicated
but not discussed overtly, as, for example, in case of Gadamer’s references to architecture, décor, and
gestures. The problem here is that the ‘strong’ treatment of the transformative potential of hermeneutic
experience presupposes the strong transformation affecting not only interpreter’s consciousness but
also materiality of his body and ambient environments. The elements of such a ‘strong’ treatment of
transformative potential of understanding, we find in Gadamer’s conception of the speculative schematically
presented in the two concluding sections of his Truth and Method.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 9; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: speculative medium

value: transubstantiation

value: materiality

value: mediality

value: perceptual faith


dc.contributor.author

value: JALAGONIA, VLADIMER

dc.identifier.citation

value: JALAGONIA V. THE PHENOMENALITY OF THE OTHER’S NON-PHENOMENALITY. PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE ALTER EGO. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 129–142.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Transcedental egology, which tries to follow intentional constitutive moments and explicate them, produces
itself by following its guiding principe, evidence, where the presence („selbst da“, „unmittelbar
anschaulich“, „originaliter gegeben“) of lived-experience in front of self-identical conscious subject has
a mobilizing function. The differenctiation of evidences and phenomenological epoche, which aims to
build self-transparent and rigorous scientific edifice, brackets those modes of givenness which might
harbor the slightest possibility of doubt. Under this principle indirect givvences or absence is expelled
or subordinated to the direct, straightforward giveness of presence: in this horizon arrises the problem
of the otherness of the other. Despite this privilege and unavoidable prevalence of presence in
the Cartesian way, I will try to reconstruct Husserls analyses of consitutution of the otherness and of
intersebjectivity (in Fifth Cartesian Meditation) in such a way that the constitutive function of absence/
non-presence will appear irreducible. Husserl, without leaving the immanence of Egology, explains the
giveness of Other, and walks beyond solipsism and phenomenology of presence. I will anlyse how the
irreducibilie absence of the otherness appears in the presence, participates and performs fundamental
constitutive role in the constitutive process, after which, the phenomenology of otherness produced in
the presence, will appear the process of exhausting the presence rather that subordinating absence to
presence.

dc.language.iso

value: de

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: Husserl

value: absence/non-presence

value: intersubjectivity

value: Alter Ego

value: Körper

value: Leib

value: passive synthesis

dc.title

value: Article


title: THE SHADOW TO THE END OF EPOCHE

dc.contributor.author

value: AZZARITI-FUMAROLI, LUIGI

dc.identifier.citation

value: AZZARITI-FUMAROLI L. THE SHADOW TO THE END OF EPOCHE. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 102–128.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The postulate of Husserlian phenomenology, according to which evidence is the giving of thought to
the thing, also contemplates the possibility that certain ways of givenness may be achieved by transgressing
the dynamics proper to intellectual intuition. Thus, the primacy of direct perception would
be replaced by a system of relations between thought and thing in respect of which there would be
no single evidence. This outcome, rather than the finiteness of human subjectivity, should bring one
back to the very essence of the object. Evidence would therefore know a conversion that would make
it coincide with the ultimate degree of visibility, corresponding to the invariant element of the object.
But the attestation, in Husserl’s reflection, of an a priori rooted in the factual or in a “definitively true
world” would imply in turn the assumption of a perspective inclined to a form of realism sustained by
a “minimum of reality.” This would entail a phenomenology in which the manifestation of entities is no
longer linked to the subjective sphere but to a dimension of self-evidence within which the phenomenon
coincides with its own evidence. In this sense Husserl seems to reach the acquiescentia in re ipso of
the phenomenon: a dwelling of it in its own essence; a dwelling in which the phenomenon would not
reveal itself through any grammar of the visible.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 9; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: evidence

value: essences

value: world

value: non-subjective

value: phenomenology

value: shadow

value: THE SHADOW TO THE END OF EPOCHE


dc.contributor.author

value: SOKOLOV, BORIS

dc.identifier.citation

value: SOKOLOV B. PHENOMENOLOGY AND SYMBOL: FROM HUSSERL TO BACHELARD. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 235–255.

dc.description.abstract

value:
“Blindness” to the problem of the symbol necessarily follows from the main positions of the research
strategy of Husserl phenomenology. However, both noema and noesis, as well as the flow of cogitations
in our minds are initially infected with symbolism, and therefore the project of phenomenological
description needs a “symbolic correction.” The supposed and experienced object is supposed as a symbolically
filled object, and the position of the ego describing, constituting, experiencing its object is
not only initially infected with cultural symbolism, but also represents the “assemblage point” of any
phenomenon as a “constellation” formation. Symbolism is initially “embedded” in any phenomenon
and in any scheme of “pure” consciousness. Correspondingly, the flow of phenomena that can be subjected
to both noematic and noetic description proceeds according to various “scenarios,” “schemes,”
which are nationally and culturally based, and do not follow the single universal route (Past, Present,
Future), which is peculiar only to the new European model of time. This drawback of Husserl’s project
was overcome in varying degrees by some phenomenologically oriented philosophers. The author of
the article analyzes one of such “symbolic adjustments” by reference to the poetic topology (microphenomenology)
of poetic image of the Home in the text of French philosopher G. Bachelard.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This research is supported by the RFBR (Russian Foundation for Basic Research) research grant
No. 18-011-00570 А “French Philosophy of the Classical Era as a National Project: History and
Self-Awareness.”

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

value: Husserl

value: image

value: home

value: symbol

value: Bachelard

value: microphenomenology


dc.contributor.author

value: RICHIR, MARC

dc.identifier.citation

value: RICHIR M. FIRST MEDITATION: INTRODUCTION. ON THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AS MOVEMENT IN A ZIGZAG PATTERN. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 283–305.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This is a Russian translation of the first of Phenomenological Meditations of Marc Richir. The text consists
of two sections. In the first section, Richir develops Husserl’s remark on “movement in a zigzag
pattern” and makes a distinction between the logical structure of phenomenology and the symbolic
systems of the German idealism. The sphere of the phenomenological is not given from the very beginning;
phenomena have essential indeterminacy which cannot be clarified in “one go.” In the second
section, Richir analyses the distinction between the symbolic and phenomenological layers of sense,
and offers a new version of phenomenological hermeneutics.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 9; Issue 1

value: Marc Richir

value: phenomenon

value: phenomenalisation

value: phenomenological analysis

value: symbolic institution

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: VAVILOV, ANTON

dc.identifier.citation

value: VAVILOV A. NEGATIVITY AND QUESTION: ORIGINS OF “WHY-QUESTIONING” IN PHILOSOPHY OF HEIDEGGER. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 256–274.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article constitutes an analysis of the question “why” in its transcendental and existential foundations.
Based on Martin Heidegger’s philosophy, this question is shown to be the fundamental question
of metaphysics. In his works written after “Being and Time” Heidegger increasingly focused on the
“why” question, particularly as regards the inquiry as to “Why there is something rather than Nothing.”
The latter constitutes the question of all questions and the key question of philosophizing. According
to Heidegger, it is precisely though the capacity of “asking why” that human essence can be explicated.
On this issue Heidegger’s fundamental ontology is at variance with Max Scheler’s philosophical anthropology,
since “asking why” is more primordial than “saying no” favored by Scheler. However, Heidegger
never seems to clarify the relationship between “why?” and “no!”. Therefore, in this article I will try
to fill this gap by confronting Scheler with Heidegger as far as the problems of negativity, questioning,
metaphysics and human essence are concerned. By reading Scheler’s The Human’s Place in the Cosmos
and Heidegger’s What is Metaphysics? as reflections on the origin of metaphysics, one can draw the
following conclusions: 1) Orientation to nothing is as fundamental for subjectivity as Scheler’s “saying
no”; indeed, the Nothing which nothings gives access to that-what-is and establishes the World as
openness. (2) The power of negativity in both cases reveals the strangeness and contingency of being.
The fundamental question is made possible by the wonder at the experience of nothingness. (3) Therefore,
Heidegger’s “asking why” appears to be derivative from “saying no”. However, in the conclusion
I suggest an opposite interpretation based on the foundationless character of Dasein. Thereby “No”
becomes possible only based on the permanent “Why” motivated by Dasein’s impossibility to know its
own foundation.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: questioning

value: negativity

value: metaphysics

value: basis

value: nothing

value: Dasein

value: Heidegger

value: Scheler


dc.contributor.author

value: MÉNDEZ-MARTÍNEZ, JORGE LUIS

dc.identifier.citation

value: MÉNDEZ-MARTÍNEZ J. L. SOUND ONTOLOGY AND THE BRENTANO-HUSSERL ANALYSIS OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF TIME. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 184–215.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Both Franz Brentano and Edmund Husserl addressed sound while trying to explain the inner consciousness
of time and gave to it the status of a supporting example. Although their inquiries were not
aimed at clarifying in detail the nature of the auditory experience or sounds themselves, they made
some interesting observations that can contribute to the current philosophical discussion on sounds.
On the other hand, in analytic philosophy, while inquiring the nature of sounds, their location, auditory
experience or the audible qualities and so on, the representatives of that trend of thought have
remained silent about the depiction of sound and the auditory phenomena in the phenomenological
tradition. The paper’s intention is to relate both endeavours, yet the perspective carried out is that of
analytic philosophy and, thus, I pay special attention to conceptual analysis as a methodological framework.
In this sense, I first explain what sound ontology is in the context of analytic philosophy and
the views that it encompasses—namely, the Property View (PV), the Wave View (WV) and the Event
View (EV)—. Secondly, I address the problems it entails, emphasising that of sound individuation. In
a third section, I propose the possibly controversial conjunction of a “Brentano-Husserl Analysis of
the Consciousness of Time” (for short “Brentano-Husserl analysis”) and outline the commonalities
of both authors, without ignoring its discrepancies. My main focus is Husserl’s 1905 Vorlesungen zur
Phänomenologie des Inneren Zeitbewusstseins. While addressing the Brentano-Husserl analysis, I elaborate
on the problem of temporal and spatial extension (Raumlichkeit and Zeitlichkeit, respectively) of
both consciousness and sound. Such comparison is a key one, since after these two developments, one
can notice some theoretical movements concerning the shift of attention from sounds to the unity of
consciousness, and how they mirror each other. After examining the controversial claims concerning the temporal and spatial extension of both consciousness and sound, I argue in the concluding paragraphs
that while considering the accounts of sound ontology, the Brentano-Husserl analysis would
probably endorse a Property View and that this could have interesting consequences for the issue of
Sound Individuation.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This article was prepared within the framework of the HSE University Basic Research Program and
funded by the Russian Academic Excellence Project ‘5-100.’ It was also written with the support of
the program “Akademicheskaya Aspirantura,” HSE University, which enabled my Academic Stay in
the Institut für Philosophie of the Freie Universität Berlin, during which I wrote this article.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 9; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: sound

value: auditory experience

value: Franz Brentano

value: Edmund Husserl

value: sound ontology

value: sound individuation

value: consciousness of time (Zeitbewusstseins)

value: temporal extension (Zeitlichkeit)

value: spatial extension (Raumlichkeit)


title: HUSSERL’S CONTEXTUALIST THEORY OF TRUTH

dc.contributor.author

value: MAROSAN, BENCE PETER

dc.identifier.citation

value: MAROSAN B. P. HUSSERL’S CONTEXTUALIST THEORY OF TRUTH. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 162–183.

dc.description.abstract

value:
This article draws attention to certain features of Edmund Husserl’s theory of evidence and truth which,
on closer look, reveal how his thoughts on the nature of experience and cognition are current and
relevant even in the early 21st century. Many of his contemporaries and subsequent authors considered
Husserl to be a late representative of traditional, modernist metaphysics—an idealist, a foundationalist,
and an intellectualist, etc. The publication of his vast unpublished manuscripts has evidently dispelled
such charges, and a thorough and attentive perusal of his published works (or works prepared for
publication) clearly shows how highly problematic such charges were. In the article I aim to highlight
the contextualist character of Husserl’s understanding of evidence and truth, of knowledge and Being.
Every insight and every entity in his thought fits into a wider context of further experiences, insights,
and entities. This conception is manifest at every level of his experience and knowledge: (1) everyday
experiences, (2) scientific and (3) philosophical cognition. The evidence at every level is fundamentally
open and contextual, and their correlation constitutes an essentially organic reality. With such
formulations Husserl says something quite similar to what is now found under the label ‘epistemic
contextualism’ in contemporary analytic philosophy. Next to the contextual character of evidence, the
second main thesis of my essay is that Husserl’s stance in this question might serve as a fruitful field of
dialogue between phenomenology and analytic philosophy.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This paper was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences (project: BO/00421/18/2).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: non-foundationalism

value: contextualism

value: evidence

value: apodicticity

value: truth

value: phenomenological metaphysics

dc.title

value: HUSSERL’S CONTEXTUALIST THEORY OF TRUTH

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: BILBAN, TINA

dc.identifier.citation

value: BILBAN T. THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH TO QUANTUM MECHANICS: A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY OF QUANTUM MECHANICS BY REVISITING BOHR AND HUSSERL

dc.description.abstract

value:
Niels Bohr, considered one of the fathers of quantum mechanics, formulated a complex interpretation
of quantum mechanics that guided his understanding of quantum experiments. The contemporary dispute
between realism and anti-realism, the two main approaches to the interpretation of quantum mechanics,
is often based on different attitudes towards or even readings of Bohr. We propose that a better
understanding of Bohr’s philosophical thought can contribute to the contemporary reconciliation of
these opposing philosophical views and thus to a better understanding of the quantum world. Unfortunately,
in many contemporary interpretations, Bohr’s philosophical approach to quantum mechanics
has been misunderstood, re-interpreted or labelled as ambiguous. This is mostly due to the dispersion
of Bohr’s complex and unique interpretation through different texts, never united in a single systematically
conceptualized work. To comprehensively explain Bohr’s philosophical approach and his main
philosophical concepts, we consider the many similarities between Bohr’s and Husserl’s philosophical
approach to science. Husserl developed his philosophical standpoint in a cultural context similar to
Bohr’s and shared Bohr’s objects of philosophical consideration as well as his approach to these objects.
Parallel reading of Bohr’s and Husserl’s texts reveals the closeness between Bohr’s ontological realism—
epistemological anti-realism standpoint and Husserl’s phenomenological standpoint. This explains
their similar views on the relationship between mathematical language, scientific method and Nature.
While Bohr’s use of the term phenomenon is not equal to Husserl’s, Husserl’s rigorous philosophical
explanation of the term helps us to better understand Bohr’s use. Furthermore, the parallel reading
facilitates better understanding of one of Bohr’s main philosophical theses, often labelled as ambiguous
and interpreted in different ways, that it is necessary to use classical concepts to describe quantum phenomena.
We claim that the thesis is connected with the advance of epistemological reconsideration of
science at the time of Bohr’s writing. Thus, Bohr considers some parts of argumentation as self-evident,
while they are not evident to the contemporary reader. Husserl’s analysis of the relationship between science and the life-world offers a much-needed background for a comprehensive understanding of
Bohr’s thesis. The insight into the similarities between Bohr’s and Husserl’s philosophical approach
to science and scientific phenomena enables a philosophically rigorous reading of Bohr’s texts; it can
eliminate some of the disagreements between realists and anti-realists and provide a firmer philosophical
ground for a dialog between them.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 9; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: Edmund Husserl

value: Niels Bohr

value: phenomenology

value: phenomena

value: classical concepts

value: quantum mechanics

value: life-world


dc.contributor.author

value: Haq, Inamul

value: Sofi, Ahmad Sheeraz

dc.identifier.citation

value: Haq I., Sofi A. S. Displacement and gendered violence in the Kashmir Valley: An analysis. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2020, vol. 13, issue 1, pp. 82–95.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In the global era, women, particularly in sub-continent are facing violence in every section of
society. They are not only abused by partners and other family members, but they are treated
as a different and marginalized sect of society. While talking about Kashmir, the escalation of
political turmoil led to the displacement of minority communities, mainly the Kashmiri Hindus,
from Kashmir. The weak democracy in Jammu and Kashmir and the majority-minority
dynamics in the state led to the displacement of about three lakh persons (primarily Hindus)
from the valley in 1989. It is more than two decades since the displacement of minorities from
Kashmir, and their prolonged living in the new locations has resulted in social and cultural
changes post-displacement. The shift to a new location has significance in analysing how the
traditional structures and practices are redefined in the new locations. An atmosphere of fear
and threat developed in Kashmir after the alleged rigging in the 1987 state assembly elections
and this heightened the frustration of a large number of Kashmiri youth due to malpractices
of the government. The women (non-Muslim) mostly faced coercion in the form of abuses
during the 1990s. Abusive slogans were displayed on loudspeakers and the rape threats were
clearly visible in the letter that was displayed on the street poles. The assessment of this paper
is to highlight violence against women during the escalation of displacement and after displacing,
how such women face the same gendered violence outside the state. The paper would be
based on experiences and narratives of Kashmiri pundit women, who are residing in different
migration camps outside Kashmir. The study is based on descriptive and empirical analysis of
a problem that can be studied by applying the exploratory approach.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 13; Issue 1

value: Kashmiriyat

value: Kashmir conflict

value: internal displacement

value: gendered violence


dc.contributor.author

value: Yuan, Hang

dc.identifier.citation

value: Hang Yuan. The Belt and Road Initiative and international relations theories: Challenges and a new research agenda. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2020, vol. 13, issue 1, pp. 33–46.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The majority of existing research on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) focuses primarily on its
operation in past years. However, efforts to deepen an understanding of the BRI itself remain at
an early stage. Some fundamental questions on its nature, scope, process and implications still
remain and require clearer answers or even more debates. Scholars who fail to consider these
larger questions risk developing their arguments on premature assumptions on the BRI and
consequently overlooking very important elements of it. From the discipline of international
relations (IR), this article aims to identify some key questions to the BRI and recommend a
new research agenda. It argues that IR scholars face challenges to examine the BRI due to the
BRI itself, as a puzzle, and limits of current dominant IR trends. This article suggests that a
better understanding of the BRI involves a more open-minded conceptualization of it. The
new research agenda on the BRI proposes to focus on five themes and related key questions
and hypotheses. In order to tackle the complexity of the BRI, this agenda calls for more creative
efforts, including a combination of various theoretical perspectives, and incorporation of
more elements of non-western wisdom into analytical frameworks, including China and
other countries. Being aware of the debates of incommensurability between paradigms and
perspectives, this article suggests a pragmatic approach in acquiring knowledge on the BRI.

dc.language.iso

value: en

value: Belt and Road Initiative

value: international relations

value: research agenda

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Kolotaev, Yury Y.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Kolotaev Y. Y. European Union in the age of post-truth: Developing societal resilience before European Parliament elections 2019. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2020, vol. 13, issue 1, pp. 69–81.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The emergence of phenomena such as fake news, alternative facts, and new wave populism
have resulted in a new pressing problem for most modern democracies in the Western world.
They have stressed a conceptual shift within the social tendencies and processes, which has
resulted in the creation of a post-truth world. The main characteristics of such phenomena
can be described as the transition from an evidence-based, normative and factual discourse
to an emotional, post-factual and populistic one. The reason for this can be found in the psychological
and technical dimensions of contemporary society. A synthesis of postmodernist
logic of falling metanarratives, with the spread of social media, altered the nature of the truth
and the lie. In this context, the changes in European politics at the supranational level became
particularly important. The threat of populism, which uses the post-truth discourse in its favour,
has forced the EU to elaborate on a set of mechanisms to overcome the negative effects
of fake news and disinformation. Meanwhile, the main idea of how to tackle the phenomena of
the post-truth world is based on the principle of societal resilience. An adaptive environment
towards stressful influence on the Union is nowadays the global aim of the EU and it became
particularly important right before the 2019 European parliament elections. This research will
provide an analysis of the preliminary and preparatory measures that had been undertaken by
the EU and a more general overview of the EU’s capacity to resist post-truth.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The research was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project No 17-18-01110).

dc.subject

value: post-truth

value: resilience

value: disinformation

value: fake news

value: European Union

value: European Parliament election


dc.contributor.author

value: LAURUKHIN, ANDREI

dc.identifier.citation

value: LAURUKHIN A. CRITIQUE OF IDEOLOGY IN GADAMER’S HERMENEUTICS AND HABERMAS’ CRITICAL THEORY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 69–101.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The subject of this article is the debate of Gadamer and Habermas about the nature of critical thinking,
the relationship between freedom and authority, the individual and traditions, documented in
the book Hermeneutics and Criticism of Ideology (1971). Central to the author is the question: “What
understanding of critical thinking would allow us to gain a higher degree of resistance to ideology?”
The author consistently solves several problems. First, the author clarifies the meaning and significance
of the key concepts of “ideology” and “criticism” in the critical theory of Frankfurt School and philosophical
hermeneutics. Thanks to these explanations, becomes clear the basis for the possibility of a
productive polemic between philosophical hermeneutics and critical theory. Secondly, in the analysis
of the main lines of criticism by Habermas against the hermeneutical project of Gadamer, the author
explicates the strengths and weaknesses in the argumentation of the opposing parties. The focus here is
the problem of the relationship of critical reflection with prejudice, authority and tradition, the problem
of theoretical maturity and methodological support of hermeneutics, the problem of forming a
basic consensus of understanding and interaction. Based on a comparative analysis of the arguments
and counterarguments of Gadamer and Habermas, the author shows the non-trivial nature of critical
thinking and reveals new aspects in understanding the concept of criticism of ideology. The result of
the comparative analysis is the idea of an integrative concept of ideology criticism, which allows productive
use of the strengths of the critical and hermeneutic approaches, and thereby provide a higher
resistance to ideology at the collective and individual levels.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 9; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: ideology

value: criticism

value: authority in cognition

value: tradition

value: Habermas critical theory

value: Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics


dc.contributor.author

value: BARKOUSKI, PAVEL

dc.identifier.citation

value: BARKOUSKI P. THE HERMENEUTICS OF PLAY AND VIRTUALIZATION OF THE WORLD THROUGH THE ART IN GADAMER’S WORKS. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 15–43.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article concerns the significance of the semantic connective of understanding and playing in Gadamer’s
hermeneutical analysis of the experience of art. In the spotlight is a question of constructing
of imaginary (virtual) worlds as a play-based reality of understanding. It argues the appeal to the experience
of art as a paradigmatic subject of hermeneutical work and emphasizes the importance of understanding
of such experience as a special kind of play that takes us to the ontology plane, as opposed
to the classic aesthetic view on this subject. Along with the explication of a general idea of the play in
Gadamer’s hermeneutics, it also examines the main features of the artistic game itself, turning it into a
multidimensional being of a special kind and a zone of gaining human freedom. The problematization
of language also reveals it as the medium for the development of the artistic play and understanding,
and the ethical aspects of the hermeneutic dialogue in the ongoing game is a theme of a special interest
here too. The author develops his theoretical considerations based on comparative hermeneutic
analysis of Hölderlin’s verses in the works of M. Heidegger and G. Gadamer, which reveals the diversity
and non-linearity of our interpretation of culture, the ability to see in it an inexhaustible source of new
meanings and associative connections as a result of a play of art and its understanding.

dc.subject

value: hermeneutics

value: the work of art

value: play

value: game

value: Gadamer

value: play ontology

value: language

value: culture

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: LOVASZ, ADAM

dc.identifier.citation

value: LOVASZ A. NEO-HUSSERLIAN MEDITATIONS: EXTENDING INTENTIONALITY TO THE OBJECTIVE REALM IN FIRST PHENOMENOLOGY. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 143–161.

dc.description.abstract

value:
I seek here to return to the original spirit of Edmund Husserl’s “radicalism.” To be radical means to be
both rooted in a tradition and to retrace a path back to one’s roots. According to the position I advocate,
phenomenology may be reconceived of as an enterprise in realism. Through a creative rereading of one
of phenomenology’s founding texts, Husserl’s Cartesian Meditations, I suggest that phenomenology
can indeed provide us with a semantics applicable to realist ontologies, provided we excise phenomenological
concepts from their subjectivist framework, providing a new structure with which to analyze
reality. Specifically, Husserl’s eidetic Apriori may be reconceived as denoting the inherent dynamism of
existents. Movement would be the basis of manifestation, a universal category unconditioned in itself.
That which appears need not be synonymous with all that which is given to experience. The eidos is the
manifold of coiled movements awaiting manifestation, whilst the a priori is movement in itself. Following
Graham Harman’s lead, I expand the scope of the Husserlian idea of intentionality, reconceptualizing
it as the directionality pertaining to any process whatsoever. Following Jaakko Hintikka, I take
the cogito to be nothing other than performativity in its emergent state. Several different phenomenal
horizons can connect to the same type of intentionality. The nonlinear nature of temporality means
that even radically distant horizons are capable of sharing in the same intentionality. Once reenvisioned
as a “genuine universal ontology” (this is Husserl’s expression), phenomenological semantics can be
extended to include any and all types of existents. First phenomenology need not maintain the primacy
of perception or subjectivity.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology;Volume 9; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: eidos

value: Graham Harman

value: Edmund Husserl

value: intentionality

value: phenomenology

value: realism

value: speculative realism


title: TO ANNIVERSARY OF H.-G. GADAMER (1900) AND HIS OPUS MAGNUM “TRUTH AND METHOD” (1960). INTRODUCTION

dc.identifier.citation

value: TO ANNIVERSARY OF H.-G. GADAMER (1900) AND HIS OPUS MAGNUM “TRUTH AND METHOD” (1960) INTRODUCTION. Horizon. Studies in Phenomenology, 2020, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 13–14.

dc.language.iso

value: ru


dc.contributor.author

value: Vasilyev, Dmitry V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vasilyev D. V. The Dualism of the Russian Administration on the Eastern Caspian Coast. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, рр. 85–107.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Over the period of the presence of the Russian Empire in Central there had been examples of
the implementation of various governance models, each of which was established in accordance
with the tasks that the government intended to undertake on a particular territory. The
major problem was usually selected among these tasks which determined not only the facade
of any administration model but also its subordination. At the turn of the 1860s — 1870s, two
objectives of the occupation of Krasnovodsk were defined in the decisions of the supreme
authority: the development of transit trade with khanates and the pacification of Khiva. The
priorities for the eastern Caspian coast might have been determined on the basis of foreign
policy considerations rather than stemmed from the lack of familiarity with regional conditions.
One way or another, the formulated goals predetermined the emergence of dual power
in Krasnovodsk, when the issues of security of servicemen, Russian and foreign traders were
within the competence of commander of a military detachment, whereas trade promotion,
settlements of commercial disputes, certification of various acts, customs operations, data collection
and consideration of proposals concerning management, industrial development, and
improvement of the legal status of indigenous population pertained to the area of responsibility
of the Agent of the Ministry of Finance. Further course of events put everything in its place.
The Khivan campaign of 1873 predetermined further existence of the Trans-Caspian region
under the aegis of the War Ministry.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project No. 18-09-00078. “The
policy of Russian Empire in Central Asia. The end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century”.

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: Central Asia

value: Krasnovodsk

value: Turkmenia

value: the Russian Empire

value: administration policy

value: governing

value: 19th century


dc.contributor.author

value: Budanov, Andrey V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Budanov A. V. Specificity of Supply System of Rocket Industry in the USSR оn the eve of the Caribbean Crisis. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 211–227.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The purpose of the article is to analyze basic principles of the Soviet logistics system of supply
of rocket production branch which enabled to organize production of modern ballistic missiles
within a short time. This problem is underresearched in historiography as for more than
half a century archival documents were kept secret. Methodologically, the article is based on
the theory of modernization. The system of logistics and the system of planning in the Soviet
economy were closely interconnected. These systems were based on rational planning, which
required stability. However, missile production developed dynamically, and plans constantly
changed. It entailed constant administrative control from the government and extraordinary
measures to provide priority for the supply of missile production. The attempt to centralize
Soviet supply system under the State Planning Committee did not bring about positive results
due to the complex organization of the Soviet economy. After the reform of 1957 in the
country, two logistics system of missile production were created. Production of the advanced
prototypes of rocketry was provided by the supplying organizations of the State Planning
Committee of the USSR, whereas serial production was provided by the republican supplying
organizations. It was difficult for republican State Planning Committees to combine planning
and constant control over the system of supply. To solve the problem, republican economic
councils were created in 1960. The supplying organizations were subordinated to them. The
Soviet supply system was imperfect, but the use of mobilization methods enabled to organize
production of the modern rocketry.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research has been financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)
as part of the research project “Experience of mobilization of the industry of the USSR on production of
rocketry on the eve of the Caribbean Crisis”, project No. 16-01-00250, head of the project A. V. Budanov.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: soviet logistics system

value: missile production

value: defense-industrial complex

value: government bodies

value: reform

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Vasara-Vozgrina, Viena-Tuuli

dc.identifier.citation

value: Vasara-Vozgrina V.-T. Swedish Volunteers in the Civil War of Finland. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 245–260.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The author of the article focuses on the history of the creation of the Swedish volunteer corps
(the “Swedish Brigade”) and its military operations during the Finnish Civil War of 1917–
1918. Extending beyond the genre of a purely military history, the article explores a difficult
domestic political situation in Sweden, unfavorable for organizing military intervention into
the internal affairs of a neighboring country. Nevertheless, despite these very serious obstacles,
the will to fight for a just cause had triumphed — the victory of the “Reds” posed a threat for
Sweden itself. Therefore, people from the most diverse political beliefs and professions were in
the Swedish brigade. The age range was also wide — from 16-year-old schoolchildren to elderly
fathers of families. Since the “White Finns” were a practically untrained military contingent
that did not even have a coordinating center, the Swedish officers had to create a Finnish General
Staff for this purpose. Not underestimating the contribution of the Finnish supporters of
independence to the victory and of C. G. Mannerheim personally, the author of the article pays
tribute to the heroic struggle of the Swedish Corps against the prevailing enemy forces, which
claimed the lives of many. The article is based on memoirs and diaries of the participants in
the Finnish Civil War, as well as on the studies of Swedish and Finnish historians published in
the 1920s — 2010s.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: Sweden

value: Finland

value: Russia

value: Bolsheviks

value: Civil War

value: Volunteer Corps

value: C. G. Mannerheim


dc.contributor.author

value: Evlampiev, Igor I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Evlampiev I. I. Reflections of Lev Shestov on the essence of freedom in the context of theology, philosophy and modern science. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 136–152.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In his reflections on freedom, Lev Shestov considered any definition of freedom
insufficient, which excludes the concept of arbitrariness, causeless action. Although
he raises the source of the idea of freedom as arbitrariness (an arbitrary desire of a
person violating the laws of nature) to the Jewish prophets, in reality it was taken by
him from the reasoning of the hero of the novel by F. Dostoevsky, “Notes from the
Underground.” The article proves that in the words of his hero, Dostoevsky objects
to A. Schopenhauer in the concept of which all human actions are subject to strict
causal laws, and freedom refers to the transcendental act of “choosing” one’s character,
which determines the actions and remains unchanged throughout life. However,
recognizing the strict regularity of all phenomena (and actions) within the world, one can see the highest human freedom in the ability to arbitrarily change the world
as a whole. This is precisely what the hero of Dostoevsky, “not reconciling” with
the laws of nature, has in mind, and it is precisely to this concept of freedom that
Shestov comes to. The article shows that such an understanding of freedom has
parallels in theology (in Kabbalah, in Sufism and in Christian Gnosticism), and also
has some foundations in modern science: the quantum theory claims that the macroscopic
world is the result of many acts of observation made jointly by all people.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research as part of
research project No. 18-00-00628 (18-00-00727 (K)).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 2; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: Lev Shestov

value: F. Dostoevsky

value: A. Schopenhauer

value: freedom as arbitrariness

value: changing the past

value: mysticism

value: nothing

value: quantum theory


dc.contributor.author

value: Leksyutina, Yana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Leksyutina Ya. V. China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Challenges and difficulties in its implementation. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 2020, vol. 13, issue 1, pp. 4–19.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Having had a successful start in 2013–2015, China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has so far
lost some momentum and has not yet been able to achieve the great scope initially declared by
the Chinese leadership. Contrary to claims from the Chinese side that the BRI is a global and
large-scale initiative, a tendency is now developing to localize it in a limited circle of priority
countries. Even in the priority countries, the initiative has not been developing flawlessly. The
purpose of this article is to identify and characterize the main challenges and difficulties facing
the BRI. A serious challenge to the Chinese plans to turn RRI into a global initiative has been a wary reaction to it from a number of leading countries. The first section of the article analyzes
the criticism coming from the BRI’s opponents, as well as various forms of opposition and
countermeasures to the Chinese initiative from liberal democracies. The second section of the
article focuses on the study of challenges such as Sinophobia, altering attitudes towards Chinese
projects due to the change of political elites in the BRI countries, intensifying demands
in the BRI countries to meet environmental and labor standards, and also taking into account
the interests of local communities in the implementation of Chinese projects. The practice of
revising the financing conditions for Chinese projects or completely abandoning their implementation
has become widespread among the BRI countries. The third section of the article
reveals the urgent need for Beijing to comprehensively assess financial and credit risks for
both the recipient countries and China when investing and lending to the BRI countries in
the face of growing and deepening problems in the Chinese economy. The challenges and difficulties
that have emerged along the path of the BRI make it necessary to change China’s approaches
to its implementation, including in the areas of project development and financing.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research under Grant No. 17-07-
50016-ОGN.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. International Relations;Volume 13; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: China

value: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

value: foreign policy

value: world order

value: China’s rise

value: China’s economy

value: infrastructure development

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Minchik, Sergey S.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Minchik S. S. The Crimean Material in the Context of Dmitry Polyansky’s Biography. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 175–187.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Dmitry S. Polyansky made a distinguished career from the state farm to the CPSU Politburo
and the Government of the USSR. Featuring in momentous events, this personality, however,
remains outside the scope of special researches. This article is a prologue to the creation
of a complete and objective biography of Polyansky. Previously unknown materials devoted
to his activity until 1955 comprise the basis of this study: a personnel record card filled by
Polyansky, a manuscript of his autobiography, and a certificate for the transfer to Simferopol.
The information from the secret archives is supplemented by the memories of his daughters
and G. M. Malenkov’s son. These sources are considered in the light of the well known facts
and conjectures about Polyansky in order to reconstruct the circumstances of his arrival in
Crimea. The paper examines the connection of one of the leaders of Communist party and
USSR to the events WW II and why the question of his nationality can not be definitely resolved.
It also sheds light on the idea of the Cental Commitee to relocate its inspector to the
region, on the details of the defeat of “Leningrad group”. The context of the renewal of local
authorities after A. A. Zhdanov’s death is recreated, the links between their representatives and
J. V. Stalin’s pool are established. The myth about N. S. Khrushchev’s role in the fate of Polyansky
is also debunked.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: kremlinology

value: biography

value: history of Russia

value: regional studies

value: Leningrad affair

value: archives


title: People and Pets in Besieged Leningrad

dc.contributor.author

value: Piankievich, Vladimir L.

value: Plenkov, Oleg Yu.

value: Sokhor, Tatiana E.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Piankevich V. L., Plenkov O. Yu., Sokhor T. E. People and Pets in Besieged Leningrad. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 158–174.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article provides an insight into the relations between people and pets during the siege of
Leningrad. Mass historical consciousness features different, sometimes distorted ideas and
myths about this topic. The issue of eating pets was a taboo in the official discourse and historiography.
The relationship between people and pets was covered by memoirs and notes of
the siege survivors and by scholars. However, the authors are not aware of any studies focusing
specifically on this topic. Based on diaries and letters of the siege period and later memoirs, the
article deals with the relations between people and pets in the tragic circumstances and contemporary
myths about the past. Most of the dramatic accounts, provided by the survivors,
date back to the first autumn of the siege and the winter of 1941–1942. City authorities and
law-enforcement bodies had to turn a blind eye to people eating pets and did not comment
on it. Starvation frequently forced people to engage in the bizarre and previously unthinkable
activity — pet hunting. City-dwellers primarily tried to feed this high-caloric ‘delicacy’ to
children, often concealing its true nature. Laboratory animals also used to save lives. Pets
were traded at the improvised markets. Eating pets could be life-saving, but didn’t guarantee
the survival. The popular legend about the delivery of cats from eastern parts of the country,
which is still circulating, was never documented. However, the persistence of this myth reflects
the wish of the survivors to comprehend their terrible experience and overcome the trauma.

dc.language.iso

value: en

value: Great Patriotic War

value: siege of Leningrad

value: pets

value: social memory

value: social history of war

value: history of everyday life

dc.title

value: People and Pets in Besieged Leningrad


dc.contributor.author

value: Myznikova, Yanina V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Myznikova Ya. V. The specifics of ethnic interaction in the Middle Volga region through Russian dialect data. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2020, 17 (1): 38– 48.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article analyzes the recordings of dialect speech made in Russian villages of the Ulyanovsk
region. The dialects of the Middle Volga region are of particular interest to the author because
of the polyethnic and multilingual environment, which resulted from the cohabitation of
Slavic, Turkic and Finno-Ugric groups. Russian dialect speech reveals evidence of ethnic and
cultural interaction. The recorded texts reflect a set of common, for different ethnic groups,
traditions of farming, cooking, and dwellings. In the field of nutrition we can note the significant
role of pumpkin dishes, which have never played an important role in Russian traditional
cuisine. We can also find the native and borrowed words for them. The Turkic and Finno-
Ugric influence upon Russian dialects was manifested to the greatest extent in the field of animal
breeding. This is most of all vocabulary connected with the pasturing of cattle. In the field
of agriculture and food culture we can see the most significant results of interaction between
the material cultures. In the sphere of spiritual culture, confessional frameworks limited the
mutual influence. A mixed Russian-Mordovian-Chuvash population of the villages characterizes the Ulyanovsk region. An individual’s belonging to a particular religion can be seen as an
ethnic identifier. Modern informants emphasize the identity of the Russian, Mordovian, and
Chuvash population. A different type of relationship develops with the population of the surrounding
Tatar villages with the barrier being another faith. The informants point out friendly,
but restrained relations.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The study was funded by RFBR, project No. 17-29-09021 “Russian dialects of the Middle Volga region
as a reflection of ethnic language interaction”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Language and Literature;Volume 17; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: language contacts

value: borrowed vocabulary

value: Russian dialects

value: Turkic languages

value: Finno-Ugric languages

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Naiditch, Larisa Е.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Naiditch L. E. Book review: To the memory of Margarita Ivanovna Matusevich (1895– 1979). In honor of her 120th birthday. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2020, 17 (1): 148–154.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Book review: To the memory of Margarita Ivanovna Matusevich (1895–1979).
In honor of her 120th birthday


title: Editorial

dc.identifier.citation

value: Editorial. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 4.

dc.description.abstract

value: Editorial

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 2; Issue 1


dc.contributor.author

value: Burda, Yegor D.

value: Volkova, Irina O.

value: Gavrikova, Elizaveta V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Burda Y. D., Volkova I. O., Gavrikova E. V. 2020. Meaningful analysis of innovation, business and entrepreneurial ecosystem concepts. Russian Management Journal 18 (1): 73–102.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Over the last decade, academic literature has seen a boom in the number of publications devoted
to the notion of ecosystem, which has resulted in the emergence of various research
streams and the corresponding fragmentation of the research domain. The existing variation
in meanings and contradictory definitions shows the need for a thorough literature review on
the three tightly related concepts of innovation ecosystem, business ecosystem and entrepreneurial
ecosystem. This study is based on a mixed technique, which combines a bibliometric
analysis and an in-depth investigation of papers devoted to these research streams. Through
examining their theoretical background, constructing conceptual structures and performing an
in-depth analysis we were able to define the essence of innovation, business and entrepreneurial
ecosystems as well as their distinctive features. We then proceeded with a comparative
analysis of these concepts, which allowed us to outline the existing similarities and to demarcate
the concepts from an ontological perspective. This study provides definitive clarification
regarding the existing conceptual mix in the field of ecosystem research, and can be used as
a foundation for a further investigation of the concept.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-31-27001.

dc.language.iso

value: en

value: Russian Management Journal;Volume 18; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: ecosystem

value: innovation ecosystem

value: business ecosystem

value: entrepreneurial ecosystem

value: value creation

value: bibliometric analysis

value: coopetition


dc.contributor.author

value: Zavertiaeva, Marina A.

value: López-Iturriaga, Felix J.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Zavertiaeva M. A., López-Iturriaga F. J. 2020. Networks of directors on Russian boards: The hidden part of the corporate governance iceberg. Russian Management Journal 18 (1): 29–50.

dc.description.abstract

value:
In this paper we apply social network analysis to study the boards of directors of 107 large
listed Russian firms between 2009 and 2014. Traditional corporate governance metrics, such
as demographic characteristics, experience, or multiple directorships, confirm that the boards
of Russian firms show greater independence and are more well-qualified than before. We also
find a decrease in the centrality of directors, which corroborates the diminishing concentration
of power of some directors. The most connected firms have a specific profile since they are
larger, have lower market valuations, and stronger ties with government (both due to higher
proportions of government owned shares and a greater number of directors who are former
politicians). Our findings also demonstrate that the boards of financial institutions are less connected,
whereas political and independent directors are more centralized.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
This study comprises research findings from the project No. 18-18-00270 supported by the Russian Science
Foundation.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.subject

value: boards of directors

value: corporate governance

value: Russia

value: social networks

dc.type

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Korostichenko, Ekaterina I.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Korostichenko E. I. The current state of the free-religious movement in Germany. Issues of Theology, 2020, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 153–176.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article considers the state of the free-religious movement in the late 20th — early
21st century, comprised now of so-called free-religious communities (freireligiösen
Gemeinden), which emerged in the 1840s to oppose Catholic and Protestant orthodoxies.
Initially the movement united varying worldviews: from theological
rationalism to pantheism and the “religion of humanity” practiced by radical left members of the movement who resigned from Christianity altogether. Through
analysis, we present a coherent picture of the free-religious movement in its development,
including its organization and structure, social representation, practices
and worldview of its followers. The historical continuity of ideological tradition
is analyzed, interpretations of the key concepts are described, including “God”,
“human”, “religion”, “sin”, and “posthumous existence”. It is shown that the diffuse
worldview stance is characteristic for the free-religious movement. While refusing
Christian articles of belief as a specific religious basis, the movement retains some
forms of a cult, such as transition rituals (free-religious funerals, Jugendweihe as
secular confirmation). These traits put the free-religious movement in a special intermediate
position between religion and a secular worldview. It is argued that the
free-religious movement is currently undergoing transformation. It is shown that
secular humanism, currently attracting more and more followers among the freethinkers,
results in the erosion of the free-religious worldview and movement. The
free-religious movement that choose humanism as their ideology lose their connection
to the century-long tradition of practicing free religion and become areligious.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Issues of Theology;Volume 2; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: religion

value: freethought

value: humanism

value: atheism

value: free-religious movement

value: Germany


dc.contributor.author

value: Osipov, Igor D.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Osipov I. D. N. M. Korkunov as a historian of the philosophy of law. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2020, vol. 36, issue 1, pp. 49–58.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article presents the views of N. M. Korkunov, an interesting representative of pre-revolutionary
Russian philosophy of rights. His concept reflects the ideas of positivism and the philosophy
of natural rights. He attached importance to this for the development of jurisprudence
of the history of philosophy, believing that it contributes to the understanding of the rights of a
wide value and ethical-political context. One of the fundamental ideas of Korkunov is that the
connection joining members of society has a psychological nature, necessary for cognition of
the psychic factor, which is a sign of the ideal factor of “social aggregates.” This itself inspired
psychologists and sociologists for the possibility of a scientific study of the individual and society.
Lawyers presumed that sociology and psychology, using methods of objective analysis,
would facilitate the discovery of the laws of society. In his periodization of the history of the
philosophy of law, Korkunov believed that one era could be distinguished not so much in the
content of answers to questions, but in the formulation of the questions themselves. One such
question is the relationship between and a personality and their environment. The anthropological
aspect of development of law is essential in understanding various theories. Korkunov
in history of the philosophy of law identifies four periods: antiquity, when intellectualism and
a reasonable beginning prevailed in society; the Middle Ages — when, under the influence of
Christianity, the intellectualism of ancient thinkers is replaced by voluntarism; the early modern
period when humanity turned to understanding rational will, and modern theories that
try to smooth out the contrast of personality and nature, are important for personal interests.
This article claims that Korkunov is committed to his philosophy to create a social concept of
law, the strength of which is in the minds of its individuals as an appropriate order of social
relations.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 36; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: law

value: personality

value: history

value: psyche

value: liberty

value: culture

value: nature


dc.contributor.author

value: Pirni, Alberto

value: Nikolaeva, Zhanna V.

value: Ignateva, Sofia V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Pirni A., Nikolaeva Zh. V., Ignateva S. V. Mutual recognition: A dialogue between Italian and Russian perspectives. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2020, vol. 36, issue 1, pp. 141–156.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The knowledge and understanding of kaleidoscopic and hypermodern societies rely heavily
on the term “recognition.” This term carried a great deal of significance in the Russian philosophical
tradition, but attracts less attention now. The main purpose of this paper is to offer
a contribution to the discussion on this topic, by considering both the Russian and the European
philosophical traditions, with specific reference to the Italian perspective. The methodological
focus is concerned with the two essential aspects of recognition: that of the interpersonal
and that of the group. Our philosophical analysis of recognition endeavors to take into
account first and foremost the problematic field of Otherness. The process of recognition of
the Other is thus considered according to three stages of approval: cognitive, moral and social.
Cognitive approval includes the identification of the Other as opposite to the group as well as
to each individual. The moral stage contemplates concretization of social objectives and accepting
the Other as a whole that should above all be respected and accepted. At the stage of
social approval, the individual is being recognized within the social context of a group (closed
social group) as recognition or rejection. Specifying the recognition leads to a reduction in
the number of conflicts, the clarification of borders, and the acceptance of Otherness as an
element of individuality. The contribution to the theory of recognition here outlined is new
to the Russian scientific context, and may prove challenging in the context of Russian-Italian
dialogue. It also constitutes an attempt to compare the common representations of Otherness
with current theoretical developments. The theory is illustrated by analysis of closed social
groups functioning as a promising series of case studies, in order to open up a renewed interest
in research into social reality theories in both Russian and Italian contexts.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The reported study was funded by RFBR (Russian Foundation for Basic Research) according
to the research project “The problem of identity in cultural exclusion zones in the urban environment”
No. 18-011-00552.

dc.language.iso

value: en

dc.subject

value: recognition

value: acceptance

value: Other

value: identity

value: closed social groups

dc.title

value: Article


dc.contributor.author

value: Chernigovskaya, Tatiana V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Chernigovskaya T. V. Biology, environment, and culture: From animal communication to human language and cognition. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2020, vol. 36, issue 1, pp. 157–170.

dc.description.abstract

value:
Contradictions in interpreting data from different scientific domains exploring anthopogenesis
and language evolution will remain unsolved without a convergent approach and mutually
acceptable multidisciplinary language. The article addresses the question of specific features of
mental functions and language in humans as compared to other species. The main hypotheses
of human evolution and their language are discussed. Cognitive capacities of animals and
their communication signals are addressed, as are the basic principles of brain functions and
bio-evolutionary mechanisms that underlie the complexity of human behavior and language
evolution. Human language is a species’ specific brain ability, promoting not only complex
communication signals, but also mentality itself. Language has basic universal rules, possibly
caused by brain networks per se. It is hierarchically organized within the levels of lexicon,
grammar (morphology, syntax, semantics and phonology) and pragmatics. The functions and
their brain mechanisms are currently discussed either within the localizationistic modular
approach, or within holistic views. The main discussions are between scholars exploring
universal inborn grammar, and those preferring connectionism based on neuronal net learning,
frequency factors, etc. One of the features of language in contrast to other communication
systems is its principal ambiguity on many linguistic levels, context being a crucial aspect.

dc.description.sponsorship

value: The study was funded by RFBR according to the research project No. 18-00-0646 (18-00-00640).

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 36; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: evolution of language and mind

value: communication systems in animals

value: human origin and evolution

value: information processing under ambiguity


dc.contributor.author

value: Florinsky, Mikhail F.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Florinsky M. F. On the History of Military Law in the Period of Duma Monarchy. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 140–157.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article deals with the issues related to the functioning of the higher state institutions of the
Russian Empire on the eve of the First World War. The Fundamental Laws of 1906 resulted in
the approval of a representative system of government in the country. Although the monarch’s
legislative prerogatives in the form of a general rule were now limited by two-chamber parliament
represented by the State Duma and the reformed State Council, the emperor still had
the opportunity, under certain conditions, to override parliamentarians in a number of areas
of state life. These areas included the administration of the imperial military forces. The issue
of the prerogatives of the crown and the legislative chambers repeatedly became the subject of
political and legal conflicts, and Article 96 of the Fundamental Laws, which defined the scope
of the powers granted to the monarch in the military sphere, was formulated in such a way that
allowed for a wide variety of interpretations. The approval by Nicholas II on 24 August 1909 of
Special Rules that explained the meaning of the article to the disadvantage of the prerogatives
of the Duma and the State Council did not change anything in this sphere. Conflicts between
the Government and parliamentarians and discussions within the government itself continued,
which in many respects reflected the desire of the Military and Navy ministries to prevent
interference in their affairs by both civilian agencies and Chambers,. This article reconstructs
the history of the drafting of the instruction, which was intended to explain the meaning of
the Rules on 24 August.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. History;Volume 65; Issue 1

value: legislation

value: parliamentarians

value: Government

value: Ministry of War

value: Ministry of the Sea

value: basic laws

value: department


dc.contributor.author

value: Radikov, Ivan V.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Radikov I. V. Counteraction of Iran and Russia to Economic Sanctions: Similarity and Distinction of Strategy. Political Expertise: POLITEX, 2020, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 113–127.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article attempts to conduct a comparative analysis of strategy of counteraction for Iran and
Russia to economic sanctions as modern foreign policy means of compulsion are undertaken.
The author starts with the unacceptability and illegitimacy of the sanction regimes established by
the USA and their satellites without the decision of the Security Council of the United Nations. It is
underlined that sanctions are directed on restricting or influencing the sovereignty and sovereign
political policy by means of measures of economic character, destabilization of the political system
and a change of a state’s political policy, a political mode. In formation of a modern Russian
policy to counter the pressure of sanctions it is possible and it is necessary to consider not only
domestic experience, but also the practices of other states, in particular Iran which has been
under the influence of sanctions for several decades. As a strategy of countering economic sanctions,
Iran invokes the methods of economic mobilization to diversify export and import, external
relations of the state, search for new partners and its features of state activity in organizing import
substitution are of interest. Recognizing the prospect of preservation and the essential damage
done by economic sanctions, the article concludes with the necessity to diversify external relations
of the state. Priorities in the policy of countering sanctions are also identified: international
trade development, creation of alternative financial systems of calculations, import substitution,
creation of an effective and developed economy that has a high level of stability.

dc.publisher

value: St Petersburg State University

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Political Expertise: POLITEX;Volume 16; Issue 1

value: sanctions

value: sanctions regime

value: sanctions policy

value: policies of counteraction

value: legitimacy of sanctions

dc.type

value: Article


title: Limits of tolerance

dc.contributor.author

value: Bystrov, Vladimir Yu.

dc.identifier.citation

value: Bystrov V. Yu. Limits of tolerance. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2020, vol. 36, issue 1, pp. 24–34.

dc.description.abstract

value:
The article considers one of the most important aspects of the problem of tolerance connected
with determining its borders. To the extent that the idea of a tolerant state is the center of the
liberal concept of tolerance, the practice of tolerance is connected with the passive adoption of
norms and values of another. Tolerance understood in such a way contradicts the self-identification
of individuals and social groups. The liberal concept of tolerance is draws criticism as
not corresponding to the pluralism of values and to the realities of multiculturalism. There is a
danger of such a distribution of the principle of tolerance when society is paralyzed by the aspiration,
no matter what it takes, not to violate the norms and the principles of other subjects
even at the expense of one’s own identity. “The tolerance paradox” (Slavoj Žižek) becomes
apparent in that in a tolerant society priority is given to values and ideals of the subject, which
openly breaks the principle of tolerance. It follows that this principle cannot be understood as
maintaining the balance between respect for others and the need for one’s own freedom. Such
a balance will always develop not in favor of the tolerant individual if the category of recognition
in its contents comes down to passive recognition of the rights and beliefs of others. It
is shown that the concept of “fight for recognition” exposed by Hegel in his dialectics of the
Master and the Slave can be adopted by modern critics of the liberal concept of tolerance. It is
possible to call the Hegelian approach to tolerance as transgressive since the attitude towards
another subject appears as result and as a prerequisite of the fight for recognition.

dc.description.sponsorship

value:
The research has been performed within the grant of Russian Foundation for Basic Research
No. 19-011-00779 “Illiberal concepts of tolerance: history, practice, prospects”.

dc.language.iso

value: ru

dc.relation.ispartofseries

value: Vestnik of St Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies;Volume 36; Issue 1

dc.subject

value: tolerance

value: liberalism

value: tolerant state

value: fight for recognition

value: identification

dc.title

value: Limits of tolerance